916 resultados para radar remote sensing
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比起传统的统计方法,人工神经网络具有很好的非线性处理和并行计算能力,在植被遥感信息处理中得到广泛的应用。本研究系统地介绍了人工神经网络理论及其在植被遥感信息处理中的应用现状。并就如何提高人工神经网络的相干被遥感影像的分类能力进行了详细研究。首次提出了结合植被指数和组成分分析的神经网络分类方法。过去这方面的研究工作大都集中在通过选择一个合适的神经网络模型来提高植被分类精度,而我们认为:根据植被遥感自身的规律,结合统计方法,确定合适的网络输入模式的特征变量,也可以提高分类精度。 研究结果表明,尽管一般的神经网络分类器不需要对输入的模式做明显的特征提取,网络的隐层就具有特征提取的功能。但对TM影像七个波段和常用的五个植被指数(PVI、NDVI、WDVI、PVI、MSAVI2),分别做主成分分析,从而获得人工神经网络输入的特征变量,使用这样一种结合VI、PCA的神经网络对遥感TM多波段影像进行植被分类,能大大提高分类的精度。
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本研究通过对鄂尔多斯(主要为毛乌素地区)植物遥感光谱和土壤结皮光谱的测定,通过专题资料搜集、野外踏查、植被样方调查和室内盆栽试验和实验室分析等工作,利用遥感和地理信息系统技术,测定了研究区主要植物光谱和土壤结皮光谱,建立了研究区生态环境本底数据库,在以上的基础上,进行了3方面的详细研究: (1) 通过野外样方调查,野外和室内培养的生物结皮的地面高光谱测定和野外典型地物(鄂尔多斯地区优势高等植物种和沙地土壤)的高光谱测定。采用人工模拟降雨,从苔藓休眠-正常代谢-休眠过程中,研究苔藓土壤结皮的光谱变化,得出苔藓结皮在夏季的生命活动期(正常代谢)的光谱曲线具有高等植物光谱曲线特征;不同地物的NDVI在降水前后变化:苔藓结皮NDVI的变化为0.3-0.35左右,藻类结皮变化为0.15左右,100%盖度的油蒿变化约为0.03左右,而土壤物理结皮的NDVI变化为0.06-0.08左右,可见降水对结皮的归一化植被指数的影响较土壤和高等植被大的多,对苔藓结皮的影响尤其显著。 通过线性模型研究了生物结皮对区域植被遥感解译的影响:模拟得出调查区域(11km样线)由于干湿结皮的变换, NDVI值平均变化0.03, 苔藓湿时的NDVI较苔藓干时相对提高9.3%。可见在研究区,由于苔藓结皮等土壤结皮的存在和干旱半干旱区降雨的不稳定性,必然造成该区域短时间内NDVI的不稳定性。研究结果可为如何结合苔藓结皮的高光谱特征及其变化规律选择和研究合适的生物结皮(苔藓)遥感解译方法提供借鉴。 (2)通过对1980S,1990s,2000s三个时期遥感图像解译,分析了毛乌素沙地沙漠化过程及其驱动机制,认为毛乌素沙地近20年来沙漠化程度有所减轻,植被覆盖有所增加。气候因素和人为因素是导致植被覆盖增加的决定因素,通过多元回归分析确定降水和温度是影响毛乌素沙地植被变化的关键气候因子,并建立了相应的回归方程;人为因素的影响表现在20年来农田和林地的大面积增加。 (3)在建立研究区生态环境本底数据库的基础上,利用遥感解译结果和地理信息系统的空间分析功能,分析了气候因素、地质水文因素、地形和地貌等对植被分布的影响,得出在不同尺度上,影响植被分布的关键因素不同。在鄂尔多斯研究区,区域年降水量对全区的植被分布有着重要影响,尽管地质水文条件的不同也影响了小区域的植被分布。在毛乌素沙地区,在宏观尺度上(旗县),植被分布与其所处的海拔高度关系不明显,在小尺度上,植被分布表现出趋向于相对低海拔分布;小尺度研究中发现,植被分布受地形和基质岩性的组合的综合影响。
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海表面温度(Sea Surface Temperature, SST)是海洋生态环境变化的重要因子,也是海洋观测研究的最重要的因子之一。海表温度场表征了海洋热力、动力过程和海洋与大气相互作用的综合结果,是反映海气热量、动力和水汽交换的重要参量,也是气候变化及海洋营养盐浓度和初级生产力的重要影响因子。台风过后通常会在上层海洋引起冷迹,即台风路径附近的海表温度降低。海表温度的变化是台风与海洋之间能量交换的关键,对于台风的产生,演化和强度变化有非常重要的作用。因此,研究上层海洋对台风的响应,特别是海表温度对台风的响应过程有非常重要的科学意义。本研究主要利用微波SST逐日数据资料统计研究了海表面温度对南海台风的响应过程,并分析了中尺度涡(特别是气旋性涡)对台风所引起的降温幅度和降温位置的影响作用。在此研究基础上初步尝试提出了一种新的量化台风降温效应的方法。 首先,本研究以1998-2009年总共12年内经过中国南海的92个台风为研究对象,利用逐日连续的微波TMI及TMI-AMSER海表温度数据资料分析了92个台风所引起的最大降温幅度以及冷迹位置的分布特征。统计结果表明有64个(69.6%)台风引起了海表温度明显的降低(降温≥2oC),而对最大降温出现的位置进行分析发现:有超过半数(56个)的台风引起的最大降温位于台风路径的附近或路径右侧,同时还有8个(8.7%)台风引起的最大降温明显位于路径的左侧。文中选取了冷迹相对于台风路径出现在不同位置(左、右、附近)的4个台风为例来说明台风引起的降温特征。通过量化降温中心到台风路径的距离发现台风所引起的最大降温出现的位置主要集中分布在路径左右两侧100km范围内。另外,通过对比台风来之前的海平面高度距平发现先于台风之前处在于上层海洋环境的冷涡,特别是强冷涡,在台风引起的海表面降温幅度和位置分布中可能起着重要的作用,其中冷涡的位置与台风所引起的最大降温中心出现的位置有很好的相关性。 其次,本研究提出一个新的描述降温效应的指数。台风所经过的海域往往会出现海表温度的降低,而海表温度的变化对海洋生态系统有很重要的影响。台风的降温效应因台风、背景温度场和台风前的海洋环境条件而异。目前,海表温度对台风的响应效应主要是通过三个物理量来描述,降温幅度、冷迹范围、冷迹持续时间。但是还没有一个综合的量来对台风的降温效应进行定量的描述。本研究利用遥感微波SST数据尝试初步
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河口和潮汐海湾是受陆海相互作用共同影响的一个复杂动力系统,是陆海相 互作用研究的理想区域。特别是大河影响下的邻近海域,其海岸带发育、动力地 貌、生态环境必将表现出复杂的特征,开展该区域的陆海相互作用研究是非常必 要的。本文采用遥感定量反演手段和泥沙模拟估算方法,结合多年潮汐数据、河 口段水文水质观测数据、近岸区遥感和历史图件等从研究莱州湾西南近岸物质组 成与输运特征,河口沙坝地貌演化及动力机制,河口拦门沙发育演变,水质状况 监测分析等方面探讨黄河影响下的风暴潮、水质污染灾害严重的莱州湾西南近岸 区域的陆海相互作用特征。 结果表明,近岸为典型粉砂淤泥质的莱州湾西南海岸,其泥沙主要来源于近 岸与外海再悬浮供沙、黄河来沙。海区内泥沙运移格局主要为外海泥沙有由河口 口门外向河道运移的趋势、莱州湾西部近岸海区存在一股黄河南向的沿岸泥沙 流,其主要在淄脉沟口以北区域沉积。在正常天气条件下,河口及附近海区泥沙 含量较低,风暴潮期间本海区的悬浮泥沙含量将增加4-5 倍,最高可达10 倍, 其泥沙运移范围主要在河口与近岸海域。 小清河河口属陆海双相缓混合型,其河口堆积地貌主要包括河口沙嘴、沙坝 和河道拦门沙体。径、潮流携带泥沙分别在河口区和口门以内落淤形成拦门沙体 和堆积沙坎。在NE 向波浪和NE-E 向的涨、落潮流作用下,局地再悬浮的泥沙 和沿岸流携带的部分输沙堆积在河口北侧,形成沿落潮流方向延伸的河口沙嘴; 河口段河道南移过程中存在沙嘴、沙坝相互转化的自调整过程,并认为1979-1982 年和1997-2000 年两个时间段为自调整过程的中期。 根据小清河河口沙坝的发育过程及其发育特征,本文提出了该沙坝地貌发育 演变的概念模式。
