A comunicação eletrônica e a alteração de tempo e espaço na produção do conhecimento científico

Versa sobre a influência da comunicação eletrônica na produção do conhecimento científico na área de física da Universidade Estadual de Campinas entre o início das décadas de 1980, 1990 e 2000. Verifica se o acesso mais abrangente e rápido à informação científica proporcionado pelos periódicos eletrônicos e seus estoques ou portais tem ocasionado modificações no sujeito cognoscente. Por meio da correlação entre dados de dissertações/teses e dados retirados de suas referências bibliográficas (títulos de periódicos citados e anos de publicação), conclui-se que os pesquisadores estão citando mais títulos de periódicos e mais rapidamente, talvez por conta do fenômeno da comunicação eletrônica.

Linear random knots and their scaling behavior

We present here a nonbiased probabilistic method that allows us to consistently analyze knottedness of linear random walks with up to several hundred noncorrelated steps. The method consists of analyzing the spectrum of knots formed by multiple closures of the same open walk through random points on a sphere enclosing the walk. Knottedness of individual "frozen" configurations of linear chains is therefore defined by a characteristic spectrum of realizable knots. We show that in the great majority of cases this method clearly defines the dominant knot type of a walk, i.e., the strongest component of the spectrum. In such cases, direct end-to-end closure creates a knot that usually coincides with the knot type that dominates the random closure spectrum. Interestingly, in a very small proportion of linear random walks, the knot type is not clearly defined. Such walks can be considered as residing in a border zone of the configuration space of two or more knot types. We also characterize the scaling behavior of linear random knots.

Trajetória da sociedade da informação no Brasil: proposta de mensuração por meio de um indicador sintético

A sociedade da informação (SI) retrata a crescente importância que a informação, o conhecimento e as inovações tecnológicas assumem na contemporaneidade. O objetivo do artigo é elaborar um exercício exploratório sobre o uso de indicador sintético voltado para o dimensionamento de aspectos relevantes da SI. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram a exploração de bases de dados e informações estatísticas, a padronização de variáveis, além de levantamento documental e bibliográfico. Os resultados sugerem que, embora favorável, a trajetória da SI não se mostrou linear no tempo. Dentre as dimensões sob consideração, a manifestação mais significativa da SI estaria associada à disponibilidade de infraestrutura tecnológica e meios de acesso à internet. Por sua vez, formação educacional e recursos financeiros representariam desafios a serem enfrentados para a consolidação da SI no Brasil. Ao tentar representar conceito complexo e multifacetado e buscar dimensionar aspectos associados à sua manifestação, o artigo representa esforço de sistematização de dados e informações de interesse para a ciência da informação.

Polydispersity index from linear viscoelastic data: Unimodal and bimodal linear polymer melts

This article describes a method for determining the polydispersity index Ip2=Mz/Mw of the molecular weight distribution (MWD) of linear polymeric materials from linear viscoelastic data. The method uses the Mellin transform of the relaxation modulus of a simple molecular rheological model. One of the main features of this technique is that it enables interesting MWD information to be obtained directly from dynamic shear experiments. It is not necessary to achieve the relaxation spectrum, so the ill-posed problem is avoided. Furthermore, a determinate shape of the continuous MWD does not have to be assumed in order to obtain the polydispersity index. The technique has been developed to deal with entangled linear polymers, whatever the form of the MWD is. The rheological information required to obtain the polydispersity index is the storage G′(ω) and loss G″(ω) moduli, extending from the terminal zone to the plateau region. The method provides a good agreement between the proposed theoretical approach and the experimental polydispersity indices of several linear polymers for a wide range of average molecular weights and polydispersity indices. It is also applicable to binary blends.

Aspectos genéticos do tempo para o florescimento em variantes naturais de soja

Com o objetivo de melhor entender os mecanismos genéticos do tempo para o florescimento em soja (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), foram estudados os genitores e as gerações F2 de um dialelo com a cultivar Paraná e seus variantes naturais Paranagoiana, SS-1 e Pirapó 78. Os dados foram obtidos em condições de campo com o fotoperíodo variando de 13 horas e 31 minutos, na data de semeadura, ao máximo de 14 horas e 23 minutos, 59 dias após. Não foi constatada a presença de epistasia na determinação do caráter. O principal componente de variação genética foi o aditivo. Os resultados evidenciaram que o retardamento do início do florescimento é determinado por alelos recessivos. Os alelos que condicionaram a precocidade exibiram dominância parcial. As herdabilidades nos sentidos amplo e restrito foram 99,68% e 89,96%, respectivamente. As informações genéticas sobre o tempo para o florescimento apresentadas, se avaliadas em conjunto com os resultados obtidos por outros pesquisadores, indicam que o tipo de herança depende mais dos genótipos considerados que de uma faixa fotoperiódica específica.

