Press forming of paperboard – advancement of converting tools and process control

Press forming is nowadays one of the most common industrial methods in use for producing deeper trays from paperboard. Demands for material properties like recyclability and sustainability have increased also in the packaging industry, but there are still limitations related to the formability of paperboard. A majority of recent studies have focused on material development, but the potential of the package manufacturing process can also be improved by the development of tooling and process control. In this study, advanced converting tools (die cutting tools and the press forming mould) are created for production scale paperboard tray manufacturing. Also monitoring methods that enable the production of paperboard trays with enhanced quality, and can be utilized in process control are developed. The principles for tray blank preparation, including creasing pattern and die cutting tool design are introduced. The mould heating arrangement and determination of mould clearance are investigated to improve the quality of the press formed trays. The effect of the spring back of the tray walls on the tray dimensions can be managed by adjusting the heat-related process parameters and estimating it at the mould design stage. This enables production speed optimization as the process parameters can be adjusted more freely. Real-time monitoring of pressing force by using multiple force sensors embedded in the mould structure can be utilized in the evaluation of material characteristics on a modified production machinery. Comprehensive process control can be achieved with a combination of measurement of the outer dimensions of the trays and pressing force monitoring. The control method enables detection of defects and tracking changes in the material properties. The optimized converting tools provide a basis for effective operation of the control system.

Voimalaitosten kattilaputkien sisäpuolisten kerrostumien paksuuden mittaaminen ultraäänimenetelmällä

Höyryvoimalaitoksen käyttöönotossa muodostuu kattilaputkien sisäpinnoille niitä korroosiolta suojaava ohut metallioksidikerros. Tämän kerroksen päälle kasvaa kattilan käytön aikana haitallista kerrostumaa paikallisen korroosion tai kattilavedessä olevien epäpuhtauksien kerääntymisen tai kiteytymisen seurauksena. Kerrostuma haittaa lämmönsiirtoa tulipesästä putkiseinämän läpi kattilaveteen. Putkien lämpötilan nousu suunniteltua korkeammaksi kasvattaa putkivaurioiden ja sisäpuolisen korroosion riskiä. Tästä johtuen paksuksi kasvaneet kerrostumat pyritään poistamaan happokäsittelyllä eli peittauksella ennen vaurioiden syntyä. Perinteisesti kerrostumapaksuus on määritetty kattilasta irrotetuista näyteputkista mikroskoopilla. Työn tavoitteena oli tutkia uudenlaisen ultraäänimittauksen teoriaa ja selvittää sen toimivuus höyrystinputkien kerrostumapaksuusmittauksissa. Lisäksi tavoitteena oli tutkia voimalaitoksen höyrystimen sisäpuolisten kerrostumien muodostumista ja niiden vaikutuksia sekä kattilan peittaustarpeen arviointia. Höyrystimen kerrostumien kasvunopeuteen vaikuttavat eniten voimalaitostyyppi, käytetty vesikemia ja kattilaveteen kulkeutuvien epäpuhtauksien määrä. Kasvunopeus vaihtelee laitosten välillä suuresti ja eroaa myös tulipesän eri kohdissa. Kattilaveden epäpuhtauspitoisuus ja kerrostumapaksuus vaikuttavat molemmat korroosiovaurioiden todennäköisyyteen. Peittauspaksuuden ohjearvoissa tulisi huomioida kattilan käyttöpaine, kattilatyyppi ja riski kattilaveden laadun heikkenemiselle. Putkinäytteistä ja laitoksilla suoritettujen mittauksien perusteella uusi ultraäänitekniikka tuottaa luotettavia tuloksia tavanomaisten kerrostumien mittauksessa. Vain yhdellä laitoksella esiintyi irtonaisen sakan kaltaista kerrostumaa, jota mittaus ei kyennyt havaitsemaan. Mittaustulokset kerrostumista tulipesän eri osissa antavat hyvän perustan peittaustarpeen arviointiin.

