Iterative image reconstruction techniques: cardiothoracic computed tomography applications.

Iterative image reconstruction algorithms provide significant improvements over traditional filtered back projection in computed tomography (CT). Clinically available through recent advances in modern CT technology, iterative reconstruction enhances image quality through cyclical image calculation, suppressing image noise and artifacts, particularly blooming artifacts. The advantages of iterative reconstruction are apparent in traditionally challenging cases-for example, in obese patients, those with significant artery calcification, or those with coronary artery stents. In addition, as clinical use of CT has grown, so have concerns over ionizing radiation associated with CT examinations. Through noise reduction, iterative reconstruction has been shown to permit radiation dose reduction while preserving diagnostic image quality. This approach is becoming increasingly attractive as the routine use of CT for pediatric and repeated follow-up evaluation grows ever more common. Cardiovascular CT in particular, with its focus on detailed structural and functional analyses, stands to benefit greatly from the promising iterative solutions that are readily available.

Recueil de chansons et airs notés français, italiens et latins, composés par Guillaume DUFAY, Antoine BUSNOIS, Jean OKEGHEM, Firmin CARON et COMPÈRE.

On a joint à la fin du volume une notice, par M. Félis, sur quelques-uns des compositeurs des pièces contenues dans ce ms. (Autographe.)

Impact of iron supplementation on substantial unexplained fatigue in iron deficient but not anaemic menstruated women

Aim: To determine the impact of iron therapy on the quality of life of non-anaemic iron-deficient women with substantial unexplained fatigue. Methods: Double blind randomised placebo controlled trial in 198 women aged 18 to 53 and having a ferritin level <50 ng/mL, assigned to either oral ferrous sulphate (80 mg/day of elemental iron daily; n = 102) or placebo (n = 96) for 12 weeks, by 44 general practices in France. Main outcome measures: Level of fatigue, depression and anxiety, measured by a 24-item self-administered questionnaire. Level of fatigue was also assessed with a visual analogue scale. Results: 171 (86.4%) women were eligible for efficacy analysis. Mean age, haemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin concentration, level of fatigue, depression, and anxiety were similar in both groups at baseline. Both groups were also similar for compliance and dropout rates. After 12 weeks, asthenia score decreased by −12.9 } 10.37 points (50.8%) in the iron group compared with -9.01 } 11.71 points (36.7%) in the placebo group (p = 0.02), whereas depression and anxiety scores, already low at inclusion, slightly decrease to the same extent in both groups. In an intention to treat analysis, by considering a responder to iron supplementation as having more than two points decrease on the fatigue 10-point visual analogue scale, iron group had 83,3% (85/102) responders vs. 69.8% (67/96) in the control group (p = 0.02). The number needed to treat to have a benefit was 7. Conclusion: Iron supplementation is an efficient inexpensive approach to manage unexplained fatigue in non-anaemic iron-deficient women.

Conhecimento de mulheres sobre o exame de Papanicolaou

Estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo, descritivo, transversal. Realizado com mulheres, estudantes do ensino médio noturno em escolas públicas para identificar conhecimentos sobre o exame de Papanicolaou. Participaram 1035 mulheres sendo 476 maiores de 18 anos, que compuseram o grupo de sujeitos. Após consentimento foi aplicado questionário com questões objetivas, capazes de identificar conhecimentos a respeito do exame de Papanicolaou, bem como perfil sócio-epidemiológico do grupo; foi realizada uma atividade de educação em saúde com simulação da realização do exame. Após, foi reaplicado o questionário e concluímos que 198 alunas (51,3%) acertaram todas as questões do 1º questionário e 360 (75,63%) ao reaplicarmos o mesmo, havendo agregação de conhecimento. Destaca-se que a maioria das mulheres abordadas no desenvolvimento do estudo conhece o exame e sabe que é preciso realizá-lo periodicamente, porém este conhecimento não é homogêneo.

Simpósio Ibero-Americano de História da Enfermagem: novas perspectivas da produção intelectual em história da enfermagem

A produção intelectual apresentada no I Simpósio Ibero-Americano de História da Enfermagem foi organizada a partir de três eixos temáticos: antropologia do cuidado, história das instituições de ensino, de assistência e agremiações de enfermagem e história de vida, totalizando 198 estudos. Mediante os resultados apresentados a produção mostrada no simpósio apontou para a tendência dos estudos em história da enfermagem, nos eixos temáticos, pela ordem de interesse dos pesquisadores em: história das instituições, antropologia do cuidado e história de vida.

