Sistema sexual e biologia floral de Pouteria ramiflora e P. torta (Sapotaceae)

Pouteria ramiflora e P. torta são espécies arbóreas, simpátricas no Bioma Cerrado, e foram estudadas da Reserva Ecológica do Clube Caça e Pesca Itororó, Uberlândia-MG com o objetivo de comparar os vários aspectos de sua biologia reprodutiva. As fenofases foram avaliadas semanalmente e quantificadas quanto à intensidade. Os dados de biologia floral, sistema reprodutivo, sistema sexual e visitantes florais foram obtidos no campo e/ou no laboratório. As espécies apresentaram caducifolia no final da seca, brotação na transição da seca para o período chuvoso, floração na seca e maturação dos frutos na época chuvosa. Ambas possuem flores tubulares, pequenas e esverdeadas, nectaríferas e com viabilidade polínica alta. São autoestéreis e não agamospérmicas e apresentaram baixo sucesso de frutificação na polinização aberta. P. torta é hermafrodita, com flores protogínicas e hercogâmicas, enquanto P. ramiflora é morfologicamente ginomonóica e funcionalmente monóica. O fluxo de pólen aparentemente baixo entre as plantas e o aborto de frutos jovens resultaram em um pequeno sucesso de frutificação proveniente das polinizações naturais. Ambas as espécies são visitadas por diversos pequenos insetos, como borboletas, mariposas, dípteros e abelhas.

Isolamento e seleção de fungos filamentosos do solo de sistemas agroflorestais do Município de Bom Jardim (PE) com base na capacidade de produção de enzimas hidrolíticas

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo isolar e identificar fungos de solo de sistemas agroflorestais e avaliar a atividade enzimática destes fungos. Estes foram isolados pela técnica de diluição sucessiva e avaliados quanto à capacidade de degradar amido, celulose e caseína. Foram identificadas 11 espécies de fungos anamorfos (Hyphomycetes) distribuídos em cinco gêneros: Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Curvularia, Fusarium e Penicillium. As espécies estudadas não apresentaram atividade amilolítica satisfatória. Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fres.) De Vries e Penicillium chrysogenum Thom apresentaram maior índice de relação enzimática (IRE) para protease e celulase. Entre as espécies estudadas seis apresentaram maior Índice de Relação Enzimática (IRE) para celulase em comparação as demais enzimas.

Comparing adult-youth and adult-adult online sexual solicitation: Manipulative behaviors, situational factors, and outcomes

