Hotel abierto. El sector hotelero ante las nuevas demandas de accesibilidad para todos (análisis, propuestas y la experiencia de 22 hoteles)

Este documento pretende ser un instrumento para favorecer la mejora de accesibilidad, pero no tiene una caracterización fácil dada la diversidad de aspectos abordados. En primer lugar parte del estudio de los condicionantes normativos y económicos que inciden sobre el mercado hotelero y los fallos o consecuencias negativas que el diseño de las normas puede tener para la penetración de la accesibilidad en los hoteles, lo que da pie a consideraciones sobre la intervención pública, la aplicabilidad de los instrumentos normativos y el control de su cumplimiento. Como documento de investigación, plantea una metodología de análisis e interpretación del proceso de incorporación de accesibilidad en los hoteles, buscando que este no se focalice exclusivamente en la reforma de espacios, sino en la consideración de los procesos y acciones que desarrolla el viajero, como forma de favorecer la continuidad y la lógica finalista de las intervenciones. Un tercer bloque viene constituido por la presentación de un amplio trabajo de campo con directores de 22 hoteles de los que 17 respondieron a un cuestionario y 10 fueron entrevistados de manera informal, puesto que sus planteamientos, conocimiento y problemática no suele analizarse suficientemente en los trabajos de accesibilidad hotelera. Por último, y a partir de las fotografías que se han podido tomar en los hoteles visitados, se plantean algunas soluciones y comentarios sencillos y visuales a problemas recogidos en la realidad, con el fin de ser didáctico y ofrecer pautas concretas de solución para cada tipo de problema detectado.

Bactérias gram negativas resistentes a antimicrobianos em alimentos

A partir de 154 espécimens de alimentos, representados por hortaliças (alface), leite e merenda escolar, obteve-se o isolamento e identificação de 400 amostras de bacilos Gram negativos. Esta amostragem se distribuiu em 339 enterobactérias (Escherichia, Shigella, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia e Proteus) e 61 de gêneros afins (Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Aeromonas e Pseudomonas). Submetendo-se as culturas aos antimicrobianos: sulfadiazina (Su), estreptomicina (Sm), tetraciclina (Tc), cloranfenicol (Cm), canamicina (Km), ampicilina (Ap), ácido nalidíxico (Nal) e gentamicina (Gm), observou-se apenas seis estirpes sensíveis a todas as drogas e sensibilidade absoluta à Gm. A predominância dos modelos Su (27,6%) e Su-Ap (39,6%) incidiu nas enterobactérias, enquanto que, 18,0% para Ap e 9,8% para Su-Ap foram detectados nos gêneros afins. Para caracterização da resistência foram realizados testes de conjugação e a totalidade das culturas não revelou transferência para o gene que confere resistência ao ácido nalidíxico. Relevantes são as taxas de amostras R+ observadas nos bacilos entéricos, oscilando em torno de 90% (leite e merenda escolar) e alface, em torno de 70%

Chronic murine myocarditis due to Trypanosoma cruzi: an ultrastructural study and immunochemical characterization of cardiac interstitial matrix

In an attempt to define the mouse-model for chronic Chagas' disease, a serological, histopathological and ultrastructural study as well as immunotyping of myocardium collagenic matrix were performed on Swiss mice, chronically infected with Trypanosoma cruzi strains: 21 SF and mambaí (Type II); PMN and Bolivia (Type III), spontaneously surviving after 154 to 468 days of infection. Haemagglutination and indirect immunofluorescence tests showed high titres of specific antibodies. The ultrastructural study disclosed the cellular constitution of the inflammatory infiltrate showing the predominance of monocytes, macrophages with intense phagocytic activity, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts and abundant collagen matrix suggesting the association of the inflammatory process with fibrogenesis in chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Artertolar and blood capillary alterations together with dissociation of cardiac cells from the capillary wall by edema and inflammation were related to ultrastructural lesions of myocardial cells. Rupture of parasitized cardiac myocells contribute to intensify the inflammatory process in focal areas. Collagen immunotyping showed the predominance of Types III and IV collagen. Collagen degradation and phagocytosis were present suggesting a reversibility of the fibrous process. The mouse model seems to be valuable in the study of the pathogenetic mechanisms in Chagas cardiomyopathy, providing that T. cruzi strains of low virulence and high pathogenecity are used.

