Ultra-narrow bandwidth resonant reflection grating filters using the second diffracted orders

In this paper, we design resonant reflection grating filters employing the second diffracted orders as the leaky modes, then analyze the bandwidth of the reflection peak and the electric field distributions inside the wavegude under resonance. The numeric calculation confirms that ultra-narrow resonant reflection peaks can be observed in these structures. At the same time, strong electric field enhancement appears under resonance. It provides a new approach to diversify the resonant reflection filters and may open a new way to the realization of ultra-narrow bandwidth filters. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of laser preconditioning on the capacity of optical films to resist laser-induced damage

As a technique to improve the ability of optical films to resist laser-induced damage (ARLID), laser preconditioning has been investigated broadly. In this paper, the laser preconditioning effect has been analyzed based on the defect-initialized damage mechanism that the author had put forward previously. Theoretical results show that an energy density scope (PEDS) exists in which the preconditioning laser can effectively improve the ARLID of optical films. In addition, when the energy density of the testing laser pulse is altered, the boundary of PEDS will change accordingly. Experimental results have verified these theoretical assumptions. PEDS will also become wider if the critical energy density of the preconditioning laser that can induce films' micro-damage increases, or the critical energy density of the preconditioning laser that can cause laser annealing decreases. In these cases, it is relatively easy to improve the ARLID of optical films. Results of the current work show great significance in enhancing the ARLID of optical films through the laser preconditioning technique. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

《中国植物志》的编研

植物志的编研是植物学研究领域的基础性工作。植物志既是记载植物“身份"的"户口簿"，又是记录和研究植物特征的重要"信息库"。《中国植物志》编研以大规模野外考察与标本采集为基础，以丰富的信息记载为核心，系统研究这些信息并编撰成科学志书，是一项百科全书式的系统工程。《中国植物志》历经四代植物分类学家41年(1918-1959)的准备、45年(1959-2004)的编研，由312位作者和164位绘图人员通力协作完成（其中科学院院士10位），并于2004年全部出版（中文名和拉丁学名的索引于2006年出版）。在编研过程中，采集和查阅植物标本1700余万份，发表新属及新属名称243个，发表新种及新种名称14312个，提出了新的裸子植物和被子植物分类系统，对属、种划分和系统排列进行了深入研究。《中国植物志》是世界上已出版的规模最大和内容最丰富的植物志书，全书5000多万字，总计80卷126册，记载中国维管束植物301科、3408属、31142种，包括9080幅图版，详细总结、记录、澄清了中国所有已知植物的科学名称、研究历史、形态特征、地理分布、系统位置、物种生境、物候期和经济用途等。《中国植物志》是中国半个世纪以来植物学研究的标志性成果。它查明了中国植物资源的基本状况，对科学家深入认识植物世界具有重要学术价值，对陆地生态系统研究将起到重要促进作用，为合理开发利用植物资源提供了重要的科学依据，中国植物学科研和教学队伍也因此得到了壮大，出现了一批享誉国际的优秀植物分类学家。《中国植物志》是植物学研究领域一项开拓性、创新性、系统性、基础性工程，它的完成促进了中国植物学的健康发展，也带动了生物学相关学科的进步，必将对中国和全球生物多样性的可持续发展做出重大贡献并产生深远影响。

华南热带亚热带森林生态系统恢复/演替过程碳、氮、水演变机理

项目针对热带亚热带森林生态系统服务功能及所属区域社会发展的需求，结合全球变化（CO2浓度上升导致的全球变暖、氮沉降、降水格局演变）所面临的关键科学问题，系统开展森林生态系统碳、氮、水等过程演变规律的研究。经过十多年的努力，取得如下创新性理论：⑴成熟森林土壤可持续积累有机碳。发现亚热带成熟森林表土层（0-20cm）有机碳以0.61t/hm2•a的速度增加，为确认成熟森林作为新的碳汇奠定基础。⑵成熟森林趋于氮饱和。发现热带亚热带成熟森林生态系统趋于氮饱和，氮沉降增加将导致系统养分平衡的破坏。⑶退化生态系统恢复限制因子理论。水热季节分配不均限制了退化生态系统的恢复。⑷森林生态系统恢复/演替过程中其结构与功能、地上和地下不同步理论。创新方法：计算土壤C贮量长期变化的新方法；建立森林地下NPP关联估算模型；基于C/N确定森林土壤硝化与反硝化作用速率；推出降水动能及其受林冠分配调控的理论计算方法；提出任意时空尺度的生态系统水热状况量度指标及计算公式。发表Science等SCI论文52篇，核心期刊论文185篇，专著3部，被SCI论文引用312篇次，核心期刊引用2277篇次，核心内容之一被评为“2006年度中国基础研究十大新闻”。该成果催生生态系统非平衡理论框架的建立，引起国际同行的极大关注并获得高度评价，达到了世界领先水平。

Defeitos do tubo neural causam alterações estruturais no ureter? Estudo em fetos humanos

