1000 resultados para < 2 mm


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Na presente dissertação é proposto o desenvolvimento de um novo sistema de calibração de roscados de exteriores através de visão computacional. A calibração de roscados de exterior consiste na obtenção do diâmetro efectivo, do diâmetro exterior e do passo, e no cálculo da incerteza expandida correspondente. Actualmente, a calibração é efectuada com o auxílio de máquinas universais (SIP), na qual o diâmetro efectivo é obtido através de um modelo matemático, pois não se consegue obtê-lo directamente. O sistema de calibração por visão computacional tem como objectivo obter-se o diâmetro efectivo directamente, assim como as restantes características. A vantagem deste novo sistema será para roscados com dimensões inferiores a 2 mm, que não se conseguem medir utilizando a SIP. A desvantagem é referente a diâmetros superiores a 2 mm, devido à resolução obtida com a câmara utilizada. Este sistema foi validado por comparação com a calibração utilizando como equipamento calibrador a SIP. Ao longo da dissertação irão ser explicados todos os passos dados para a calibração de roscados de exterior.

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Although several tendon sources are available for reconstructive surgical procedures, all have one or more shortcomings. The aim of this work was to evaluate if the extensor tendons of the hallux showed anatomical characteristics that could make them an additional source for tendon grafting procedures.The authors performed a detailed morphometric analysis of the extensor tendons of the hallux in 26 lower limbs in order to evaluate the putative association of anatomical variants with hallux valgus, and to attempt to assess the feasibility of using part of the extensor apparatus of the hallux as a source of tendon for grafting procedures.An accessory extensor hallucis longus ten-don was found in 92.3% of cases. The extensor hallucis brevis tendon length was 10.5 ± 0.6 cm; its width was 0.5 ± 0.1 cm, and its thickness varied between 1-2 mm, making it a potentially good candidate as a source of ten-don grafts. Several anatomical variations were observed, namely the fusion of the tendons of the extensor hallucis brevis and the accessory extensor hallucis longus muscles in the distal part of the foot.This new therapeutic option, if implemented, would possibly increase the supply of autogenous donor tissue for reconstructive procedures, thereby enhancing the reconstructive surgeon’s armamentarium.

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One parameter that influences the adhesively bonded joints performance is the adhesive layer thickness. Hence, its effect has to be investigated experimentally and should be taken into consideration in the design of adhesive joints. Most of the results from literature are for typical structural epoxy adhesives which are generally formulated to perform in thin sections. However, polyurethane adhesives are designed to perform in thicker sections and might have a different behavior as a function of adhesive thickness. In this study, the effect of adhesive thickness on the mechanical behavior of a structural polyurethane adhesive was investigated. The mode I fracture toughness of the adhesive was measured using double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests with various thicknesses of the adhesive layer ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm. In addition, single lap joints (SLJs) were fabricated and tested to assess the influence of adhesive thickness on the lap-shear strength of the adhesive. An increasing fracture toughness with increasing adhesive thickness was found. The lap-shear strength decreases as the adhesive layer gets thicker, but in contrast to joints with brittle adhesives the decrease trend was less pronounced.

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Adhesive bonding is an excellent alternative to traditional joining techniques such as welding, mechanical fastening or riveting. However, there are many factors that have to be accounted for during joint design to accurately predict the joint strength. One of these is the adhesive layer thickness (tA). Most of the results are for epoxy structural adhesives, tailored to perform best with small values of tA, and these show that the lap joint strength decreases with increase of tA (the optimum joint strength is usually obtained with tA values between 0.1 and 0.2 mm). Recently, polyurethane adhesives were made available in the market, designed to perform with larger tA values, and whose fracture behaviour is still not studied. In this work, the effect of tA on the tensile fracture toughness (View the MathML source) of a bonded joint is studied, considering a novel high strength and ductile polyurethane adhesive for the automotive industry. This work consists on the fracture characterization of the bond by a conventional and the J-integral techniques, which accurately account for root rotation effects. An optical measurement method is used for the evaluation of crack tip opening (δn) and adherends rotation at the crack tip (θo) during the test, supported by a Matlab® sub-routine for the automated extraction of these parameters. As output of this work, fracture data is provided in traction for the selected adhesive, enabling the subsequent strength prediction of bonded joints.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Tecnologia e Segurança Alimentar