Online sexual solicitation (solicitation) of youth has received widespread media and research attention during the last decade. The prevalence rates of youth who have experienced solicitation or solicitation attempts vary between studies depending on the methodology used (e.g., whether youth or adults are the target study group). In studies focusing on youth victims, the prevalence of solicitation attempts made by adults during the past year is typically reported to be between 5 and 9%. Adults who solicit youth online have been found to use deception and other manipulative behaviors to gain access to sexual activities with youth. However, previous studies have lacked a control group of adults who solicit other adults online. Without this comparison, one could argue that deceiving others online about one’s identity, and engaging in manipulative behaviors, is an inherent part of most online sexual interactions with strangers. Additionally, little is known about the associations between manipulative behaviors and the solicitation outcomes. In research concerning offline sexual behaviors, it has been noted that situational factors, such as sexual arousal, may alter both sexual interest and behavior. The effects of situational factors on online sexual behaviors have been less extensively studied (especially so with a quantitative approach); no studies have to date focused on adults’ solicitation of youth. Investigating the role of a lowered sexual age preference and the role of situational factors in the soliciting adults could be an important step in order to receive deeper knowledge of the role of traits and states in the context of solicitation. Additionally, there is a lack of knowledge of the effect of the age of the youth. Although previous studies on solicitation has found that older youth, compared with younger youth and children, are more often solicited, the possible reasons for this have not been investigated. Are adults who solicit youth affected by legal deterrence (through the legal age of consent), is it because older youth are more available online, or are the adults’ age preferences merely a product of a normally distributed age preference in the population? The purpose of the present thesis was fivefold: 1) to obtain an estimate of the frequency of adults’ solicitation of youth as self-reported and observed in actual behavior; 2) to explore whether the legal age of consent (LAC) affects solicitation frequency, or whether a normally distributed sexual age preference more accurately describe the proportion of solicited youth of different ages; 3) to investigate the associations of both traits (e.g., lower sexual age preference) and states (immediate situational factors, such as alcohol intoxication), and the solicitation target; 4) to explore whether adults who solicit youth and adults who solicit adults are equally deceitful and manipulative online, and whether the different solicitation outcomes are as common in both groups; and 5) to investigate whether the deceitful and manipulative behaviors engaged in had different associations with the solicitation outcomes depending on the age of the solicited. In the survey study, a convenience sample of 1393 adult participants (aged 18 years or older) self-reported any online communication with strangers during the past year. Of these, 56% (776 respondents) reported that they had solicited or attempted to solicit at least one stranger. Of the respondents, 453 (58.4%) were men, and 323 (41.6%) were women. Participants with only adult contacts (18 years or older) constituted the majority (640 respondents). In contrast, 136 individuals reported a youth contact (a 13 year old or younger, or a 14 to 17-year old). Approximately half of the participants were men in the adult contact group, while 75% of the participants were men in the youth contact group. Approximately 60% of the participants with youth contacts were recruited from two websites associated with a pedophilic sexual interest. In an online quasi-experimental study, with researchers impersonating youth of different ages (10–18 year olds) in chat rooms, 251 online conversations with chat room visitors made up the entire sample. All chat room visitors alleged to be men. The self-reported frequency of having solicited youth (0–17-year olds) during the past year was approximately 10% in our sample of adults who reported communicating with any strangers online. When we observed this behavior in chat rooms, we found that approximately 30% of the chat room visitors who believed they interacted with a 10 to 14 year old attempted to solicit the youth. We found that solicitation attempts increased equally much when increasing the age of the impersonated youth from 14 to 16, as from 16 to 18. Thus, we concluded that a normally distributed age preference in the population was a more plausible explanation to the effect of the age of the solicited, rather than the LAC (here; 15 and 16). If the chat room visitors would have been deterred only by the LAC, we would have expected that the change in amount of solicitation attempts from an illegal age group to a legal age group would have been significantly stronger than changes between age groups within illegal-illegal and legal-legal groups. Our subsample of survey participants from the pedophilia-related websites expectedly reported that they had solicited youth more often in comparison to the sample gathered through general (i.e., not associated with any particular sexual preference) websites. We also found that participants with a youth contact reported higher levels of sexual arousal and shame before the sexual interaction with their online contact, compared with participants with an adult contact. Additionally, the participants with youth contacts who reported consumption of child- and adolescent pornography also reported being more sexually aroused before the interaction, compared to the participants with youth contacts who did not report consumption of these kinds of pornography. We also found clear indications that the online sexual interaction had an alleviatory effect on reported levels of sadness, boredom and stress, independent of the age of the contact. Generally, the participants with youth and adult contacts reported deceiving their contacts as often and suggesting keeping the communication a secret from someone as often. Participants with a youth contact, however, reported using more persuasion techniques for online sexual purposes or for the purpose of an offline meeting, compared to those with an adult contact. In the chat rooms, we found that more indirect ways of future sexual communication (e.g., continuing chatting) was suggested by the chat room visitors that were under the assumption of interacting with youth aged 10 to 14, compared with more direct means (e.g., meeting offline). Survey participants with youth contacts who had used deception, suggested keeping the interactions a secret, and/or persuaded their contact by appealing to the contacts feelings of love and attachment for the participant had also more often engaged in cybersex with the contact. No other manipulative behaviors were associated with the other investigated solicitation outcomes (receiving a sexual picture, meeting offline, and engaging in sexual contact offline) within this group of participants. However, using deception, suggesting secrecy and using persuasion was also positively associated with certain solicitation outcomes within participants with an adult contact. In summary, adults’ solicitation of youth is much more frequent when observed in chat rooms than self-reported. Additionally, an underlying lowered sexual age preference seems to be a motivating factor on a group level in adults who solicit youth. We concluded that directed prevention efforts should be made on pedophiliarelated websites. Additionally, the role of situational factors, especially sexual arousal in persons with a pedo- or hebephilic sexual interest should be investigated further in the context of online sexual solicitation.