Anencefalia é o defeito do tubo neural mais severo. A morfologia do ureter de fetos anencéfalos é desconhecida. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a estrutura do ureter de fetos humanos normais e anencéfalos (FHA). Nós estudamos 16 ureteres de 8 fetos sem anomalias congênitas (4 masculinos e 4 femininos) com idades entre 16 e 27 semanas pós concepção (SPC) e 14 ureteres de 7 FHA (4 masculinos e 3 femininos) com idades entre 19 e 33 SPC. Os ureteres foram dissecados e emblocados em parafina. Foram feitos cortes com 5 m e depois corados com Tricrômico de Masson, para quantificação das células de músculo liso (CML) e determinação da área da a luz do ureter, espessura e diâmetro. As amostras também foram coradas com Resorcina Fucsina de Weigert ( para observação das fibras elásticas) e Vermelho de Picro Sirius com polarização e análise imunohistoquímica das fibras do colágeno tipo III. Os dados da quantificação do músculo foram expressos em densidade volumétrica (Vv-%). As imagens foram capturadas com microscópio Olympus BX51 e câmera Olympus DP70. A análise morfológica da área do lúmen, espessura e diâmetro foram feitas usando o software Image J. As médias foram comparadas usando o teste t não pareado (p<0.05). O epitélio do ureter estava bem preservado em ambos os grupos, e não houve diferença entre os grupos. Não observamos fibras do sistema elástico em qualquer ureter analisados. Concentração de músculo liso (Vv) não diferiram significativamente (p = 0,4413) em FHA (12% 1,628) e grupo controle (13,51% 0,9231). A área de luz ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0341) em FHA (6365μm 1,282), quando comparado ao grupo controle (20,170 5,480 mM). O diâmetro ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0294) em FHA (166.7μm 10,99) quando comparado ao grupo controle (240 26,6 mM). A espessura ureteral foi significativamente menor (p = 0,0448) em FHA (30.57μm 2,034), quando comparado ao grupo controle (7,453 47.49μm). Colágeno tipo III foi observado em maior quantidade nos ureteres da FHA. Alterações estruturais ureterais nos fetos anencéfalos foram significativas em nosso estudo. O ureter de fetos com anencefalia mostraram mais concentração de colágeno tipo III, menor diâmetro, área e espessura. Nervos ureterais em FHA podem ser modificados devido a lesão cerebral com consequente dano no controle dos nervos ureterais. Isto pode levar a alterações estruturais no ureter de fetos anencéfalos.

The effects of temperature on hatching and survival of northern rock sole larvae (Lepidopsetta polyxystra)

Northern rock sole (Lepidopsetta polyxystra) is a commercially important flatfish in Alaska and was recently classified as a distinct species from southern rock sole (L. bilineata). Taxonomic and vital rate data for northern rock sole are still not fully described, notably at early egg and larval stages. In this study, we provide new taxonomic descriptions of late-stage eggs and newly hatched larvae, as well as temperature-response models of hatching (timing, duration, success), and larval size-at-hatch and posthatch survival at four temperatures (2°, 5°, 9°, and 12°C). Time-to-first-hatch, hatch cycle duration, and overall hatching success showed a negative relationship with temperature. Early hatching larvae within each temperature treatment were smaller and had larger yolk sacs, but larvae incubated at higher temperatures (9° and 12°C) had the largest yolk reserves overall. Despite having smaller yolks, size-at-hatch and the maximum size achieved during the hatching cycle was highest for larvae reared at cold temperatures (2° and 5°C), indicating that endogenous reserves are more efficiently used for growth at these temperatures. In addition, larvae reared at high temperatures died more rapidly in the absence of food despite having more yolk reserves than cold-incubated larvae. Overall, northern rock sole eggs and larvae display early life history traits consistent with coldwater adaptation for winter spawning in the North Pacific.

Using experiments and expert judgment to model catchability of Pacific rockfishes in trawl surveys, with application to bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) off British Columbia

The time series of abundance indices for many groundfish populations, as determined from trawl surveys, are often imprecise and short, causing stock assessment estimates of abundance to be imprecise. To improve precision, prior probability distributions (priors) have been developed for parameters in stock assessment models by using meta-analysis, expert judgment on catchability, and empirically based modeling. This article presents a synthetic approach for formulating priors for rockfish trawl survey catchability (qgross). A multivariate prior for qgross for different surveys is formulated by using 1) a correction factor for bias in estimating fish density between trawlable and untrawlable areas, 2) expert judgment on trawl net catchability, 3) observations from trawl survey experiments, and 4) data on the fraction of population biomass in each of the areas surveyed. The method is illustrated by using bocaccio (Sebastes paucipinis) in British Columbia. Results indicate that expert judgment can be updated markedly by observing the catch-rate ratio from different trawl gears in the same areas. The marginal priors for qgross are consistent with empirical estimates obtained by fitting a stock assessment model to the survey data under a noninformative prior for qgross. Despite high prior uncertainty (prior coefficients of variation ≥0.8) and high prior correlation between qgross, the prior for qgross still enhances the precision of key stock assessment quantities.

Gorputz adierazpena eta emozioak lantzen ikerkuntza-ekintzaren bidez: irakasle talde baten ibilbidea

391 p.