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OBJECTIVE:Endograft mural thrombus has been associated with stent graft or limb thrombosis after endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). This study aimed to identify clinical and morphologic determinants of endograft mural thrombus accumulation and its influence on thromboembolic events after EVAR. METHODS: A prospectively maintained database of patients treated by EVAR at a tertiary institution from 2000 to 2012 was analyzed. Patients treated for degenerative infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysms and with available imaging for thrombus analysis were considered. All measurements were performed on three-dimensional center-lumen line computed tomography angiography (CTA) reconstructions. Patients with thrombus accumulation within the endograft's main body with a thickness >2 mm and an extension >25% of the main body's circumference were included in the study group and compared with a control group that included all remaining patients. Clinical and morphologic variables were assessed for association with significant thrombus accumulation within the endograft's main body by multivariate regression analysis. Estimates for freedom from thromboembolic events were obtained by Kaplan-Meier plots. RESULTS: Sixty-eight patients (16.4%) presented with endograft mural thrombus. Median follow-up time was 3.54 years (interquartile range, 1.99-5.47 years). In-graft mural thrombus was identified on 30-day CTA in 22 patients (32.4% of the study group), on 6-month CTA in 8 patients (11.8%), and on 1-year CTA in 17 patients (25%). Intraprosthetic thrombus progressively accumulated during the study period in 40 patients of the study group (55.8%). Overall, 17 patients (4.1%) presented with endograft or limb occlusions, 3 (4.4%) in the thrombus group and 14 (4.1%) in the control group (P = .89). Thirty-one patients (7.5%) received an aortouni-iliac (AUI) endograft. Two endograft occlusions were identified among AUI devices (6.5%; overall, 0.5%). None of these patients showed thrombotic deposits in the main body, nor were any outflow abnormalities identified on the immediately preceding CTA. Estimated freedom from thromboembolic events at 5 years was 95% in both groups (P = .97). Endograft thrombus accumulation was associated with >25% proximal aneurysm neck thrombus coverage at baseline (odds ratio [OR], 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.1-3.3), neck length ≤ 15 mm (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.2), proximal neck diameter ≥ 30 mm (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.6), AUI (OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5), or polyester-covered stent grafts (OR, 4.0; 95% CI, 2.2-7.3) and with main component "barrel-like" configuration (OR, 6.9; 95% CI, 1.7-28.3). CONCLUSIONS: Mural thrombus formation within the main body of the endograft is related to different endograft configurations, main body geometry, and device fabric but appears to have no association with the occurrence of thromboembolic events over time.

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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Energia e Bioenergia