Genetic variation at CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 interacts with smoking status to influence body mass index.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is associated with lower body mass index (BMI), and a commonly cited reason for unwillingness to quit smoking is a concern about weight gain. Common variation in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 gene region (chromosome 15q25) is robustly associated with smoking quantity in smokers, but its association with BMI is unknown. We hypothesized that genotype would accurately reflect smoking exposure and that, if smoking were causally related to weight, it would be associated with BMI in smokers, but not in never smokers. METHODS: We stratified nine European study samples by smoking status and, in each stratum, analysed the association between genotype of the 15q25 SNP, rs1051730, and BMI. We meta-analysed the results (n = 24 198) and then tested for a genotype × smoking status interaction. RESULTS: There was no evidence of association between BMI and genotype in the never smokers {difference per T-allele: 0.05 kg/m(2) [95% confidence interval (95% CI): -0.05 to 0.18]; P = 0.25}. However, in ever smokers, each additional smoking-related T-allele was associated with a 0.23 kg/m(2) (95% CI: 0.13-0.31) lower BMI (P = 8 × 10(-6)). The effect size was larger in current [0.33 kg/m(2) lower BMI per T-allele (95% CI: 0.18-0.48); P = 6 × 10(-5)], than in former smokers [0.16 kg/m(2) (95% CI: 0.03-0.29); P = 0.01]. There was strong evidence of genotype × smoking interaction (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Smoking status modifies the association between the 15q25 variant and BMI, which strengthens evidence that smoking exposure is causally associated with reduced BMI. Smoking cessation initiatives might be more successful if they include support to maintain a healthy BMI.

Dealing with Errors in QCA

This paper discusses five strategies to deal with five types of errors in Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA): condition errors, systematic errors, random errors, calibration errors, and deviant case errors. These strategies are the comparative inspection of complex, intermediary, and parsimonious solutions; the use of an adjustment factor, the use of probabilistic criteria, the test of the robustness of calibration parameters, and the use of a frequency threshold for observed combinations of conditions. The strategies are systematically reviewed, assessed, and evaluated as regards their applicability, advantages, limitations, and complementarities.

Postmortem chemistry update part I.

Postmortem chemistry is becoming increasingly essential in the forensic pathology routine and considerable progress has been made over the past years. Biochemical analyses of vitreous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, blood and urine may provide significant information in determining the cause of death or in elucidating forensic cases. Postmortem chemistry may essentially contribute in the determination of the cause of death when the pathophysiological changes involved in the death process cannot be detected by morphological methods (e.g. diabetes mellitus, alcoholic ketoacidosis and electrolytic disorders). It can also provide significant information and useful support in other forensic situations, including anaphylaxis, hypothermia, sepsis and hormonal disturbances. In this article, we present a review of the literature that covers this vast topic and we report the results of our observations. We have focused our attention on glucose metabolism, renal function and electrolytic disorders.

Adenosine A2B receptor-mediated leukemia inhibitory factor release from astrocytes protects cortical neurons against excitotoxicity.

ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Neuroprotective and neurotrophic properties of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) have been widely reported. In the central nervous system (CNS), astrocytes are the major source for LIF, expression of which is enhanced following disturbances leading to neuronal damage. How astrocytic LIF expression is regulated, however, has remained an unanswered question. Since neuronal stress is associated with production of extracellular adenosine, we investigated whether LIF expression in astrocytes was mediated through adenosine receptor signaling. METHODS: Mouse cortical neuronal and astrocyte cultures from wild-type and adenosine A2B receptor knock-out animals, as well as adenosine receptor agonists/antagonists and various enzymatic inhibitors, were used to study LIF expression and release in astrocytes. When needed, a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: We show here that glutamate-stressed cortical neurons induce LIF expression through activation of adenosine A2B receptor subtype in cultured astrocytes and require signaling of protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs: p38 and ERK1/2), and the nuclear transcription factor (NF)-κB. Moreover, LIF concentration in the supernatant in response to 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide (NECA) stimulation was directly correlated to de novo protein synthesis, suggesting that LIF release did not occur through a regulated release pathway. Immunocytochemistry experiments show that LIF-containing vesicles co-localize with clathrin and Rab11, but not with pHogrin, Chromogranin (Cg)A and CgB, suggesting that LIF might be secreted through recycling endosomes. We further show that pre-treatment with supernatants from NECA-treated astrocytes increased survival of cultured cortical neurons against glutamate, which was absent when the supernatants were pre-treated with an anti-LIF neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS: Adenosine from glutamate-stressed neurons induces rapid LIF release in astrocytes. This rapid release of LIF promotes the survival of cortical neurons against excitotoxicity.

Financiamento dos Sistemas de Saúde

A promoção e protecção da saúde são essenciais para o bem-estar do homem e para o desenvolvimento económico e social sustentável. Isto foi reconhecido há mais de 30 anos pelos signatários da Declaração de Alma-Ata, que assinalaram que a Saúde para Todos contribuiria tanto para melhor qualidade de vida como também para a paz e segurança globais. Não constitui surpresa que as pessoas na maioria dos países classifi quem a saúde como uma das suas maiores prioridades, ultrapassada apenas pelas preocupações económicas, tais como desemprego, baixos salários ou alto custo de vida (1, 2). Daqui resulta que a saúde se transforma frequentemente num tema político à medida que os governos tentam responder às expectativas da população. Há muitas maneiras de promover e manter a saúde. Algumas fi cam fora dos limites do sector da saúde. As “circunstâncias em que as pessoas crescem, vivem, trabalham e envelhecem” infl uenciam fortemente como as pessoas vivem e morrem (3). A educação, habitação, alimentação e emprego infl uenciam a saúde. Reduzir as desigualdades nestas áreas irá reduzir as desigualdades em saúde. Mas o acesso atempado a cuidados de saúde – uma combinação de promoção, prevenção, tratamento e reabilitação – também é crítico. Isto não será atingido, excepto para uma minoria da população, sem um sistema de fi nanciamento de saúde bem funcionante, que permita às pessoas usar os serviços de saúde quando deles precisam.