Binding of bisubstrate analog promotes large structural changes in the unregulated catalytic trimer of aspartate transcarbamoylase: Implications for allosteric regulation

A central problem in understanding enzyme regulation is to define the conformational states that account for allosteric changes in catalytic activity. For Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase; EC 2.1.3.2) the active, relaxed (R state) holoenzyme is generally assumed to be represented by the crystal structure of the complex of the holoenzyme with the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate (PALA). It is unclear, however, which conformational differences between the unliganded, inactive, taut (T state) holoenzyme and the PALA complex are attributable to localized effects of inhibitor binding as contrasted to the allosteric transition. To define the conformational changes in the isolated, nonallosteric C trimer resulting from the binding of PALA, we determined the 1.95-Å resolution crystal structure of the C trimer–PALA complex. In contrast to the free C trimer, the PALA-bound trimer exhibits approximate threefold symmetry. Conformational changes in the C trimer upon PALA binding include ordering of two active site loops and closure of the hinge relating the N- and C-terminal domains. The C trimer–PALA structure closely resembles the liganded C subunits in the PALA-bound holoenzyme. This similarity suggests that the pronounced hinge closure and other changes promoted by PALA binding to the holoenzyme are stabilized by ligand binding. Consequently, the conformational changes attributable to the allosteric transition of the holoenzyme remain to be defined.

The structures of anthranilate synthase of Serratia marcescens crystallized in the presence of (i) its substrates, chorismate and glutamine, and a product, glutamate, and (ii) its end-product inhibitor, l-tryptophan

The crystal structure of anthranilate synthase (AS) from Serratia marcescens, a mesophilic bacterium, has been solved in the presence of its substrates, chorismate and glutamine, and one product, glutamate, at 1.95 Å, and with its bound feedback inhibitor, tryptophan, at 2.4 Å. In comparison with the AS structure from the hyperthermophile Sulfolobus solfataricus, the S. marcescens structure shows similar subunit structures but a markedly different oligomeric organization. One crystal form of the S. marcescens enzyme displays a bound pyruvate as well as a putative anthranilate (the nitrogen group is ambiguous) in the TrpE subunit. It also confirms the presence of a covalently bound glutamyl thioester intermediate in the TrpG subunit. The tryptophan-bound form reveals that the inhibitor binds at a site distinct from that of the substrate, chorismate. Bound tryptophan appears to prevent chorismate binding by a demonstrable conformational effect, and the structure reveals how occupancy of only one of the two feedback inhibition sites can immobilize the catalytic activity of both TrpE subunits. The presence of effectors in the structure provides a view of the locations of some of the amino acid residues in the active sites. Our findings are discussed in terms of the previously described AS structure of S. solfataricus, mutational data obtained from enteric bacteria, and the enzyme's mechanism of action.

Mortalità e incidenza di tumore in una coorte di lavoratori esposti ad asbesto nel settore della navalmeccanica. Confronti esterni, interni e caso-controllo nested

