Magnetic Susceptibility Measurements at Ultra-low Temperatures

We report the design and operation of a device for ac magnetic susceptibility measurements that can operate down to 1 mK. The device, a modification of the standard mutual inductance bridge, is designed with detailed consideration of the thermalization and optimization of each element. First, in order to reduce local heating, the primary coil is made with superconducting wire. Second, a low-temperature transformer which is thermally anchored to the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator, is used to match the output of the secondary coil to a high-sensitivity bridge detector. The careful thermal anchoring of the secondary coil and the matching transformer is required to reduce the overall noise temperature and maximize sensitivity. The sample is immersed in liquid (3)He to minimize the Kapitza thermal resistance. The magnetic susceptibility of several magnetic compounds, such as the well-known spin gap compound NiCl(2)-4SC(NH(2))(2) and other powdered samples, have been successfully measured to temperatures well below 10 mK.

Active galactic nuclei: sources for ultra high energy cosmic rays

Ultra high energy cosmic ray events presently show a spectrum, which we interpret here as galactic cosmic rays due to a starburst, in the radio galaxy Cen A which is pushed up in energy by the shock of a relativistic jet. The knee feature and the particles with energy immediately higher in galactic cosmic rays then turn into the bulk of ultra high energy cosmic rays. This entails that all ultra high energy cosmic rays are heavy nuclei. This picture is viable if the majority of the observed ultra high energy events come from the radio galaxy Cen A, and are scattered by intergalactic magnetic fields across much of the sky.

Anisotropy and chemical composition of ultra-high energy cosmic rays using arrival directions measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory

The Pierre Auger Collaboration has reported. evidence for anisotropy in the distribution of arrival directions of the cosmic rays with energies E > E(th) = 5.5 x 10(19) eV. These show a correlation with the distribution of nearby extragalactic objects, including an apparent excess around the direction of Centaurus A. If the particles responsible for these excesses at E > E(th) are heavy nuclei with charge Z, the proton component of the sources should lead to excesses in the same regions at energies E/Z. We here report the lack of anisotropies in these directions at energies above E(th)/Z (for illustrative values of Z = 6, 13, 26). If the anisotropies above E(th) are due to nuclei with charge Z, and under reasonable assumptions about the acceleration process, these observations imply stringent constraints on the allowed proton fraction at the lower energies.

The effect of ultra-low proton concentration on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate over platinum

The electrocatalytic reduction of NO3- (aq) over platinum has been investigated in sulfuric acid solutions with proton concentrations between 1 mM and 50 mM. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that for [H+] < 10 mM, NO3- (aq) is reduced in two distinct regions of potential: one reduction peak occurs at approximately 0.1 V vs. RHE and one occurs at -0.13 V vs. RHE. This second reduction peak has never before been observed, and is not present for proton concentrations >10 mM, where hydrogen electroreduction prevails below 0.0 V vs. RHE. Chronoamperometry shows that the kinetics of the two reduction peaks are distinct, suggesting that the two reduction peaks may correspond to the evolution of different products. Results are discussed in the context of tuning the product selectivity of the electrocatalytic reduction of NO3- (aq). (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Interactions of Electrons and Rydberg Atoms in Ultra-Cold Plasmas

This thesis discusses an experimental technique for investigating electron temperature control by Rydberg atoms in ultra-cold plasmas. The objective we set ourselves was twofold. Firstly, we sought to gain an insight into the processes whereby the creation of Rydberg atoms within the plasma lengthens the lifetime of the plasma. To this end, we created the plasma using a Littman dye laser and subsequently, at a variable time delay, we excited neutral atoms in the plasma to specific Rydberg states using a narrow bandwidth pulsed dye laser. Secondly, we employed radio-frequency (rf) electric fields to excite electron oscillations within the plasma in order to infer such information as plasma density and electron temperature. Although we found that the introduction of high angular momentum Rydberg states did lengthen the plasma lifetime we were not able to differentiate between the temperature moderation effect due to the Rydberg atoms cooling the plasma, and the binding effect due to an increased positive space charge within the plasma.

Ultra-sonografia pélvica em meninas normais e nas com precocidade sexual

Resumo não disponível.

Estudo de diferentes métodos de extração por Ultra-Som de pesticidas em latossolo utilizando técnicas cromatográficas

Amostras de solo (latossolo vermelho destroférrico) coletadas em três pontos distintos, no município de Caibaté (Região das Missões, RS), na profundidade de aproximadamente 10 cm (da superfície do solo), em diferentes estações do ano e com diferentes tipos de manejo de solo (plantio convencional; plantio direto e cultivo mínimo), foram analisadas com o intuito de verificar a presença e a persistência de pesticidas no solo. Adicionalmente foi avaliada a relação entre a concentração dos produtos e tipo de manejo de solo aplicado. Este estudo é justificado por ser esta região de caráter tipicamente agrícola, com uso sistemático de pesticidas, tais como: monocrotofós, tiabendazole, triadimenol, lufenuron e imazetapir. Primeiramente foram estudadas as melhores condições de extração, considerando as técnicas mais comumente utilizadas, como o soxhlet, o banho e a sonda de ultra-som. As análises foram realizadas por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detector UV-visível (lufenuron e imazetapir) e Cromatografia Gasosa com Detector Seletivo de Massas (monocrotofós, tiabendazole e triadimenol), dependendo das características do analito em estudo. Os resultados mostram a presença de todos os pesticidas estudados, permitindo inferir que os mesmos persistem no solo. Além disto, os resultados indicam que não há uma uniformidade da extração dos analitos nas amostras dos solos, que foram extraídas com as técnicas de soxhlet, banho e sonda de ultra-som. Tais diferenças podem ser devido à heterogeneidade das amostras ou uma extração seletiva dos analitos. Quanto as influências do tipo de manejo das lavouras, não foi possível constatar a contribuição destas formas de plantio para a persistência de resíduos de pesticidas no solo.