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The Hainan gibbon (Nomascus hainanus) is one of the most endangered primates in the world, confined to mature natural forest in Hainan Island, China. We assessed changes in habitat condition on the island between 1991 and 2008, using vegetation maps generated by remote-sensing images. We defined forest suitable for gibbons based on composition, tree size and canopy cover. During the 17-year period, the area of suitable gibbon forest decreased by 540 km(2) (35%) across the whole island, and by 6.3 km(2) (7%) in the locality of the sole remaining gibbon population at Bawangling National Nature Reserve. The forest patches large enough (>1 km(2)) to support a gibbon group decreased from 754 km(2) to 316 km(2) in total area, and from 92 to 64 in number. Suitable natural forest was mainly replaced by plantations below 760 m, or degraded by logging, grazing and planting of pines above 760 m. Meanwhile, forests in former confirmed gibbon areas became more fragmented: mean area of patches decreased by 53%. We mapped the patches of natural forest in good condition which could potentially support gibbons. We recommend a freeze on further expansion of plantations between core patches at Bawangling, Jiaxi-Houmiling and Yinggeling Nature Reserves in accordance with forest protection regulations; establishment of nature reserves in currently unprotected natural forest patches elsewhere in line with the local government's nature reserve expansion policy; and active natural-forest restoration between remaining fragments at Bawangling. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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The importance of properly exploiting a classifier's inherent geometric characteristics when developing a classification methodology is emphasized as a prerequisite to achieving near optimal performance when carrying out thematic mapping. When used properly, it is argued that the long-standing maximum likelihood approach and the more recent support vector machine can perform comparably. Both contain the flexibility to segment the spectral domain in such a manner as to match inherent class separations in the data, as do most reasonable classifiers. The choice of which classifier to use in practice is determined largely by preference and related considerations, such as ease of training, multiclass capabilities, and classification cost. © 1980-2012 IEEE.
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Broadband radio over fiber systems, which can simultaneously distribute multiple wireless services and enable remote sensing, are reviewed. The systems are used to demonstrate improved remote passive RFID tag detection through the use of multiple antennas. © 2009 Optical Society of America.
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The Central Yangtze ecoregion in China includes a number of lakes, but these have been greatly affected by human activities over the past several decades, resulting in severe loss of biodiversity. In this paper, we document the present distribution of the major lakes and the changes in size that have taken place over the past 50 years, using remote sensing data and historical observations of land cover in the region. We also provide an overview of the changes in species richness, community composition, population