Sexual behavior and fertility of male rats submitted to prolonged immobilization-induced stress

In order to investigate whether prolonged stress interferes with the onset of sexual behavior at puberty and with fertility at adulthood, prepubertal male Wistar rats (40 days of age) were immobilized 6 h a day for 15 days (up to early puberty) or for 60 days (until sexual maturity). Pubertal stressed rats showed a two-fold increase in the latency for the first mount (probably due to repeated aversive experience in which a change of environment was always followed by immobilization) and a 2.5-fold increase in the frequency of thrusting (indicative of enhanced sexual performance). The apparently stimulatory effect of prolonged stress on the onset of sexual behavior is discussed in terms of increased testosterone level and interference with the complex interchanges between the neurotransmitters/neuropeptides involved in the central control of male sexual activity. Adult stressed animals were mated with normal females, which became pregnant but exhibited a more than two-fold increase in both pre-implantation and post-implantation loss, probably due to a smaller rate of fertilization and/or fertilization with damaged spermatozoa.

Molecular Mechanisms of Sexual Dimorphism in Threespine Stickleback

Sexual dimorphism is commonly understood as differences in external features, such as morphological features or coloration. However, it can more broadly encompass behavior and physiology and at the core of these differences is the genetic mechanism – mRNA and protein expression. How, and which, molecular mechanisms influence sexually dimorphic features is not well understood thus far. DNA, RNA and proteins are the template required to create the phenotype of an individual, and they are connected to each other via processes of transcription and translation. As the genome of males and females are almost identical with the exception of the few genes on the sex chromosome or the sex-determining alleles (in the case of organisms without sex chromosomes), it is likely that many of the downstream processes resulting in sexual dimorphism are produced by changes in gene regulation and result from a regulatory cascade and not from a vastly different gene composition. Thus, in this thesis a systems biology approach is used to understand sexual dimorphism at all molecular levels and how different genomic features, e.g. sex chromosome evolution, can affect the interplay of these molecules. The threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, is used as the model to investigate molecular mechanisms of sexual dimorphism. It has well-characterized ecology and behavior, especially in the breeding season when sexual dimorphism is high. Moreover, threespine stickleback has a recently evolved Y chromosome in the early stages of sex chromosome evolution, characterized by a lack of recombination leading to degeneration (i.e. gene loss). The aim of my thesis is to investigate how the genotype links to the molecular phenotype and relates to differences in molecular expression between males and females. Based on previous research on sex differences in mRNA expression, I investigated sex-biased protein expression in adult fish outside the breeding season to see if differences persisted after translation. As sex-biased expression also prevailed in the proteome and previous transcription expression seemed to be related to the sex chromosomes, I investigated the genome level with a particular focus on the sex-chromosomes. I characterized the status of Y chromosome degeneration in the threespine stickleback and its effects on gene function. Furthermore, since the degeneration process leaves genes in a single copy in males, I examined whether the resulting dosage difference of messenger RNA for hemizygous genes is compensated as it is in other organisms. In addition, threespine sticklebacks have wellcharacterized behavioral differences related to the male’s social status during the breeding season. To understand the connection between the genotype and behavior, I examined gene expression patterns related to breeding behavior using dominant and subordinate males as well as female

Effect of sexual steroids on the calcium content of aortic atherosclerotic plaque of oophorectomized rabbits