Aplicació de la tecnologia RFID a les cadenes de subministrament: estudi de viabilitat

El present treball és un projecte d'aplicació de la tecnologia RFID a les cadenes de subministrament per tal de millorar-ne la gestió interna i d'augmentar l'eficiència i la productivitat de les empreses d'aquest sector.

The impact of penicillinase on cefamandole treatment and prophylaxis of experimental endocarditis due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Beta-lactams active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) must resist penicillinase hydrolysis and bind penicillin-binding protein 2A (PBP 2A). Cefamandole might share these properties. When tested against 2 isogenic pairs of MRSA that produced or did not produce penicillinase, MICs of cefamandole (8-32 mg/L) were not affected by penicillinase, and cefamandole had a > or =40 times greater PBP 2A affinity than did methicillin. In rats, constant serum levels of 100 mg/L cefamandole successfully treated experimental endocarditis due to penicillinase-negative isolates but failed against penicillinase-producing organisms. This suggested that penicillinase produced in infected vegetations might hydrolyze the drug. Indeed, cefamandole was slowly degraded by penicillinase in vitro. Moreover, its efficacy was restored by combination with sulbactam in vivo. Cefamandole also uniformly prevented MRSA endocarditis in prophylaxis experiments, a setting in which bacteria were not yet clustered in the vegetations. Thus, while cefamandole treatment was limited by penicillinase, the drug was still successful for prophylaxis of experimental MRSA endocarditis.

Financial liberalisation and industrial development in Malawi

It has been suggested that financial liberalisation may be a key policy to promote industrialisation as it removes the credit access constraint on firms, especially small and medium ones. We investigate the effect of credit expansion in the wake of liberalisation on the structure of the industrial sectors in Malawi and find that, in contrast to the hypothesis above, it resulted in an increase in industrial concentration and a decrease in net firm entry, especially in sectors that are more finance dependent. The case of Malawi is interesting because financial liberalisation has been justified precisely as a means for industrial development and because the implementation of the policy has been regarded as relatively successful.

Nivells de radó en recintes tancats de la zona volcànica de la Garrotxa i la falla d'Amer

La importància radiològica i geofísica del gas radó, un gas radioactiu que neix de la desintegració del radi present a l’escorça terrestre, ha motivat una extensa campanya de mesures d’aquest gas a l’interior de recintes tancats de la zona volcànica de la Garrotxa i de la falla d’Amer, una zona que per les seves característiques geològiques, com ara la presència de falles que poden ser actives, podria afavorir la presència de radó. En aquest treball s’inclou una descripció detallada de la metodologia utilitzada per la mesura d’aquest gas, posant especial èmfasi en el control de qualitat dels sistemes de mesura emprats. Els resultats obtinguts al llarg de més d’un any d’investigacions, on s’han mesurat llocs de treballs i llars, demostren que les concentracions en general són baixes, però que les seves variacions estacionals depenen de la presència de materials volcànics en el subsòl i d’una xarxa de conductes subterranis. Aquest resultat ha motivat uns estudis més detallats dels nivells de radó i altres radionúclids naturals en el sòl al voltant de la falla d’Amer, en les aigües subterrànies i en l’aire dels bufadors de la zona volcànica de la Garrotxa.

