Alkoholin kaavat ja koodit Venäjän pohjoisessa

”Drinking and Driving is so much Fun”: Arctic Workshop of the University of Tartu. Tarto 31.5.-1.6.2013.

Efeito do protetor dietholate na seletividade de clomazone em cultivares de arroz irrigado

No arroz irrigado, o herbicida clomazone tem sua seletividade variável de acordo com o cultivar, o tipo de solo e a dose aplicada. O uso do protetor dietholate permite seletividade em diferentes ambientes, sendo necessário o estudo da relação entre esses fatores. Em vista do exposto, objetivou-se com este experimento quantificar a seletividade do herbicida clomazone em função de cultivares de arroz irrigado, tipos de solos, doses de clomazone e tratamento de sementes com dietholate. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial com quatro repetições. O fator A foi composto por tipos de solo (arenoso e argiloso); o fator B, por cultivares de arroz irrigado (IRGA 409 e IRGA 417); o fator C, pela ausência do protetor dietholate; e o fator D, por doses de clomazone (0, 156, 312, 625, 1.250, 2.500, 5.000 e 10.000 g ha-1) aplicadas em pré-emergência do arroz irrigado. Dezoito dias após a semeadura do arroz, foram avaliados a fitotoxicidade e o percentual de redução de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea das plantas de arroz. Os cultivares de arroz toleram maiores doses de clomazone quando tratados com dietholate e semeados em solos com maior teor de argila e matéria orgânica. Em solo arenoso, a toxicidade do herbicida nas plantas de arroz foi maior, na ordem de 50%, quando se comparou com a mesma dose em solo argiloso.

Phorate e dietholate protegem o arroz da fitotoxicidade do clomazone em doses elevadas

O herbicida clomazone tem sua seletividade às plantas de arroz aumentada quando as sementes recebem o protetor dietholate. Sabendo que o dietholate atua sobre a atividade da enzima citocromo P-450 mono-oxigenase e que esta é responsável pela ativação do clomazone, buscam-se outros produtos que possam ser utilizados como protetores. Em vista disso, o objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar o efeito protetor do dietholate e do phorate em função de doses de clomazone. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial. O fator A foi composto pelo tratamento de sementes com dietholate ou phorate, além de uma testemunha, que não recebeu protetor nas sementes. O fator B foi composto por oito doses de clomazone (0, 156, 312, 625, 1.250, 2.500, 5.000 e 10.000 g i.a. ha-1). Dezoito dias após a semeadura, foram avaliados a fitotoxicidade, o percentual de redução da estatura e a massa fresca e seca das plantas de arroz. Os dados foram submetidos à análise da variância, por meio da regressão não linear do tipo logístico. Houve diferença entre a testemunha sem protetor e os tratamentos de sementes com os protetores dietholate e phorate. Analisando as curvas de dose-resposta, verifica-se que, quando sementes do cultivar IRGA 417 foram tratadas com dietholate ou com phorate, ambos protegeram as plântulas de arroz do clomazone, ou seja, as plantas foram capazes de tolerar maiores doses de clomazone. Assim, há evidências de que os protetores de plantas dietholate e phorate atuam como inibidores da enzima citocromo P-450, impedindo que ela ative o clomazone nas plantas de arroz, proporcionando maior seletividade deste herbicida quando comparado à testemunha que não recebeu proteção.

Seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas inibidores da enzima accase na cultura da mamona