Obiettivi. Lo scopo di questo studio è di confrontare la mortalità e l’incidenza per tutte le cause, tutti i tumori, tumori specifici e per le cause non neoplastiche, in una coorte dei lavoratori impiegati nel cantiere navale di Monfalcone (GO) tra il 1974 e il 1994, con quella della popolazione generale della regione FVG e d’Italia. L’obiettivo è eseguire tali confronti considerando il livello di esposizione ad amianto, la durata di esposizione (in anni) precedente al 1985, il periodo di prima assunzione, quali principali indicatori di esposizione occupazionale ad asbesto. Obiettivo secondario è quello di contribuire alla conoscenza circa la correlazione tra esposizione ad asbesto e l’incidenza di tumori nelle principali sedi digestive. Metodi. Tramite metodo indiretto sono stati calcolati SIR (periodo 1995-2009) e SMR (periodo 1995-2012) per tumore maligno della pleura, tumore di trachea bronchi e polmone, per tutti i tumori e per malattie non neoplastiche. È stato condotto uno studio caso- controllo nested per la stima degli gli ORs rispettivamente per tumore maligno della pleura e del polmone. Sono stati applicati modelli di Poisson per la stima degli IRRs riguardanti le principali sedi digestive, utilizzando quali variabili esplicative: a) il rischio di esposizione ad asbesto legato alla mansione e b) il numero di anni di esposizione precedenti al 1985. Risultati. Nell’intera coorte (5582 uomini) gli SMR indicavano un eccesso di mortalità per tumore maligno della pleura incrementato rispettivamente di circa 7 volte (SMR= 7,03; IC95% 5,61-8,79) e di poco più di 14 volte (SMR= 14,20; IC95% 11,33-17,75) rispettivamente quando il confronto è stato fatto con la popolazione standard del FVG e dell’Italia. L’aumento della mortalità per tumore maligno della pleura risulta fortemente aumentato in tutte le stratificazioni. Gli SMR per il tumore di trachea, bronchi e polmone sono risultati essere prossimi all'unità quando le analisi sono state eseguite nell’intera coorte, mentre risultano aumentati in modo significativo rispetto alla popolazione generale quando calcolati nei soggetti a rischio medio e assunti presso i cantieri navali di Monfalcone prima del 1974 (SMR= 1,38 95%CI 1,00-1,85) e nei soggetti classificati a rischio medio e assunti nel periodo 1985-1994 (SMR= 4,88 95%CI 1,00-14,25). Analogamente, nell’intera coorte, i SIR per tumore maligno della pleura calcolati nell’intera coorte erano aumentati di oltre 7 volte (SIR= 7,65; IC95% 6,19-9,49), mentre l’incidenza del tumore di trachea bronchi e polmone non vede incrementi rispetto alla popolazione di riferimento. Coloro che hanno avuto una durata di esposizione maggiore di 30 anni prima del 1985 dimostrano un aumento dell’incidenza di tumore di trachea, bronchi e polmone (SIR=1,34 IC95% 1,00-1,77), statisticamente significativo, così come per coloro che son stati classificati a rischio medio di esposizione e assunti precedentemente al 1974 (SIR=1,46 IC95% 1,06-1,95) e per coloro che sono stati classificati ad alto rischio e assunti nel periodo 1985-1994 (SIR=5,68 IC95% 1,17-16,60). Nell’intera coorte si registra un significativo aumento di incidenza di tumore dello stomaco in coloro classificati a alto rischio (SIR= 1,47 IC95% 1,05-2,00), mentre l’incidenza di tumore del pancreas vede un incremento dell’incidenza in coloro classificati a medio rischio di esposizione ad asbesto (SIR= 2,21 IC95% 1,21-3,72). Il sottogruppo le cui informazioni risultavano mancanti mostrano un incremento del SIR, borderline ma non significativo, per tumore del colon-retto (SIR= 1,29 IC95% 0,94-1,73). Emerge un significativo aumento dell’incidenza del tumore dello stomaco in coloro con un periodo di esposizione precedente al 1985 compreso tra 10 e 20 anni (SIR= 1,71 IC95% 1,12-2,49). Anche i SIR per il tumore del pancreas vedono un incremento statisticamente significativo in coloro che hanno una durata di esposizione precedente al 1985 inferiore a 10 anni e maggiore di 30: rispettivamente i SIR sono stati di 2,23 (IC95% 1,07-4,10) e 2,57 (IC95% 1,53-4,07). I risultati relativi ai confronti interni non mostrano significatività statistica. Conclusioni. I risultati indicano che nella coorte degli uomini ex- lavoratori dei cantieri navali di Monfalcone vi era un incremento forte e statisticamente significativo della mortalità e dell’incidenza di tumore maligno della pleura rispetto sia alla popolazione generale del FVG sia a quella dell’Italia. Eccessi di mortalità ed incidenza sono stati rilevati talvolta anche per il tumore di trachea, bronchi e polmone, quando le analisi sono state condotte stratificando la coorte in gruppi omogenei di rischio. Il più elevato eccesso rispetto all’atteso sia della mortalità per tumore maligno della pleura e del tumore del polmone, che dell’incidenza, si osservava nei lavoratori con mansioni a rischio medio, seguito dal gruppo con mansioni a rischio elevato. I Risultati riguardanti l’incidenza dei tumori delle principali sedi digestive ha visto nell’intera coorte un aumento significativo dei SIR per tumore dello stomaco e del pancreas, anche quando condotti per sottogruppi. Tuttavia le stime relative agli outcome diversi dal tumore maligno della pleura e del tumore del polmone devono essere interpretate con cautela. Le associazioni positive riscontrate tramite confronti interni non presentano significatività statistica.

Estudo de equilíbrio e cinética da biossorção de cobre (II) por Rhizopus Microsporus.