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The work presented in this thesis was developed in collaboration with a Portuguese company, BeyonDevices, devoted to pharmaceutical packaging, medical technology and device industry. Specifically, the composition impact and surface modification of two polymeric medical devices from the company were studied: inhalers and vaginal applicators. The polyethylene-based vaginal applicator was modified using supercritical fluid technology to acquire self-cleaning properties and prevent the transport of bacteria and yeasts to vaginal flora. For that, in-situ polymerization of 2-substituted oxazolines was performed within the polyethylene matrix using supercritical carbon dioxide. The cationic ring-opening polymerization process was followed by end-capping with N,N-dimethyldodecylamine. Furthermore, for the same propose, the polyethylene matrix was impregnated with lavender oil in supercritical medium. The obtained materials were characterized physical and morphologically and the antimicrobial activity against bacteria and yeasts was accessed. Materials modified using 2-substituted oxazolines showed an effective killing ability for all the tested microorganisms, while the materials modified with lavender oil did not show antimicrobial activity. Only materials modified with oligo(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) maintain the activity during the long term stability. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the materials was tested, confirming their biocompatibilty. Regarding the inhaler, its surface was modified in order to improve powder flowability and consequently, to reduce powder retention in the inhaler´s nozzle. New dry powder inhalers (DPIs), with different needle’s diameters, were evaluated in terms of internal resistance and uniformity of the emitted dose. It was observed that they present a mean resistance of 0.06 cmH2O0.5/(L/min) and the maximum emitted dose obtained was 68.9% for the inhaler with higher needle´s diameter (2 mm). Thus, this inhaler was used as a test and modified by the coating with a commonly-used force control agent, magnesium stearate, dried with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) and the uniformity of delivered dose tests were repeated. The modified inhaler showed an increase in emitted dose from 68.9% to 71.3% for lactose and from 30.0% to 33.7% for Foradil.

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Os Ensaios Não destrutivos de (END) por Correntes Induzidas (CI) são uma das principais técnicas utilizadas na inspeção de tubagens, nomeadamente em caldeiras e permutadores de calor. Apesar de ser uma técnica comum e com muitos anos de experiência acumulada, existem algumas condições onde persistem dificuldades, como é o caso da deteção de micro defeitos com orientação tangencial. Por outro lado, assiste-se atualmente a uma exigência cada vez maior do ponto de vista da fiabilidade dos sistemas e sondas de CI. Um exemplo particular dessa exigência é a inspeção de um perfil com geometria tubular em aço inox 316LN (JK2LB), o qual constitui as bobinas poloidais do International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER). O objetivo central deste trabalho foi desenvolver e validar experimentalmente diferentes tipos de sondas de CI para a deteção de micro defeitos no interior de componentes de geometria tubular, com vista a reduzir o limiar de detetabilidade dos defeitos com orientação tangencial, e assim aumentar a fiabilidade de inspeção. Foram concebidas, produzidas e validadas experimentalmente quatro novas sondas de CI e foram replicadas três configurações já existentes. Foram realizadas simulações numéricas das diferentes sondas, sob diferentes condições de inspeção e criaram-se os meios laboratoriais adequados para a realização dos END. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que as novas sondas desenvolvidas permitem detetar com clareza defeitos tangenciais com 2 mm de comprimento e 0.5 mm de profundidade, o que está claramente abaixo do limiar de detetabilidade das sondas convencionais constituídas por bobinas toroidais. As simulações numéricas permitiram descrever e caracterizar com sucesso alguns fenómenos elétricos e magnéticos envolvidos no funcionamento das sondas. Em termos genéricos, foi estabelecido um importante conhecimento processual dos END por CI de geometrias tubulares.

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Cylindrical specimens of bone measuring 15 mm in diameter were obtained from the lateral cortical layer of 10 pairs of femurs and tibias. A central hole 3.2 mm in diameter was drilled in each specimen. The hole was tapped, and a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw was inserted from the outer surface. The montage was submitted to push-out testing up to a complete strip of the bone threads. The cortical thickness and rupture load were measured, and the shear stress was calculated. The results were grouped according to the bone segment from which the specimen was obtained. The results showed that bone cortex screw holding power is dependent on the bone site. Additionally, the diaphyseal cortical bone tissue is both quantitatively and qualitatively more resistant to screw extraction than the metaphyseal tissue.