Forecasting with social media – Using Facebook likes to predict the results of the 2015 Finnish Parliamentary elections

Already one-third of the human population uses social media on a daily basis. The biggest social networking site Facebook has over billion monthly users. As a result, social media services are now recording unprecedented amount of data on human behavior. The phenomenon has certainly caught the attention of scholars, businesses and governments alike. Organizations around the globe are trying to explore new ways to benefit from the massive databases. One emerging field of research is the use of social media in forecasting. The goal is to use data gathered from online services to predict offline phenomena. Predicting the results of elections is a prominent example of forecasting with social media, but regardless of the numerous attempts, no reliable technique has been established. The objective of the research is to analyze how accurately the results of parliament elections can be forecasted using social media. The research examines whether Facebook “likes” can be effectively used for predicting the outcome of the Finnish parliament elections that took place in April 2015. First a tool for gathering data from Facebook was created. Then the data was used to create an electoral forecast. Finally, the forecast was compared with the official results of the elections. The data used in the research was gathered from the Facebook walls of all the candidates that were running for the parliament elections and had a valid Facebook page. The final sample represents 1131 candidates and over 750000 Facebook “likes”. The results indicate that creating a forecast solely based on Facebook “likes” is not accurate. The forecast model predicted very dramatic changes to the Finnish political landscape while the official results of the elections were rather moderate. However, a clear statistical relationship between “likes” and votes was discovered. In conclusion, it is apparent that citizens and other key actors of the society are using social media in an increasing rate. However, the volume of the data does not directly increase the quality of the forecast. In addition, the study faced several other limitations that should be addressed in future research. Nonetheless, discovering the positive correlation between “likes” and votes is valuable information that can be used in future studies. Finally, it is evident that Facebook “likes” are not accurate enough and a meaningful forecast would require additional parameters.

Vedenalainen hitsaus

Tässä kandidaatintyössä esitellään ensin vedenalainen hitsaus yleisesti. Työssä käydään läpi vedenalaisen hitsauksen eri pääalueet ja niissä käytetyt hitsaustekniikat, sekä tarkastellaan veden vaikutusta hitsiin. Työ sisältää myös materiaali esimerkkejä, joita vedenalaisessa hitsauksessa käytetään. Vedenalainen hitsaus toimii asennus- ja korjaushitsauksena. Hitsausprosessit, joita työssä käsitellään, ovat puikko-, täytelanka- ja kitkahitsaus. Näitä hitsaustekniikoita käytetään märkähitsauksessa, mikä poikkeaa selvästi kuivassa ympäristössä tapahtuvaan hitsaamiseen, jossa hitsi ei pääse välittömästi kosketukseen veden kanssa. Työn tarkoituksena on antaa informaatiota vedenalaisesta hitsauksesta ja sen hyödyntämisestä hitsaustekniikassa.

Movax Oy:n tuotteiden ja tekniikan käyttömahdollisuudet pilaantuneiden maa-alueiden ja pohjavesien kunnostushankkeissa

Työn tavoitteena on tarkastella erilaisia in-situ -kunnostusmenetelmiä maaperän ja pohjaveden kunnostushankkeissa ja niiden toteutusvaihtoehtoja sekä vertailla niitä keskenään. Työssä tarkastellaan myös lainsäädännön ja eri menetelmien kehittymistä, niiden tulevaisuuden näkymiä sekä pohditaan yrityksen tuotteiden liiketoimintamahdollisuuksia tämän pohjalta. Tietoa kerätään kirjallisuudesta sekä tapaustutkimuksista ja niitä peilataan yrityksen sisällä olevaan hiljaiseen tietoon. Löydettyä kirjallisuustietoa sekä tapaustutkimuksia on analysoitu SWOT-analyysien sekä ryhmittelyjen avulla. Työn tuloksena on esitetty vaihtoehtoinen tapa asentaa reaktiivinen seinämä pohjaveden kunnostushankkeissa yrityksen tuotteiden ja putkipaalujen avulla. Lisäksi työn pohjalta voidaan koota materiaalia ja lisätietoa asiakkaille sekä myynnin ja markkinoinnin tukemiseen. Tulosten pohjalta voidaan arvioida, että kyseinen menetelmä tukisi myös kestävän kehityksen periaatteita kunnostushankkeen toteutus- ja asennusvaiheessa. Menetelmän avulla voitaisiin mahdollisesti vähentää reaktiivisten seinämien asentamiseen liittyviä ympäristövaikutuksia.