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a seletividade e eficácia de herbicidas inibidores de ACCase na cultura da mamoneira AL Guarany 2002, no município de Paraguaçu Paulista/SP, durante a safra 2002/2003. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 11 tratamentos e quatro repetições, constituídos pelos herbicidas e adjuvantes: fluazifop-p-butil (313 g ha-1) + Agral® (0,2% v/v); sethoxydim (322 g ha-1) + Assist®(0,5% v/v); haloxyfop-methyl (120 g ha-1) + Assist® (0,5% v/v); clethodim+fenoxaprop-p-ethyl (75 g ha-1) + Assist® (0,5% v/v); quizalofop-p-ethyl (125 g ha¹) + Assist® (0,5% v/v); clethodim (156 g ha-1) + Assist® (0,5% v/v); propaquizafop (175 g ha-1) + Assist® (0,5% v/v); tepraloxydim (400 g ha-1) + Dash® (0,5% v/v); butroxydim (100 g ha-1) + Dash® (0,5% v/v); isoxaflutole (60 g ha-1); e testemunha capinada. No momento da aplicação a mamoneira encontrava-se com 4 a 6 folhas, e o Cenchrus echinatus, com 1 a 5 perfilhos. A mamoneira cv. AL Guarany 2002 apresentou alta seletividade aos herbicidas inibidores de ACCase, não sendo verificada fitointoxicação aos 14 DAA (dias após aplicação), com exceção do tepraloxydim, onde os sintomas persistiram até os 21 DAA, e do isoxaflutole (inibidor de HPPD), por apresentar injúrias nas folhas mais velhas e redução significativa de produtividade. A infestação de C. echinatus foi eficientemente controlada pelos herbicidas inibidores de ACCase entre 14 e 21 DAA (≥ 95,0%).

Acúmulo de massa seca e de macronutrientes por plantas de Glycine max e Solanum americanum

A soja é uma das principais culturas agrícolas do Brasil, sendo a sua produtividade muito influenciada pela competição exercida pelas plantas daninhas. Foram realizados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação, em Jaboticabal, SP, objetivando determinar o acúmulo de massa seca, assim como a distribuição e o acúmulo de macronutrientes em plantas de soja, no período de outubro de 2000 a fevereiro de 2001, e de Solanum americanum, no período de janeiro a maio de 1995. As plantas cresceram em vasos com capacidade de 7 litros, preenchidos com areia de rio lavada e peneirada; elas foram irrigadas diariamente com solução nutritiva. Os tratamentos foram representados pelas épocas de amostragem, realizada a intervalos de 14 dias, iniciando-se 21 dias após a emergência (DAE), até 161 DAE para S. americanum e 119 DAE para soja cv. BR-16 (precoce). O ponto de máximo acúmulo teórico de massa seca deu-se aos 104 DAE para a soja (35,0 g por planta) e 143 DAE para S. americanum (179,62 g por planta). Da emergência até 49 e 63 DAE, as folhas apresentaram maior participação no acúmulo de massa seca para soja e S. americanum, respectivamente. Após esses períodos, verificou-se, em ambas as espécies, inversão na representatividade das folhas por caules para a espécie daninha e por caules e, posteriormente, por estruturas reprodutivas, para a cultura. A taxa de absorção diária dos macronutrientes atingiu maiores valores entre 69 e 87 DAE para a soja e entre 105 e 119 DAE para a planta daninha. Considerando a média dos valores de pontos de inflexão observados para a cultura da soja, tem-se que aos 75 DAE uma planta de soja acumula teoricamente 23,9 g de massa seca, 564,4 mg de N, 7,1 mg de P, 490,8 mg de K, 487,0 mg de Ca, 156,6 mg de Mg e 36,0 mg de S. Para o mesmo período, uma planta de S. americanum acumula teoricamente 33,75 g de massa seca, 875,96 mg de N, 88,46 mg de P, 983,54 mg de K, 647,60 mg de Ca, 100,93 mg de Mg e 42,15 mg de S.