A poluição relacionada a metais pesados tem recebido uma atenção especial devido a sua alta toxicidade, não biodegradabilidade e tendência de acumular-se na cadeia alimentar. Apesar disso, metais pesados também são considerados recursos valiosos, portanto a sua remoção em conjunto com a sua recuperação torna-se ainda mais importante. Este caso aplica-se aos rejeitos de mineração de cobre, os quais oferecem a possibilidade de recuperação do metal e de sua contenção de maneira segura do meio ambiente. Tais rejeitos se caracterizam por ocuparem enormes áreas inundadas e abrigarem soluções diluídas de cobre (II), porém, muitas vezes, acima dos limites seguros. Diversos processos tradicionais de tratamento mostram-se disponíveis para remover o cobre de tais soluções, no entanto, em certas aplicações eles podem ser ineficientes ou muito onerosos. Nesse contexto, a biossorção é uma alternativa interessante. Nesse processo, certos microrganismos, como fungos, bactérias e algas, ligam-se passivamente ao cobre na forma íons ou outras moléculas em soluções. No presente trabalho foi avaliado o potencial de biossorção de íons cobre (II) pela biomassa do fungo Rhizopus microsporus, coletado e isolado da área de rejeitos da Mina do Sossego, na região norte do Brasil. Isotermas de biossorção foram determinadas experimentalmente em bateladas sob temperatura de 25°C, agitação de 150 rpm, concentração de biomassa de 2,0 a 2,5 g/L e tempo de contato mínimo de 4 horas. O pH mostrou ser um fator importante no equilíbrio da biossorção, sendo o valor máximo da capacidade de biossorção de 33,12 mg de cobre / g biomassa encontrado em pH 6. Valores sucessivamente menores são encontrados pela acidificação da solução, sendo o pH 1 considerado adequado para o processo de dessorção, correspondendo a uma capacidade de biossorção de 1,95 mg/g. Modelos de adsorção de Langmuir e de Freundlich ajustaram-se adequadamente às isotermas tanto com pH controlado quanto não controlado. Foi constatado que a troca iônica é um dos mecanismos envolvidos na biossorção do cobre com Rhizopus microsporus. Tanto o modelo de pseudo-primeira ordem quanto o de pseudo-segunda ordem ajustaram-se aos dados cinéticos da biossorção, sendo que o equilíbrio ocorre em aproximadamente 4 horas. A biomassa conservou a capacidade de biossorção ao operar repetidamente em três ciclos de sorção-dessorção. A biomassa viável e a morta não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significativa na capacidade de biossorção.

Social determinants and health effects of low and high severity intimate partner violence

PURPOSE: We sought to analyze whether the sociodemographic profile of battered women varies according to the level of severity of intimate partner violence (IPV), and to identify possible associations between IPV and different health problems taking into account the severity of these acts. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 8,974 women (18-70 years) attending primary healthcare centers in Spain (2006-2007) was performed. A compound index was calculated based on frequency, types (physical, psychological, or both), and duration of IPV. Descriptive and multivariate procedures using logistic regression models were fitted. RESULTS: Women affected by low severity IPV and those affected by high severity IPV were found to have a similar sociodemographic profile. However, divorced women (odds ratio [OR], 8.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2-20.3), those without tangible support (OR, 6.6; 95% CI, 3.3-13.2), and retired women (OR, 2.7; 95% CI, 1.2-6.0) were more likely to report high severity IPV. Women experiencing high severity IPV were also more likely to suffer from poor health than were those who experienced low severity IPV. CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of low and high severity IPV seems to be influenced by the social characteristics of the women involved and may be an important indicator for estimating health effects. This evidence may contribute to the design of more effective interventions.

¿Cómo se relaciona la ansiedad escolar con el rendimiento académico?

Se conoce poco sobre la relación existente entre la ansiedad escolar y el rendimiento académico de los alumnos. Este estudio analizó la relación entre ansiedad escolar y el rendimiento académico en una población de 520 estudiantes españoles de 12 a 18 años (M = 15.38, DE = 1.95). Los resultados revelaron que los estudiantes con alto rendimiento en castellano (lengua y literatura) presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en ansiedad ante el fracaso y castigo escolar, ansiedad ante la agresión, ansiedad conductual y ansiedad psicofisiológica. Igualmente, los estudiantes con alto rendimiento en matemáticas presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en ansiedad ante el fracaso y castigo escolar, ansiedad ante la agresión y ansiedad conductual. Además, los alumnos con éxito académico presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en ansiedad ante el fracaso y castigo escolar, ansiedad conductual y ansiedad psicofisiológica. Sin embargo, los alumnos con fracaso escolar presentaron puntuaciones significativamente más altas en ansiedad ante la evaluación social. Finalmente, la ansiedad ante el fracaso y castigo escolar fue un predictor significativo del alto rendimiento en las asignaturas de castellano (lengua y literatura) y matemáticas, mientras que la ansiedad ante el fracaso y castigo escolar y la ansiedad ante la evaluación social fueron predictores significativos del éxito académico general. Así, los resultados indican un mayor rendimiento académico de los alumnos que presentan determinados temores escolares. Estos resultados podrían ser utilizados por profesores, psicólogos escolares y psicólogos clínicos como base empírica para desarrollar acciones preventivas y de intervención más eficaces del bajo rendimiento académico.