Lectionarium officii ad usum ecclesiae Arelatensis.

F. 1-4v Noël (incompl. du début) : — Vers sibyllins (3v). F. 5 Fragment de l'office de s. Étienne. F. 7v S. Trophime (Gazay, dans Ann. du Midi, 1935, 227-229, d'après ce ms.). F. 127v S. Geniez. F. 147v S. André. F. 149v Dédicace. F. 151-153v et 162-171v Commun des saints. F. 154-161 Du 2e au 6e dim. après la Pentecôte. F. 172-174v Vita s. Marii, Badonensis abbatis (XIIIe s.). F. 174v Lectiones ad honorem... b. V. Mariae (XIIIe s.). F. 175v Kyrie des laudes de la Semaine sainte (XIIIe s.). F. 176v S. Césaire. Cf. Cavallin, Literarhist. Stud. (Lund, 1934), 126. F. 178 Dom. VII post Pent. F. 205v Dom. II mensis novembris (incompl. de la fin). Pour les vies de saints, cf. Cod. hag., III, 523.

Structural Work

Construction on the Aquatic Centre progresses and concrete walls go up.

Concrete Forms

Forms and reinforcing steel bars used in the walls of the Aquatic Centre.

Steel Reinforcing Bars

Steel reinforcing bars used in the construction of the walls for the Aquatic Centre.

Wall Construction

Pouring the concrete during the construction of the walls for the Aquatic Centre.

Wall and Pillar Construction

Construction of the concrete walls and pillars for the Aquatic Centre.

Thistle Complex Construction

This picture shows construction work underway on the Thistle Complex. The groundwork, supporting pillars, and preliminary work on the concrete walls can be seen. The most notable feature is the exposed foundation of the Thistle Theatre to the left. The adjacent lecture halls are also taking form to the right.

Thistle Complex Construction

This picture shows construction work underway on the Thistle Complex. The groundwork, supporting pillars, and concrete walls can be seen. The most notable feature is the exposed foundation of the Thistle Theatre to the left. The adjacent lecture halls are also taking form to the right.

Armourstone revetments : will standard design criteria prevent failure? /

Bank stabilization structures are used to prevent the loss of valuable land within the urban environment and the decision for the type of structure used depends on the properties of the stream. In the urban areas of Southern Ontario there is a preference for the use of armourstone blocks as bank stabilization. The armourstone revetment is a free standing stone structure with large blocks of stone layered vertically and offset from one another. During fieldwork at Forty Mile Creek in Grimsby, Ontario armourstone failure was identified by the removal of two stones within one column from the wall. Since the footer stones were still in place, toe scour was eliminated as a cause of failure. Through theoretical, field, and experimental work the process of suction has been identified as a mode of failure for the armourstone wall and the process of suction works similarly to quarrying large blocks of rock off bedrock streambeds. The theory of lateral suction has previously not been taken into consideration for the design of these walls. The physical and hydraulic evidence found in the field and studied during experimental work indicate that the armourstone wall is vulnerable to the process of suction. The forces exerted by the flow and the resistance of the block determine the stability of the armourstone block within the wall. The design of the armourstone wall, high surface velocities, and short pulses of faster flowing water within the profile could contribute to armourstone failure by providing the forces needed for suction to occur, therefore adjustments to the design of the wall should be made in order to limit the effect.