3D geoelectrical monitoring to follow hydric soil behaviour during rainfall

RESUME Durant les dernières années, les méthodes électriques ont souvent été utilisées pour l'investigation des structures de subsurface. L'imagerie électrique (Electrical Resistivity Tomography, ERT) est une technique de prospection non-invasive et spatialement intégrée. La méthode ERT a subi des améliorations significatives avec le développement de nouveaux algorithmes d'inversion et le perfectionnement des techniques d'acquisition. La technologie multicanale et les ordinateurs de dernière génération permettent la collecte et le traitement de données en quelques heures. Les domaines d'application sont nombreux et divers: géologie et hydrogéologie, génie civil et géotechnique, archéologie et études environnementales. En particulier, les méthodes électriques sont souvent employées dans l'étude hydrologique de la zone vadose. Le but de ce travail est le développement d'un système de monitorage 3D automatique, non- invasif, fiable, peu coûteux, basé sur une technique multicanale et approprié pour suivre les variations de résistivité électrique dans le sous-sol lors d'événements pluvieux. En raison des limitations techniques et afin d'éviter toute perturbation physique dans la subsurface, ce dispositif de mesure emploie une installation non-conventionnelle, où toutes les électrodes de courant sont placées au bord de la zone d'étude. Le dispositif le plus approprié pour suivre les variations verticales et latérales de la résistivité électrique à partir d'une installation permanente a été choisi à l'aide de modélisations numériques. Les résultats démontrent que le dispositif pôle-dipôle offre une meilleure résolution que le dispositif pôle-pôle et plus apte à détecter les variations latérales et verticales de la résistivité électrique, et cela malgré la configuration non-conventionnelle des électrodes. Pour tester l'efficacité du système proposé, des données de terrain ont été collectées sur un site d'étude expérimental. La technique de monitorage utilisée permet de suivre le processus d'infiltration 3D pendant des événements pluvieux. Une bonne corrélation est observée entre les résultats de modélisation numérique et les données de terrain, confirmant par ailleurs que le dispositif pôle-dipôle offre une meilleure résolution que le dispositif pôle-pôle. La nouvelle technique de monitorage 3D de résistivité électrique permet de caractériser les zones d'écoulement préférentiel et de caractériser le rôle de la lithologie et de la pédologie de manière quantitative dans les processus hydrologiques responsables d'écoulement de crue. ABSTRACT During the last years, electrical methods were often used for the investigation of subsurface structures. Electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) has been reported to be a useful non-invasive and spatially integrative prospecting technique. The ERT method provides significant improvements, with the developments of new inversion algorithms, and the increasing efficiency of data collection techniques. Multichannel technology and powerful computers allow collecting and processing resistivity data within few hours. Application domains are numerous and varied: geology and hydrogeology, civil engineering and geotechnics, archaeology and environmental studies. In particular, electrical methods are commonly used in hydrological studies of the vadose zone. The aim of this study was to develop a multichannel, automatic, non-invasive, reliable and inexpensive 3D monitoring system designed to follow electrical resistivity variations in soil during rainfall. Because of technical limitations and in order to not disturb the subsurface, the proposed measurement device uses a non-conventional electrode set-up, where all the current electrodes are located near the edges of the survey grid. Using numerical modelling, the most appropriate arrays were selected to detect vertical and lateral variations of the electrical resistivity in the framework of a permanent surveying installation system. The results show that a pole-dipole array has a better resolution than a pole-pole array and can successfully follow vertical and lateral resistivity variations despite the non-conventional electrode configuration used. Field data are then collected at a test site to assess the efficiency of the proposed monitoring technique. The system allows following the 3D infiltration processes during a rainfall event. A good correlation between the results of numerical modelling and field data results can be observed since the field pole-dipole data give a better resolution image than the pole-pole data. The new device and technique makes it possible to better characterize the zones of preferential flow and to quantify the role of lithology and pedology in flood- generating hydrological processes.

Purification and activity standardisation of a (166m)Ho solution.