We determined the effect of conjugated equine estrogen plus medroxyprogesterone acetate on calcium content of aortic atherosclerotic lesions in oophorectomized adult New Zealand rabbits submitted to a cholesterol rich diet. Five groups of 10 animals each were studied: G1 = control, G2 = cholesterol diet only, G3 = diet plus conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/day); G4 and G5 = diet, conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/day) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 and 10 mg/day, respectively). Mean weight varied from 2.7 ± 0.27 to 3.1 ± 0.20 kg (P = 0.38) between groups at the beginning and 3.1 ± 0.27 to 3.5 ± 0.20 kg (P = 0.35) at the end of the experiment. Cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined at the time of oophorectomy, 21 days after surgery (time 0), and at the end of follow-up of 90 days. The planimetric method was used to measure plaque and caryometric method for histopathologic examination of the aorta. Calcium content was determined by the method of von Kossa. A similar increase in cholesterol occurred in all treated groups without differences between them at the end of the study. Groups G4 and G5 had smaller areas of atherosclerotic lesions (2.33 ± 2.8 and 2.45 ± 2.1 cm², respectively) than the groups receiving no progestogens (G2: 5.6 ± 4 and G3: 4.6 ± 2.8 cm²; P = 0.02). The relation between lesion area and total aorta area was smaller in groups treated with combined drugs compared to the groups receiving no progesterone (G4: 14.9 ± 13 and G5: 14.2 ± 13.4 vs G2: 35.8 ± 26 and G3: 25 ± 8 cm², respectively; P = 0.017). Oral conjugated equine estrogen (0.625 mg/day) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (5 or 10 mg/day) provoked a greater reduction in atherosclerotic plaque area and calcium content in treated groups, suggesting a dose-dependent effect.

Infection with human papillomaviruses of sexual partners of women having cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Epidemiological studies show that human papillomaviruses (HPV) are strongly related to cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN). Unlike the case for women, there are no consistent data on the natural history of HPV in the male population even though these viruses are prevalent in males. We carried out a prospective study to assess the prevalence of HPV in males as well as the factors that determine such infections in 99 male sexual partners of women with CIN. The genitalia of the males were physically examined and subjected to peniscopy for the collection of scrapings which were subjected to the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism to detect HPV. Of the 99 males sampled, 54 (54.5%) were positive for HPV DNA, 24% of whom presented normal peniscopy, 28% presented evident clinical lesions and 48% isolated lesions consistent with subclinical infection. In the HPV-negative group, 53% showed normal peniscopy, 4% presented evident clinical lesions and 42% isolated lesions consistent with subclinical infection. The study detected a statistically significant association (P < 0.02, Pearson chi-square test) between HPV infection and both the mean number of sexual partners which a male had during his life and the mean number of sexual partners in the year prior to testing. Viral types 6 and 11 were most frequently encountered. The study shows that infection with HPV was frequent in male sexual partners of women with CIN.

Human papillomavirus infection among sexual partners attending a Sexually Transmitted Disease Clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Cervical cancer is a major source of illness and death among women worldwide and genital infection with oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) its principal cause. There is evidence of the influence of the male factor in the development of cervical neoplasia. Nevertheless, the pathogenic processes of HPV in men are still poorly understood. It has been observed that different HPV types can be found among couples. The objective of the present study was to investigate HPV infections in female patients (n = 60 females/group) as well as in their sexual partners and to identify the concordance of HPV genotypes among them. By using the polymerase chain reaction, we detected a 95% prevalence of HPV DNA in women with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) compared to 18.3% in women with normal cervical epithelium, with a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001). The HPV DNA prevalence was 50% in male partners of women with CIN and 16.6% in partners of healthy women. In the control group (healthy women), only 9 couples were simultaneously infected with HPV, and only 22.2% of them had the same virus type, showing a weak agreement rate (kappa index = 0.2). Finally, we observed that HPV DNA was present in both partners in 30 couples if the women had CIN, and among them, 53.3% shared the same HPV type, showing moderate agreement, with a kappa index of 0.5. This finding supports the idea of circulation and recirculation of HPV among couples, perpetuating HPV in the sexually active population, rather than true recurrences of latent infections.

Estudo das características de adsorção de água e da estabilidade das microcápsulas de óleo essencial de laranja na seleção de material de parede