Comparison between a linear ion trap and a triple quadruple MS in the sensitive detection of large peptides at femtomole amounts on column.

In addition to the importance of sample preparation and extract separation, MS detection is a key factor in the sensitive quantification of large undigested peptides. In this article, a linear ion trap MS (LIT-MS) and a triple quadrupole MS (TQ-MS) have been compared in the detection of large peptides at subnanomolar concentrations. Natural brain natriuretic peptide, C-peptide, substance P and D-Junk-inhibitor peptide, a full D-amino acid therapeutic peptide, were chosen. They were detected by ESI and simultaneous MS(1) and MS(2) acquisitions. With direct peptide infusion, MS(2) spectra revealed that fragmentation was peptide dependent, milder on the LIT-MS and required high collision energies on the TQ-MS to obtain high-intensity product ions. Peptide adsorption on surfaces was overcome and peptide dilutions ranging from 0.1 to 25 nM were injected onto an ultra high-pressure LC system with a 1 mm id analytical column and coupled with the MS instruments. No difference was observed between the two instruments when recording in LC-MS(1) acquisitions. However, in LC-MS(2) acquisitions, a better sensitivity in the detection of large peptides was observed with the LIT-MS. Indeed, with the three longer peptides, the typical fragmentation in the TQ-MS resulted in a dramatic loss of sensitivity (> or = 10x).

Micro-Computer Based Linear Scheduling Application for Highway Construction Project Control, HR-339A, 1995

This report describes a new approach to the problem of scheduling highway construction type projects. The technique can accurately model linear activities and identify the controlling activity path on a linear schedule. Current scheduling practices are unable to accomplish these two tasks with any accuracy for linear activities, leaving planners and manager suspicious of the information they provide. Basic linear scheduling is not a new technique, and many attempts have been made to apply it to various types of work in the past. However, the technique has never been widely used because of the lack of an analytical approach to activity relationships and development of an analytical approach to determining controlling activities. The Linear Scheduling Model (LSM) developed in this report, completes the linear scheduling technique by adding to linear scheduling all of the analytical capabilities, including computer applications, present in CPM scheduling today. The LSM has tremendous potential, and will likely have a significant impact on the way linear construction is scheduled in the future.

Remoção da adstringência de frutos de caquizeiro 'Giombo' sob diferentes períodos de exposição aovapor de álcool etílico

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do período de exposição ao vapor de álcool etílico na remoção da adstringência de frutos de caquizeiro (Diospyros kaki L.) cultivar Giombo. Os frutos foram expostos ao vapor de álcool durante 24, 36 e 48 horas, sob temperatura de 20°C e 95% de umidade relativa. As características químicas e físicas dos frutos foram avaliadas durante dez dias, em intervalos de dois dias. As variáveis analisadas foram: teor de taninos solúveis, firmeza da polpa, perda de matéria fresca, pH, sólidos solúveis totais, acidez total titulável e teor de ácido ascórbico. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, os períodos de 24 e 36 horas demonstraram ser igualmente eficientes no processo de remoção da adstringência dos frutos; no entanto, a avaliação das demais características indicou melhor qualidade dos frutos expostos durante o período de 24 horas. Constatou-se uma diminuição linear na firmeza da polpa em função do tempo. O melhor período para consumo dos frutos situou-se entre o 4°e o 8° dia após o tratamento, considerando-se que a partir do 4° dia a concentração de taninos solúveis ficou abaixo de 0,1%, imperceptível ao paladar, e a firmeza da polpa dos frutos se manteve aceitável durante o período de oito dias posteriores ao tratamento.

A general linear relaxometry model of R1 using imaging data.

PURPOSE: The longitudinal relaxation rate (R1 ) measured in vivo depends on the local microstructural properties of the tissue, such as macromolecular, iron, and water content. Here, we use whole brain multiparametric in vivo data and a general linear relaxometry model to describe the dependence of R1 on these components. We explore a) the validity of having a single fixed set of model coefficients for the whole brain and b) the stability of the model coefficients in a large cohort. METHODS: Maps of magnetization transfer (MT) and effective transverse relaxation rate (R2 *) were used as surrogates for macromolecular and iron content, respectively. Spatial variations in these parameters reflected variations in underlying tissue microstructure. A linear model was applied to the whole brain, including gray/white matter and deep brain structures, to determine the global model coefficients. Synthetic R1 values were then calculated using these coefficients and compared with the measured R1 maps. RESULTS: The model's validity was demonstrated by correspondence between the synthetic and measured R1 values and by high stability of the model coefficients across a large cohort. CONCLUSION: A single set of global coefficients can be used to relate R1 , MT, and R2 * across the whole brain. Our population study demonstrates the robustness and stability of the model. Magn Reson Med, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Magn Reson Med 73:1309-1314, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Formas de fósforo em solo sob plantio direto em razão da profundidade e tempo de cultivo