Paimionjokilaakson Natura 2000 -alueen hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma

Paimionjokilaakson Natura-alue (FI0200103) sijaitsee Paimion kaupungin alueella. Natura-alueeseen kuuluu noin seitsemän kilometriä pitkä osuus Paimionjokea vesialueineen ja rantoineen, joka ulottuu Paimion Oinilasta Juntolan vesivoimalaitokselle saakka. Kokonaisuudessaan Paimionjoki on 110 km pitkä, suuri savimaiden joki. Alue kuuluu Euroopan yhteisön Natura 2000 -suojeluverkostoon luontodirektiivin mukaisena SCI-alueena (Sites of Community Importance). Paimionjokilaakson Natura-alueen pinta-ala on156 ha. Paimionjokilaakson tärkeimmät luonnonsuojelulliset arvot perustuvat alueella tavattaviin elinympäristö- ja luontotyyppeihin sekä vuollejokisimpukkaan. Paimionjokilaakson luontoarvojen säilyttämisen suurimpana haasteena ovat vesiluonnon ja ranta-alueiden rehevöityminen sekä umpeenkasvukehitys. Laidunnuksen ja niittojen epäsäännöllisyys tai loppuminen sekä yleinen rehevöityminen ovat vähentäneet alueen tärkeitä elinympäristötyyppejä tai heikentäneet niiden laatua. Jokilaakso on luokiteltu myös valtakunnallisesti merkittäväksi kulttuurihistorialliseksi ympäristöksi. Osana Varsinais-Suomen elinkeino-, liikenne- ja ympäristökeskuksen (ELY-keskus) vastuualueen johtamaa ja Euroopan maatalouden kehittämisen maatalousrahaston tukemaa vesien ja luonnonhoidon alueellinen ja paikallinen toteuttaminen Lounais-Suomen vesistö-alueilla -hanketta (VELHO) alueelle laadittiin hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelma, jonka tavoitteena on ohjata alueen hoitoa ja käyttöä luontoarvojen turvaamiseksi. Suunnitelma tehtiin Varsinais-Suomen ELY-keskuksen ohjauksessa. Suunnittelua varten perustettiin suunnitteluryhmä, joka koottiin eri viranomaistahojen ja käyttäjäryhmien edustajista sekä maanomistajista. Suunitteluryhmän tavoitteena oli tunnistaa alueen suojeluun ja käyttöön liittyvät mahdolliset ongelmat ja ristiriidat, ratkaista ja sovittaa niitä. Tämän hoito- ja käyttösuunnitelman aikajänne on 15 vuotta. Suunnitelman tavoitteena on ohjata alueen hoitoa ja käyttöä niin, että alueen luontoarvot turvataan.

Competition periods of crabgrass with rice and soybean crops

Determining the periods of weed competition with crops helps the producer to choose the most appropriate time to use weed control practices. This strategy allows for the reduction of the number of herbicide applications, reducing costs and the environmental impact of pesticides. The objectives were to determine the period before the interference (PBI) of crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris) competing with flooded rice, the critical period of interference prevention (CPIP) of crabgrass with soybean and the effects of competition on the grains yield and their components. Experiments were conducted with the coexistence of BRS Querência rice cultivar with crabgrass, for periods of 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 110 days after emergency (DAE) and Fundacep 53RR soybean cultivar, whose periods of coexistence and control of crabgrass were 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 156 DAE. Rice can grow with crabgrass infestation until 18 DAE, while soybean should remain free from the presence of crabgrass in the period between 23 and 50 DAE. The grain yield and its components, in the crops studied, are affected when grown with crabgrass.

A liquid phase blocking ELISA for the detection of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus

A liquid phase blocking ELISA (LPB-ELISA) was developed for the detection and measurement of antibodies against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The purified and nonpurified virus used as antigen, the capture and detector antibodies, and the chicken hyperimmune sera were prepared and standardized for this purpose. A total of 156 sera from vaccinated and 100 from specific pathogen-free chickens with no recorded contact with the virus were tested. The respective serum titers obtained in the serum neutralization test (SNT) were compared with those obtained in the LPB-ELISA. There was a high correlation (r2 = 0.8926) between the two tests. The LPB-ELISA represents a single test suitable for the rapid detection of antibodies against bronchitis virus in chicken sera, with good sensitivity (88%), specificity (100%) and agreement (95.31%).