Este trabalho consistiu no estudo e comparação das características de adsorção de água de três amostras de microcápsulas de óleo essencial de laranja, obtidas pela secagem por atomização de três diferentes emulsões preparadas pela adição de óleo essencial de laranja (oel), a uma solução aquosa de material de parede (mp) constituída de capsul (5,0, 0,0 e 10,0%), goma arábica (5,0, 10,0 e 0,0%) sendo constante para as três emulsões a maltodextrina (36,0%), água (44,0%) e óleo essencial (10,0%). A microencapsulação foi realizada a 220 e 110° C de ar de entrada e saída do secador usando um atomizador rotativo a 20.000rpm. Com base à determinação das isotermas de adsorção de água a 30, 40 e 50° C e usando o modelo de GAB para ajustar os pontos experimentais foram avaliadas as características das isotermas, a estabilidade e área superficial de adsorção de água das diferentes amostras de microcápsulas obtidas. Os resultados indicaram ser importante o estudo das características de adsorção de água para estimar a estabilidade das microcápsulas de oel e a comparação destas mostrou que as microcápsulas obtidas pela secagem por atomização da emulsão preparada com 5,0% de capsul e 5,0% de goma arábica apresentaram o melhor resultado.

Curvas de porcentagem mássica de água versus peso específico em vegetais in natura - otimização de processos industriais pela seleção via teste da matéria-prima

O trabalho visa a verificação da existência de correlação matemática entre peso específico (SG) e porcentagem mássica de água (PMA) em vegetais in natura. Foram concluídas as curvas da Solanum tuberosum (batata-inglesa), Dioscorea sp (cará), Manihot utilíssima (mandioca). O procedimento de medição de peso específico em laboratório pode ser utilizado como teste em escala industrial para determinação da porcentagem mássica de água em vegetais in natura de aspecto uniforme através da curva característica PExPMA do vegetal utilizado. O teste assim descrito é simples, econômico, não destrutivo e preciso, fácil de ser implantado na indústria para otimização de processos que tenham como matéria-prima vegetais in natura, uma vez que a porcentagem mássica de água do vegetal é um parâmetro importante. Com a aplicação do teste é possível selecionar a matéria-prima de melhor produtividade, permitindo melhores produtos e maior rendimento do processo, além de atingir melhor homogeneidade do produto final.

Microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja: seleção de material de parede

No presente trabalho se procedeu à comparação de agentes microencapsulantes, material de parede (mp), na microencapsulação de óleo essencial de laranja (material ativo) através da secagem por atomização. Foram preparadas três amostras de emulsões pela adição de óleo essencial de laranja a uma solução aquosa do mp composta de capsul (5,0, 0,0 e 10,0%), goma arábica (5,0, 10,0 e 0,0%) sendo constante para as três amostras maltodextrina (36,0%), água (44,0%) e óleo essencial (10,0%). Foram avaliadas as curvas de secagem das emulsões frente à retenção do óleo essencial de laranja e a tendência de formação de dobras superficiais das partículas e verificou-se a hipótese "menor a tendência de formação de dobras na superfície das microcápsulas maior a retenção de material ativo". A microencapsulação foi obtida pela secagem por atomização, com temperaturas de 220ºC e 110ºC do ar de entrada e de saída da câmara de secagem, respectivamente, e com atomizador rotativo (20.000rpm). A comparação das microcápsulas obtidas a partir das três amostras de emulsões mostrou que aquela preparada com 10,0% de capsul e 0,0% de goma arábica apresentou o maior resultado. O período de taxa constante de secagem desta mistura é curto e com maior retenção de umidade após a secagem. As microcápsulas obtidas apresentaram maior retenção de óleo essencial e dobras superficiais menos pronunciadas decorrentes do menor entumescimento das gotículas durante a secagem.

Métodos de seleção de secadores

Quando uma etapa de secagem faz-se necessária, o engenheiro deve escolher um secador adequado que se integre no processo como um todo. E ele deverá comparar as vantagens e desvantagens dentre as várias alternativas disponíveis tomando em conta tanto o ponto de vista técnico como o econômico. Alguns autores escrevem sobre a seleção de secadores. Embora cada autor desenvolva seleção dos secadores de um modo próprio, identifica-se uma linha geral no procedimento de escolha do equipamento. Todos os autores estabelecem um roteiro ou um fluxograma com questionamentos segundo os quais somos dirigidos ao equipamento mais apropriado. De uma breve revisão sobre o tema, podemos notar dois mecanismos básicos para o desenvolvimento da seleção de secadores: analítico - em que uma seqüência de processos decisórios elimina os equipamentos inadequados à solução, conduzindo à determinação da melhor solução; numérico - em que cada equipamento recebe uma pontuação de acordo com a sua adequação à solução do problema, na totalização, a melhor solução é a que obtém a maior pontuação. Neste artigo são apresentados os resultados da seleção de secadores obtidos em um novo modelo de seleção proposto por ALONSO [2].