Husserl's approach to transcendental intersubjectivity

It is our intention in the course of the development of this thesis to give an account of how intersubjectivity is "eidetically" constituted by means of the application of the phenomenological reduction to our experience in the context of the thought of Edmund Husserl; contrasted with various representative thinkers in what H. Spiegelberg refers to as "the wider scene" of phenomenology. That is to say, we intend to show those structures of both consciousness and the relation which man has to the world which present themselves as the generic conditions for the possibility of overcoming our "radical sol itude" in order that we may gain access to the mental 1 ife of an Other as other human subject. It is clear that in order for us to give expression to these accounts in a coherent manner, along with their relative merits, it will be necessary to develop the common features of any phenomenological theory of consdousness whatever. Therefore, our preliminary inquiry, subordinate to the larger theme, shall be into some of the epistemological results of the application of the phenomenological method used to develop a transcendental theory of consciousness. Inherent in this will be the deliniation of the exigency for making this an lIintentional ll theory. We will then be able to see how itis possible to overcome transcendentally the Other as an object merely given among other merely given objects, and further, how this other is constituted specifically as other ego. The problem of transcendental intersubjectivity and its constitution in experience can be viewed as one of the most compelling, if not the most polemical of issues in phenomenology. To be sure, right from the beginning we are forced to ask a number of questions regarding Husserl's responses to the problem within the context of the methodological genesis of the Cartesian Meditations, and The Crisis of European Sciences and Transcendental Phenomenology. This we do in order to set the stage for amplification. First, we ask, has Husserl lived up to his goal, in this connexion, of an apodictic result? We recall that in his Logos article of 1911 he adminished that previous philosophy does not have at its disposal a merely incomplete and, in particular instances, imperfect doctrinal system; it simply has none whatever. Each and every question is herein controverted, each position is a matter of individual conviction, of the interpretation given byaschool, of a "point of view". 1. Moreover in the same article he writes that his goal is a philosophical system of doctrine that, after the gigantic preparatory work. of generations, really be- . gins from the ground up with a foundation free from doubt and rises up like any skilful construction, wherein stone is set upon store, each as solid as the other, in accord with directive insights. 2. Reflecting upon the fact that he foresaw "preparatory work of generations", we perhaps should not expect that he would claim that his was the last word on the matter of intersubjectivity. Indeed, with 2. 'Edmund Husserl, lIPhilosophy as a Rigorous Science" in Phenomenology and theCrisis6fPhilosophy, trans". with an introduction by Quentin Lauer (New York.: Harper & Row, 1965) pp. 74 .. 5. 2Ibid . pp. 75 .. 6. 3. the relatively small amount of published material by Husserl on the subject we can assume that he himself was not entirely satisfied with his solution. The second question we have is that if the transcendental reduction is to yield the generic and apodictic structures of the relationship of consciousness to its various possible objects, how far can we extend this particular constitutive synthetic function to intersubjectivity where the objects must of necessity always remain delitescent? To be sure, the type of 'object' here to be considered is unlike any other which might appear in the perceptual field. What kind of indubitable evidence will convince us that the characteristic which we label "alter-ego" and which we attribute to an object which appears to resemble another body which we have never, and can never see the whole of (namely, our own bodies), is nothing more than a cleverly contrived automaton? What;s the nature of this peculiar intentional function which enables us to say "you think just as I do"? If phenomenology is to take such great pains to reduce the takenfor- granted, lived, everyday world to an immanent world of pure presentation, we must ask the mode of presentation for transcendent sub .. jectivities. And in the end, we must ask if Husserl's argument is not reducible to a case (however special) of reasoning by analogy, and if so, tf this type of reasoning is not so removed from that from whtch the analogy is made that it would render all transcendental intersubjective understandtng impos'sible? 