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PURPOSE: We tested the role of frozen section examination of the cone specimen in the evaluation of the resection margin status and to rule out invasion in patients with high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. METHODS: Twenty-five patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia underwent conization followed by frozen section examination and planned hysterectomy. The results of the definitive paraffin exam were compared with frozen section examination. RESULTS: In the evaluation of the margins by frozen section examination, 16 patients (64%) had positive cone margins and 9 (36%) had negative margins. The definitive paraffin examination of margin status was concordant in all the cases. Intraoperative diagnosis of invasion was made in 5 cases, and 1 of these was microinvasive. Among the remaining 20 cases, we detected 2 additional microinvasive carcinomas after paraffin study, so the diagnosis of the frozen section examination was concordant with the paraffin sections in 23/25 cases (92%). Two cases of microinvasive carcinoma were diagnosed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia by frozen section examination and had less than 2 mm stromal invasion. CONCLUSIONS: In high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, frozen section examination can provide immediate and precise evaluation of the cone margin status in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. It can identify frank invasion and permit adequate treatment in a one-stage procedure. In early microinvasive disease, frozen section examination fails to detect the area of invasion but reliably detects clear resection margins.

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A densidade e a distribui&#231;&#227;o vertical da macrofauna do solo foram estudadas nas esta&#231;&#245;es chuvosa e seca na regi&#227;o de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, sob tr&#234;s tipos de cobertura vegetal, em &#225;reas de solo arenoso e de solo argiloso, durante dois anos. Os animais foram coletados manualmente de amostras de solo de 20 x 20 x 30 cm (= 12 litros), divididas em subamostras de 5 cm de espessura. O m&#233;todo mostrou-se pouco eficiente, principalmente para coleta de animais menores que 2 mm, por serem pouco vis&#237;veis a olho nu. Encontrou-se maior n&#250;mero de animais no solo arenoso que no solo argiloso. Os grupos mais bem representados foram cupins, formigas e minhocas. Fez-se compara&#231;&#227;o entre o n&#250;mero de indiv&#237;duos coletados na esta&#231;&#227;o chuvosa e na esta&#231;&#227;o seca, tendo sido encontrado mais macroinvertebrados nos estratos superiores (0-15 cm) na esta&#231;&#227;o chuvosa que na esta&#231;&#227;o seca, e em profundidades maiores (15-30 cm), eles foram mais abundantes na esta&#231;&#227;o seca, principalmente cupins. Isto foi interpretado como evid&#234;ncia de migra&#231;&#227;o vertical da macrofauna para os estratos superiores do solo na esta&#231;&#227;o chuvosa e para o solo mineral na esta&#231;&#227;o seca.

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Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar padr&#245;es de crescimento individual de diversas &#225;rvores que ocorrem em duas toposseq&#252;&#234;ncias (dire&#231;&#245;es Norte-Sul e Leste-Oeste), de uma amostra representativa da floresta de terra-firme na Amaz&#244;nia Central. Foram selecionados de forma aleat&#243;ria, aproximadamente, 300 indiv&#237;duos, sendo 150 em cada toposseq&#252;&#234;ncia, distribu&#237;dos em mesmas propor&#231;&#245;es nas tr&#234;s classes topogr&#225;ficas (plat&#244;, encosta e baixio) e nas tr&#234;s classes de di&#226;metro (10 ≤ DAP < 30 cm; 30 ≤ DAP< 50 cm e DAP≥ 50 cm). Em cada uma dessas &#225;rvores foi instalada uma fita met&#225;lica, com extremidades parcialmente sobrepostas e ligadas por uma mola; o avan&#231;o de uma das pontas, dentro de uma abertura, representa o crescimento em circunfer&#234;ncia, que foi medido com um paqu&#237;metro digital. As medi&#231;&#245;es foram realizadas mensalmente ao longo de 19 meses, de junho/1999 a dezembro/2000; neste estudo foram considerados apenas os 12 meses do ano 2000. O padr&#227;o individual de crescimento em di&#226;metro varia muito com o passar dos meses (p = 0,00) e apenas razoavelmente quando os meses s&#227;o interagidos com as classes de di&#226;metro (p 0,08); por outro lado, h&#225; fraca uma evid&#234;ncia (p = 0,25) quando as classes topogr&#225;ficas s&#227;o acrescentadas na intera&#231;&#227;o anterior e praticamente nenhuma evid&#234;ncia (p = 0,89) quando &#233; analisada a intera&#231;&#227;o meses e classes topogr&#225;ficas. Dentre todas as &#225;rvores selecionadas (300 indiv&#237;duos), foram mantidas na an&#225;lise 272 indiv&#237;duos. A m&#233;dia do incremento anual em di&#226;metro, considerando as 272 &#225;rvores monitoradas, foi de 1,64 ± 0,21 mm (p = 0,05), ficando dentro do intervalo dos incrementos obtidos no BIONTE e FLONA Tapaj&#243;s, que &#233; de 1,5 a 2 mm por ano.