Seleção e treinamento de julgadores para avaliação do gosto amargo em queijo prato

O gosto amargo, considerado um defeito no queijo prato, foi sensorialmente avaliado por uma equipe de 6 julgadores selecionados e treinados. Um procedimento para a preparação de amostras e determinação da intensidade do gosto amargo em queijos foi proposto e implementado. Cubos de 1,25 cm de queijo prato foram imersos em soluções de cafeína de 0 a 0,28% (p/v) por um período de 12 horas a 5°C, e submetidos à secagem por 24 horas à mesma temperatura. A seleção dos julgadores foi realizada através de teste triangular e análise seqüencial de Wald. No treinamento dos provadores usou-se uma escala não estruturada de 9 cm e teste de Ordenação. Os dados foram avaliados a partir do teste de Friedman, análise de variância e teste de Tukey a nível de 5% de probabilidade. O gosto amargo foi detectado em diferentes amostras, sendo que a de maior intensidade obteve 5,89±1,86, o que corresponde à sensação produzida pela imersão das amostras de queijo em solução de cafeína superior a 0,07% (p/v). Os resultados indicam que o procedimento de imersão das amostras de queijo em soluções de cafeína foi adequado para detectar o gosto amargo em queijo prato.

Seleção de genótipos de milho mais promissores para o consumo in natura

Seis genótipos pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento de milho da UENF: H43IN, P43, C43, 43IN, HDC e Uenf506-8 foram avaliados, objetivando-se identificar aqueles com melhores características agronômicas e preferidos para o consumo de milho verde. O trabalho foi desenvolvido entre setembro de 2003 e janeiro de 2004, seguindo delineamento experimental de blocos inteiramente casualizados e plantio em dois locais distintos. Estudaram-se as seguintes características agronômicas: produtividade com palha (PrCP), produtividade sem palha (PrSP), porcentagem de espigas comerciais (EC) comprimento de espigas sem palha (CESP), diâmetro de espigas sem palha (DE) e rendimento de espiga (R), além de ter sido avaliada a preferência do consumidor para os produtos em relação ao sabor, doçura e maciez. Considerando apenas os resultados agronômicos, o milho mais indicado para ser consumido na forma de milho verde foi o híbrido comum Uenf506-8. Porém, observando os resultados do teste de preferência realizado com consumidores do produto, verificou-se que o referido milho não alcançou adequada aceitação pelos participantes, em função da maciez e da doçura inadequadas, sendo mais indicado o H43IN e HDC.

Isolamento e seleção de microrganismos pectinolíticos a partir de resíduos provenientes de agroindústrias para produção de aromas frutais

As pectinases são enzimas produzidas naturalmente por plantas, fungos, leveduras e bactérias. Estes microrganismos podem ser inoculados em meios contendo resíduos agroindustriais utilizados como fonte de carbono para a produção de compostos de maior valor agregado, como enzimas, etanol, proteínas, aminoácidos e compostos de aroma. Vários microrganismos foram isolados e selecionados quanto à produção de enzimas pectinolíticas pelo método da placa, através de zonas claras de degradação de pectina ao redor da colônia. De 104 linhagens testadas, 18 foram selecionadas para fermentarem em meio líquido, contendo pectina para a determinação de atividade de poligalacturonase (PG) e de pectina liase (PMGL), e em meio frutose/extrato de levedura para produção de aromas. As linhagens 2, 9, 20, 39, 70, 74 e 99 apresentaram unidades de atividade de PG superiores a 80 µmol de ácido galacturônico/mL/min, as linhagens 17, 18, 31, 37, 73, 74 e 125 apresentaram unidades de atividade de PMGL superiores a 1000 etamol de produtos insaturados/mL/min e as linhagens 13, 70, 73, 74, 125 e 144 apresentaram os melhores descritores e as maiores intensidades de aromas percebidos por um painel não treinado de provadores.