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar, pelo método de extração seqüencial, as alterações das formas de P em amostras de solo sob plantio direto (PD) por diferentes tempos de cultivo, em duas profundidades, em relação às amostras de solos de áreas adjacentes nunca cultivadas (referenciais). As amostras de solo foram coletadas nas profundidades de 0-5 e 5-10 cm de um Neossolo Quartzarênico, com um ano de PD; de dois Latossolos Vermelho distróficos com três e cinco anos de PD; e de dois Latossolos Vermelho distroférricos, com sete e 11 anos de PD, e das respectivas áreas adjacentes nunca cultivadas. O método de fracionamento de P foi eficiente para avaliar os efeitos do manejo na dinâmica das alterações das formas de P no solo. As formas de P dos solos apresentaram tendência de redução com a profundidade. Com o tempo de cultivo sob PD, em uma mesma classe de solo, a participação das formas de P não-lábeis em relação ao P total tendeu a diminuir, sendo acompanhada por um aumento relativo das formas mais lábeis.

On the tractability of the piecewise-linear approximation for general discrete-choice network revenue management

The choice network revenue management (RM) model incorporates customer purchase behavioras customers purchasing products with certain probabilities that are a function of the offeredassortment of products, and is the appropriate model for airline and hotel network revenuemanagement, dynamic sales of bundles, and dynamic assortment optimization. The underlyingstochastic dynamic program is intractable and even its certainty-equivalence approximation, inthe form of a linear program called Choice Deterministic Linear Program (CDLP) is difficultto solve in most cases. The separation problem for CDLP is NP-complete for MNL with justtwo segments when their consideration sets overlap; the affine approximation of the dynamicprogram is NP-complete for even a single-segment MNL. This is in contrast to the independentclass(perfect-segmentation) case where even the piecewise-linear approximation has been shownto be tractable. In this paper we investigate the piecewise-linear approximation for network RMunder a general discrete-choice model of demand. We show that the gap between the CDLP andthe piecewise-linear bounds is within a factor of at most 2. We then show that the piecewiselinearapproximation is polynomially-time solvable for a fixed consideration set size, bringing itinto the realm of tractability for small consideration sets; small consideration sets are a reasonablemodeling tradeoff in many practical applications. Our solution relies on showing that forany discrete-choice model the separation problem for the linear program of the piecewise-linearapproximation can be solved exactly by a Lagrangian relaxation. We give modeling extensionsand show by numerical experiments the improvements from using piecewise-linear approximationfunctions.

SAT Modulo Linear Arithmetic for Solving Polynomial

Polynomial constraint solving plays a prominent role in several areas of hardware and software analysis and verification, e.g., termination proving, program invariant generation and hybrid system verification, to name a few. In this paper we propose a new method for solving non-linear constraints based on encoding the problem into an SMT problem considering only linear arithmetic. Unlike other existing methods, our method focuses on proving satisfiability of the constraints rather than on proving unsatisfiability, which is more relevant in several applications as we illustrate with several examples. Nevertheless, we also present new techniques based on the analysis of unsatisfiable cores that allow one to efficiently prove unsatisfiability too for a broad class of problems. The power of our approach is demonstrated by means of extensive experiments comparing our prototype with state-of-the-art tools on benchmarks taken both from the academic and the industrial world.

Maximum likelihood Linear Programming Data Fusion for Speaker Recognition

Biometric system performance can be improved by means of data fusion. Several kinds of information can be fused in order to obtain a more accurate classification (identification or verification) of an input sample. In this paper we present a method for computing the weights in a weighted sum fusion for score combinations, by means of a likelihood model. The maximum likelihood estimation is set as a linear programming problem. The scores are derived from a GMM classifier working on a different feature extractor. Our experimental results assesed the robustness of the system in front a changes on time (different sessions) and robustness in front a change of microphone. The improvements obtained were significantly better (error bars of two standard deviations) than a uniform weighted sum or a uniform weighted product or the best single classifier. The proposed method scales computationaly with the number of scores to be fussioned as the simplex method for linear programming.

A non-linear VAD for noisy environments

This paper deals with non-linear transformations for improving the performance of an entropy-based voice activity detector (VAD). The idea to use a non-linear transformation has already been applied in the field of speech linear prediction, or linear predictive coding (LPC), based on source separation techniques, where a score function is added to classical equations in order to take into account the true distribution of the signal. We explore the possibility of estimating the entropy of frames after calculating its score function, instead of using original frames. We observe that if the signal is clean, the estimated entropy is essentially the same; if the signal is noisy, however, the frames transformed using the score function may give entropy that is different in voiced frames as compared to nonvoiced ones. Experimental evidence is given to show that this fact enables voice activity detection under high noise, where the simple entropy method fails.