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De um total de 203 mulheres adultas entrevistadas, foram avaliadas 175 (entre 16 a 73 anos), por meio de medidas antropométricas: peso, altura, prega cutânea tricipital (PCT), circunferência braquial (CB), circunferência muscular (CMB) e Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC). Das mulheres analisadas, 84,0% (n=147) residiam na zona urbana e 16,0% (n=28) na zona rural. Verificou-se que o peso médio das mulheres não nutrizes residentes na área urbana foi de 54,1 kg; altura de 149,0 cm e o IMC de 24,4 kg/m², enquanto que a PCT, CB e a CMB forneceram valores médios de 19,2 mm, 27,5 cm e 21,5 cm, respectivamente. Na área rural, as mulheres apresentaram um peso médio de 50,4 kg, altura de 148,6 cm, IMC de 23,0 kg/cm² e a PCT, CB e a CMB foram 13,8 mm, 26,4 cm e 22,1 cm, respectivamente. Houve diferença estatisticamente significativa apenas nos valores médios da PCT entre as mulheres procedentes da área urbana e rural (p<0,05). Nas mulheres da área urbana, a ocorrência de baixo peso foi de 6,5%, 28,2% de sobrepeso e 11,3% de obesidade. Nas mulheres da área rural, a prevalência de baixo peso e obesidade foi de 4% e de sobrepeso de 16%. A maioria da população estudada situou-se no limite máximo de normalidade do IMC, e os índices representantes das reservas adiposas (PCT) foram maiores nas mulheres residentes na área urbana.

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No presente trabalho foram estudadas a variação sazonal da transpiração, de uma floresta tropical, e sua dependência com fatores bióticos e abióticos. Utilizaram-se dados do projeto CARBOPARÁ, parte integrante do Experimento de Grande Escala da Biosfera-Atmosfera na Amazônia (LBA), coletados na reserva florestal de Caxiuanã, região nordeste da Amazônia. A evapotranspiração total num intervalo de 39 dias para o período chuvoso foi 108,2 mm, com valor médio de 2,9 mm dia-1, enquanto, durante o período menos chuvoso, a evapotranspiração total num intervalo de 29 dias foi 128,8 mm, com média de 4,3 mm dia-1 para o período. Os valores máximos da condutividade de superfície (Cs), nos dois períodos, ocorreram às 08:00 hl, sendo estes valores de 0,060 m s-1 e 0,045 m s-1 para o período chuvoso e menos chuvoso, respectivamente. A condutância aerodinâmica média (Ca) foi 0,164 m s-1 e 0,210 m s-1, para os períodos chuvoso e menos chuvoso, respectivamente. Os valores máximos da Ca observados para os períodos chuvoso e menos chuvoso foram, respectivamente, 0,220 e 0,375 m s-1. Verificou-se que Cs guarda uma relação exponencial inversa com o déficit de vapor de água atmosférico, para diferentes intervalos de irradiância solar global. A análise horária do fator de desacoplamento sugere que a evapotranspiração, durante a manhã, tem um maior controle realizado pela disponibilidade de energia, quando comparado ao período menos chuvoso. Durante a tarde verifica-se que o dossel da floresta progressivamente tende a estar mais acoplado à atmosfera, para ambos os períodos estudados, demonstrando maior controle superficial na transpiração.