Acceptability of pandemic A(H1N1) influenza vaccination by Essential Community Workers in 2010 Alicante (Spain), perceived seriousness and sources of information

Objective. Describe acceptability of pandemic A(H1N1) influenza vaccination by Essential Community Workers (ECWs) from Alicante province (Spain) in January 2010. Evaluate the correlation with attitudes, beliefs, professional advice and information broadcasted by media. Method. In this cross-sectional study, face-to-face interviews were conducted with 742 ECWs to assess their attitudes towards vaccination against the pandemic influenza strain. A multivariable regression model was made to adjust the Odds Ratios (ORs). Results. Some ECWs reported having been vaccinated with seasonal vaccine, 21.5% (95%IC 18.6–24.9); only 15.4% (95%IC 12.8–18.4) with the pandemic one. ECWs vaccinated regularly against seasonal flu (OR 5.1; 95%IC 2.9–9.1), those who considered pandemic influenza as a severe or more serious disease than seasonal flu (OR 3.8; 95%IC 2.1–6.7) and those who never had doubts about vaccine safety (OR 3.7; 95%IC2.1–6.7) had a better acceptance of pandemic vaccine. Finally, 78.7% (95%IC 75.1–81.4) had doubts about pandemic vaccine's effectiveness. Conclusion. The vast amount of information provided by the media did not seem to be decisive to prevent doubts or to improve the acceptability of the vaccine in ECWs. Professional advice should be the focus of interest in future influenza vaccination campaigns. These results should be taken into account by health authorities.

Racism, Other Discriminations and Effects on Health

We study the probability of perceived racism/other forms of discrimination on immigrant and Spanish populations within different public spheres and show their effect on the health of immigrants using a cross-sectional design (ENS-06). Variables: perceived racism/other forms of discrimination (exposure), socio-demographic (explicative), health indicators (dependent). Frequencies, prevalences, and bivariate/multivariate analysis were conducted separately for men (M) and women (W). We estimated the health problems attributable to racism through the population attributable proportion (PAP). Immigrants perceived more racism than Spaniards in workplace (ORM = 48.1; 95 % CI 28.2–82.2), and receiving health care (ORW = 48.3; 95 % CI 24.7–94.4). Racism and other forms of discrimination were associated with poor mental health (ORM = 5.6; 95 % CI 3.9–8.2; ORW = 7.3; 95 % CI 4.1–13.0) and injury (ORW = 30.6; 95 % CI 13.6–68.7). It is attributed to perceived racism the 80.1 % of consumption of psychotropics (M), and to racism with other forms of discrimination the 52.3 % of cases of injury (W). Racism plays a role as a health determinant.

Estudio correlacional entre el afecto negativo y el rechazo escolar

El estudio del afecto y su relación con el comportamiento de rechazo a la escuela es un campo de investigación con escasos trabajos previos. El objetivo de estudio fue analizar la relación entre el Afecto Negativo y los distintos factores que justifican el rechazo escolar en estudiantes de Educación Primaria. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 476 estudiantes españoles con un rango de edad que osciló entre los 8 y los 12 años (M = 10.08; DE = 1.28). Las variables de este estudio fueron evaluadas mediante el 10-Item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule for Children (PANAS-C), para medir la subescala de Afecto Negativo, y la School Refusal Assessment Scale-Revised for Children (SRAS-R-C), para evaluar los cuatro factores que justifican el comportamiento de rechazo a la escuela (I. Evitar la Afectividad Negativa; II. Escapar de la Aversión Social o Evaluación; III. Búsqueda de la Atención de otras Personas Significativas; IV. Búsqueda de Refuerzos Tangibles Fuera del Ámbito Escolar). Los resultados revelaron que existían correlaciones positivas y significativas entre el Afecto Negativo y los tres primeros factores de la SRAS-R-C, mientras que no resultaron significativas para el cuarto factor. Los resultados obtenidos confirman la relación entre sentimientos de afectividad negativa y el rechazo escolar, aspecto que debe ser considerado en el estudio de estos casos.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the southeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Cornwall, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Cornwall, in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, under the direction of, Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor, and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 59, 60 & 61, & from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. This layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet source map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 2 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 2 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the southwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 3 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 3 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northwest portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.

County of Middlesex, Jamaica, 1763 (Image 4 of 4) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: This map of the county of Middlesex in the island of Jamaica; laid down from the papers, and under the direction of Henry Moore, Esqr., His Majesty's Lieutenant Governor and Commander in Chief of that island, in the years 1756, 57, 58, 60, & 61 and from a great number of actual surveys performed by the publishers is humbly inscribed by his lordship's most obedient & most humble servants, Thos. Craskell, engineer, Jas. Simpson, surveyor. It was published by D. Fournier in 1763. Scale [ca. 1:95,000]. The layer is image 4 of 4 total images of the four sheet map, representing the northeast portion of the map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Jamaica Grid projected coordinate system. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as towns, villages, and other human settlements, roads, parish boundaries, drainage, selected buildings and names of landowners, ground cover, shoreline features, shoals, channels, anchorage points, and more.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of originators, ground condition dates, scales, and map purposes.