2. HistoticalandEidetic Priority: The Necessity of Abstraction 4. The problem is not a simple one. What is being sought are the conditions for the poss ibili:ty of experi encing other subjects. More precisely, the question of the possibility of intersubjectivity is the question of the essence of intersubjectivity. What we are seeking is the absolute route from one solitude to another. Inherent in this programme is the ultimate discovery of the meaning of community. That this route needs be lIabstract" requires some explanation. It requires little explanation that we agree with Husserl in the aim of fixing the goal of philosophy on apodictic, unquestionable results. This means that we seek a philosophical approach which is, though, not necessarily free from assumptions, one which examines and makes explicit all assumptions in a thorough manner. It would be helpful at this point to distinguish between lIeidetic ll priority, and JlhistoricallJpriority in order to shed some light on the value, in this context, of an abstraction.3 It is true that intersubjectivity is mundanely an accomplished fact, there havi.ng been so many mi.llions of years for humans to beIt eve in the exi s tence of one another I s abili ty to think as they do. But what we seek is not to study how this proceeded historically, but 3Cf• Maurice Natanson;·TheJburne in 'Self, a Stud in Philoso h and Social Role (Santa Cruz, U. of California Press, 1970 . rather the logical, nay, "psychological" conditions under which this is possible at all. It is therefore irrelevant to the exigesis of this monograph whether or not anyone should shrug his shoulders and mumble IIwhy worry about it, it is always already engaged". By way of an explanation of the value of logical priority, we can find an analogy in the case of language. Certainly the language 5. in a spoken or written form predates the formulation of the appropriate grammar. However, this grammar has a logical priority insofar as it lays out the conditions from which that language exhibits coherence. The act of formulating the grammar is a case of abstraction. The abstraction towards the discovery of the conditions for the poss; bi 1 ity of any experiencing whatever, for which intersubjective experience is a definite case, manifests itself as a sort of "grammar". This "grammar" is like the basic grammar of a language in the sense that these "rulesil are the ~ priori conditions for the possibility of that experience. There is, we shall say, an "eidetic priority", or a generic condition which is the logical antecedent to the taken-forgranted object of experience. In the case of intersubjectivity we readily grant that one may mundanely be aware of fellow-men as fellowmen, but in order to discover how that awareness is possible it is necessary to abstract from the mundane, believed-in experience. This process of abstraction is the paramount issue; the first step, in the search for an apodictic basis for social relations. How then is this abstraction to be accomplished? What is the nature of an abstraction which would permit us an Archimedean point, absolutely grounded, from which we may proceed? The answer can be discovered in an examination of Descartes in the light of Husserl's criticism. 3. The Impulse for Scientific Philosophy. The Method to which it Gives Rise. 6. Foremost in our inquiry is the discovery of a method appropriate to the discovery of our grounding point. For the purposes of our investigations, i.e., that of attempting to give a phenomenological view of the problem of intersubjectivity, it would appear to be of cardinal importance to trace the attempt of philosophy predating Husserl, particularly in the philosophy of Descartes, at founding a truly IIscientific ll philosophy. Paramount in this connexion would be the impulse in the Modern period, as the result of more or less recent discoveries in the natural sciences, to found philosophy upon scientific and mathematical principles. This impulse was intended to culminate in an all-encompassing knowledge which might extend to every realm of possible thought, viz., the universal science ot IIMathexis Universalis ll •4 This was a central issue for Descartes, whose conception of a universal science would include all the possible sciences of man. This inclination towards a science upon which all other sciences might be based waS not to be belittled by Husserl, who would appropriate 4This term, according to Jacab Klein, was first used by Barocius, the translator of Proclus into Latin, to designate the highest mathematical discipline. . 