As part of a project to use the long-lived (T(1/2)=1200a) (166m)Ho as reference source in its reference ionisation chamber, IRA standardised a commercially acquired solution of this nuclide using the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence and 4pigamma (NaI) methods. The (166m)Ho solution supplied by Isotope Product Laboratories was measured to have about 5% Europium impurities (3% (154)Eu, 0.94% (152)Eu and 0.9% (155)Eu). Holmium had therefore to be separated from europium, and this was carried out by means of ion-exchange chromatography. The holmium fractions were collected without europium contamination: 162h long HPGe gamma measurements indicated no europium impurity (detection limits of 0.01% for (152)Eu and (154)Eu, and 0.03% for (155)Eu). The primary measurement of the purified (166m)Ho solution with the 4pi (PC) beta-gamma coincidence technique was carried out at three gamma energy settings: a window around the 184.4keV peak and gamma thresholds at 121.8 and 637.3keV. The results show very good self-consistency, and the activity concentration of the solution was evaluated to be 45.640+/-0.098kBq/g (0.21% with k=1). The activity concentration of this solution was also measured by integral counting with a well-type 5''x5'' NaI(Tl) detector and efficiencies computed by Monte Carlo simulations using the GEANT code. These measurements were mutually consistent, while the resulting weighted average of the 4pi NaI(Tl) method was found to agree within 0.15% with the result of the 4pibeta-gamma coincidence technique. An ampoule of this solution and the measured value of the concentration were submitted to the BIPM as a contribution to the Système International de Référence.

The threat of reintroduction of natural transmission of Chagas' disease in Bambuí, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, due to Panstrongylus megistus

In the Epidemiological Surveillance Program in the county of Bambuí, Minas Gerais, between August 1986 and December 1988, 154 Panstrongylus megistus were captured by the local population in both peridomicile and intradomicile environments. Fifteen (9.8%) of the P. megistus harboured Trypanosoma cruzi. Preciptin tests showed that the most frequent triatomine blood meal sources were birds, but other sources were dogs, men and cats. The isoenzyme characterization of 13 T. cruzi strains showed that six belonged to zymodeme Z1, corresponding to the wild parasites, and seven belonged to zymodeme Z2, corresponding to parasites isolated from chronic chagasic patients (domestic cycle). As P. megistus were found to be naturally infected by parasites from both cycles, they are cleary able to transmit T. cruzi from the wild cycle to the domestic cycle. Furthermore the capacity of P. megistus in colonizing houses was observed in one residence, vacant for several years, in wich 153 triatomines were captured. The data show the possibility of P. megistus reintroducing transmission of Chaga's disease in the county if Epidemiological Surveillance is interrupted.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor versus calcium antagonist in the treatment of hypertension.

Sixteen patients with essential hypertension were treated for 2 consecutive 6-week periods with either the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor enalapril (20 mg once daily) or the calcium antagonist diltiazem (120 mg twice daily). The sequence of the treatment phases was randomly allocated. Blood pressure decreased from 154/102 +/- 5/2 mm Hg (mean +/- SEM) to 135/96 +/- 4/2 and 140/98 +/- 3/2 mm Hg during treatment with enalapril and diltiazem, respectively. It was impossible in the individual hypertensive patient to predict the long-term blood pressure response to one of the agents studied based on the long-term blood pressure response to the other agent.

Anàlisi de radiació en vaixells i disseny d'una antena en la banda d'HF

El projecte està dividit en dues parts, per una banda l’anàlisi de radiació en vaixells i per altra banda el disseny d’una antena en la banda d’ HF. La primera part s’inicia amb un estudi de l’escenari marítim a nivell de comunicacions, vaixells i antenes i, a continuació, s’estudia el camp proper sobre les superfícies del vaixell per al posicionament d’antenes amb el màxim aïllament. La segona part tracta el disseny d’una antena en HF a 6 MHz partint d’una antena tipus ranura, de baix perfil. Per validar el seu funcionament es construeix i mesura un prototipus en la banda d’UHF (2 GHz).