Blockade of the action of nitric oxide in human septic shock increases systemic vascular resistance and has detrimental effects on pulmonary function after a short infusion of methylene blue

To investigate the role of nitric oxide in human sepsis, ten patients with severe septic shock requiring vasoactive drug therapy and mechanical ventilation were enrolled in a prospective, open, non-randomized clinical trial to study the acute effects of methylene blue, an inhibitor of guanylate cyclase. Hemodynamic and metabolic variables were measured before and 20, 40, 60, and 120 min after the start of a 1-h intravenous infusion of 4 mg/kg of methylene blue. Methylene blue administration caused a progressive increase in mean arterial pressure (60 [55-70] to 70 [65-100] mmHg, median [25-75th percentiles]; P<0.05), systemic vascular resistance index (649 [479-1084] to 1066 [585-1356] dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2; P<0.05) and the left ventricular stroke work index (35 [27-47] to 38 [32-56] g m-1 m-2; P<0.05) from baseline to 60 min. The pulmonary vascular resistance index increased from 150 [83-207] to 186 [121-367] dyne s-1 cm-5 m-2 after 20 min (P<0.05). Mixed venous saturation decreased from 65 [56-76] to 63 [55-69]% (P<0.05) after 60 min. The PaO2/FiO2 ratio decreased from 168 [131-215] to 132 [109-156] mmHg (P<0.05) after 40 min. Arterial lactate concentration decreased from 5.1 ± 2.9 to 4.5 ± 2.1 mmol/l, mean ± SD (P<0.05) after 60 min. Heart rate, cardiac filling pressures, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and consumption did not change. Methylene blue administration was safe and no adverse effect was observed. In severe human septic shock, a short infusion of methylene blue increases systemic vascular resistance and may improve myocardial function. Although there was a reduction in blood lactate concentration, this was not explained by an improvement in tissue oxygenation, since overall oxygen availability did not change. However, there was a significant increase in pulmonary vascular tone and a deterioration in gas exchange. Further studies are needed to demonstrate if nitric oxide blockade with methylene blue can be safe for patients with septic shock and, particularly, if it has an effect on pulmonary function.

Kaakkois-Suomen luovien alojen strategiset painopisteet ja toimintaohjelma 2014–2018

ELY-keskus asetti 30.6.2012 Kaakkois-Suomen luovien alojen kehittämisfoorumin, jonka tehtävänä oli laatia vuoden 2014 loppuun mennessä strategia luovien alojen yrittäjyyden ja työllisyyden edistämiseksi. Tämän julkaisun tavoitteena on esittää Kaakkois-Suomen luovien alojen julkisen alan toimijoiden yhteinen näkemys siitä, mihin suuntaan ja millä keinoilla luovien alojen työllisyyttä ja yrittäjyyttä tulee edistää Kaakkois-Suomen alueella. Strategia käsittää myös tekijäorganisaatioiden toimintaohjelman tavoitteiden saavuttamiseksi. Selvityksen on koonnut toiminnanohjauspäällikkö Eija Karhatsu ELY-keskuksen asettaman Kaakkois-Suomen luovien alojen kehittämisfoorumin jäsenten avustuksella.

Expression of CD40 ligand, interferon-gamma and Fas ligand genes in endomyocardial biopsies of human cardiac allografts: correlation with acute rejection

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression (mRNA) of CD40 ligand (CD40L), interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and Fas ligand (FasL) genes in human cardiac allografts in relation to the occurrence of acute cardiac allograft rejection as well as its possible value in predicting acute rejection. The mRNA levels were determined by a semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method in 39 samples of endomyocardial biopsies obtained from 10 adult cardiac transplant recipients within the first six months after transplantation. Biopsies with ongoing acute rejection showed significantly higher CD40L, IFN-gamma and FasL mRNA expression than biopsies without rejection. The median values of mRNA expression in biopsies with and without rejection were 0.116 and zero for CD40L (P<0.003), 0.080 and zero for IFN-gamma (P<0.0009), and 0.156 and zero for FasL (P<0.002), respectively. In addition, the levels of IFN-gamma mRNA were significantly increased 7 to 15 days before the appearance of histological evidence of rejection (median of 0.086 in pre-rejection biopsies), i.e., they presented a predictive value. This study provides further evidence of heightened expression of immune activation genes during rejection and shows that some of these markers may present predictive value for the occurrence of acute rejection.