7. it himself in hopes of establishing, for the very first time, philosophy as a "rigorous science". It bears emphasizing that this in fact was the drive for the hardening of the foundations of philosophy, the link between the philosophical projects of Husserl and those of the philosophers of the modern period. Indeed, Husserl owes Descartes quite a debt for indicating the starting place from which to attempt a radical, presupositionless, and therefore scientific philosophy, in order not to begin philosophy anew, but rather for the first time.5 The aim of philosophy for Husserl is the search for apodictic, radical certitude. However while he attempted to locate in experience the type of necessity which is found in mathematics, he wished this necessity to be a function of our life in the world, as opposed to the definition and postulation of an axiomatic method as might be found in the unexpurgated attempts to found philosophy in Descartes. Beyond the necessity which is involved in experiencing the world, Husserl was searching for the certainty of roots, of the conditi'ons which underl ie experience and render it pOssible. Descartes believed that hi~ MeditatiOns had uncovered an absolute ground for knowledge, one founded upon the ineluctable givenness of thinking which is present even when one doubts thinking. Husserl, in acknowledging this procedure is certainly Cartesian, but moves, despite this debt to Descartes, far beyond Cartesian philosophy i.n his phenomenology (and in many respects, closer to home). 5Cf. Husserl, Philosophy as a Rigorous Science, pp. 74ff. 8 But wherein lies this Cartesian jumping off point by which we may vivify our theme? Descartes, through inner reflection, saw that all of his convictions and beliefs about the world were coloured in one way or another by prejudice: ... at the end I feel constrained to reply that there is nothing in a all that I formerly believed to be true, of which I cannot in some measure doubt, and that not merely through want of thought or through levity, but for reasons which are very powerful and maturely considered; so that henceforth I ought not the less carefully to refrain from giving credence to these opinions than to that which is manifestly false, if I desire to arrive at any certainty (in the sciences). 6 Doubts arise regardless of the nature of belief - one can never completely believe what one believes. Therefore, in order to establish absolutely grounded knowledge, which may serve as the basis fora "universal Science", one must use a method by which one may purge oneself of all doubts and thereby gain some radically indubitable insight into knowledge. Such a method, gescartes found, was that, as indicated above by hi,s own words, of II radical doubt" which "forbids in advance any judgemental use of (previous convictions and) which forbids taking any position with regard to their val idi'ty. ,,7 This is the method of the "sceptical epoche ll , the method of doubting all which had heretofor 6Descartes,Meditations on First Philosophy, first Med., (Libera 1 Arts Press, New York, 1954) trans. by L. LaFl eur. pp. 10. 7Husserl ,CrisiS of Eliroeari SCiences and Trariscendental Phenomenology, (Northwestern U. Press, Evanston, 1 7 ,p. 76. 9. been considered as belonging to the world, including the world itself. What then is left over? Via the process of a thorough and all-inclusive doubting, Descartes discovers that the ego which performs the epoche, or "reduction", is excluded from these things which can be doubted, and, in principle provides something which is beyond doubt. Consequently this ego provides an absolute and apodictic starting point for founding scientific philosophy. By way of this abstention. of bel ief, Desca'rtes managed to reduce the worl d of everyday 1 ife as bel ieved in, to mere 'phenomena', components of the rescogitans:. Thus:, having discovered his Archimedean point, the existence of the ego without question, he proceeds to deduce the 'rest' of the world with the aid of innate ideas and the veracity of God. In both Husserl and Descartes the compelling problem is that of establ ishing a scientific, apodictic phi'losophy based upon presuppos itionless groundwork .. Husserl, in thi.s regard, levels the charge at Descartes that the engagement of his method was not complete, such that hi.S: starting place was not indeed presupositionless, and that the validity of both causality and deductive methods were not called into question i.'n the performance of theepoche. In this way it is easy for an absolute evidence to make sure of the ego as: a first, "absolute, indubitablyexisting tag~end of the worldll , and it is then only a matter of inferring the absolute subs.tance and the other substances which belon.g to the world, along with my own mental substance, using a logically val i d deductive procedure. 8 8Husserl, E.;' Cartesian 'Meditation;, trans. Dorion Cairns (Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague, 1970), p. 24 ff.