Presence of the RHD pseudogene and the hybrid RHD-CE-Ds gene in Brazilians with the D-negative phenotype

The molecular basis for RHD pseudogene or RHDpsi is a 37-bp insertion in exon 4 of RHD. This insertion, found in two-thirds of D-negative Africans, appears to introduce a stop codon at position 210. The hybrid RHD-CE-Ds, where the 3' end of exon 3 and exons 4 to 8 are derived from RHCE, is associated with the VS+V- phenotype, and leads to a D-negative phenotype in people of African origin. We determined whether Brazilian blood donors of heterogeneous ethnic origin had RHDpsi and RHD-CE-Ds. DNA from 206 blood donors were tested for RHDpsi by a multiplex PCR that detects RHD, RHDpsi and the C and c alleles of RHCE. The RHD genotype was determined by comparison of size of amplified products associated with the RHD gene in both intron 4 and exon 10/3'-UTR. VS was determined by amplification of exon 5 of RHCE, and sequencing of PCR products was used to analyze C733G (Leu245Val). Twenty-two (11%) of the 206 D-negative Brazilians studied had the RHDpsi, 5 (2%) had the RHD-CE-Ds hybrid gene associated with the VS+V- phenotype, and 179 (87%) entirely lacked RHD. As expected, RHD was deleted in all the 50 individuals of Caucasian descent. Among the 156 individuals of African descent, 22 (14%) had inactive RHD and 3% had the RHD-CE-Ds hybrid gene. These data confirm that the inclusion of two different multiplex PCR for RHD is essential to test the D-negative Brazilian population in order to avoid false-positive typing of polytransfused patients and fetuses.

Nitric oxide, cholesterol oxides and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in plasma of patients with essential hypertension

The objective of the present study was to identify disturbances of nitric oxide radical (·NO) metabolism and the formation of cholesterol oxidation products in human essential hypertension. The concentrations of·NO derivatives (nitrite, nitrate, S-nitrosothiols and nitrotyrosine), water and lipid-soluble antioxidants and cholesterol oxides were measured in plasma of 11 patients with mild essential hypertension (H: 57.8 ± 9.7 years; blood pressure, 148.3 ± 24.8/90.8 ± 10.2 mmHg) and in 11 healthy subjects (N: 48.4 ± 7.0 years; blood pressure, 119.4 ± 9.4/75.0 ± 8.0 mmHg).Nitrite, nitrate and S-nitrosothiols were measured by chemiluminescence and nitrotyrosine was determined by ELISA. Antioxidants were determined by reverse-phase HPLC and cholesterol oxides by gas chromatography. Hypertensive patients had reduced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in response to reactive hyperemia (H: 9.3 and N: 15.1% increase of diameter 90 s after hyperemia), and lower levels of ascorbate (H: 29.2 ± 26.0, N: 54.2 ± 24.9 µM), urate (H: 108.5 ± 18.9, N: 156.4 ± 26.3 µM), ß-carotene (H: 1.1 ± 0.8, N: 2.5 ± 1.2 nmol/mg cholesterol), and lycopene (H: 0.4 ± 0.2, N: 0.7 ± 0.2 nmol/mg cholesterol), in plasma, compared to normotensive subjects. The content of 7-ketocholesterol, 5alpha-cholestane-3ß,5,6ß-triol and 5,6alpha-epoxy-5alpha-cholestan-3alpha-ol in LDL, and the concentration of endothelin-1 (H: 0.9 ± 0.2, N: 0.7 ± 0.1 ng/ml) in plasma were increased in hypertensive patients. No differences were found for ·NO derivatives between groups. These data suggest that an increase in cholesterol oxidation is associated with endothelium dysfunction in essential hypertension and oxidative stress, although ·NO metabolite levels in plasma are not modified in the presence of elevated cholesterol oxides.