size and age structure, and individual body size of aquatic plants, fishes, and waterfowl in these lakes. The overall species richness of aquatic plants found in eight major lakes has decreased substantially during the study period. Community composition has also been greatly altered, as have population size and age and individual body size in some species. These changes are largely attributed to the integrated effects of lake degradation, the construction of large hydroelectric dams, the establishment of nature reserves, and lake restoration practices.
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Urbanization can exert a profound influence on land covers and landscape characteristics. In this study, we characterize the impact of urbanization on land cover and lacustrine landscape and their consequences in a large urban lake watershed, Donghu Lake watershed (the largest urban lake in China), Central China, by using Landsat TM satellite images of three periods of 1987, 1993 and 1999 and ground-based information. We grouped the land covers into six categories: water body, vegetable land, forested land, shrub-grass land, open area and urban land, and calculated patch-related landscape indices to analyze the effects of urbanization on landscape features. We overlaid the land cover maps of the three periods to track the land cover change processes. The results indicated that urban land continuously expanded from 9.1% of the total watershed area in 1987, to 19.4% in 1993, and to 29.6% in 1999. The vegetable land increased from 7.0% in 1987, 11.9% in 1993, to 13.9% in 1999 to sustain the demands of vegetable for increased urban population. Concurrently, continuous reduction of other land cover types occurred between 1987 and 1999: water body decreased from 30.4% to 23.8%, and forested land from 33.6% to 24.3%. We found that the expansion of urban land has at least in part caused a decrease in relatively wild habitats, such as urban forest and lake water area. These alterations had resulted in significant negative environmental consequences, including decline of lakes, deterioration of water and air quality, and loss of biodiversity.
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A strain of microalgae (Anabaena siamensis) had been cultured in a miniaturized bioreactor during a retrievable satellite flight for 15 days. By means of remote sensing equipment installed in the satellite, we gained the growth curve of microalgae population in space every day in real time. The curve indicated that the growth of microalgae in space was slower than the control on ground. Inoculation of the retrieved microalgae culture showed that the growth rate was distinctively higher than ground control. But after several generations, both cultures indicated similar growth rates. Those data showed that algae, can adapt to space environment easily which may be valuable for designing more complex bioreactor and controlled ecological life support system in future experiment. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Using remote sensing technique, we investigated real-time Nostoc sphaeroides Kiltz (Cyanobacterium) in Closed System under microgravity by SHENZHOU-2 spacecraft in January 2001. The experiments had 1g centrifuges in space for control and ground control group experiments were also carried out in the same equipments and under the same controlled condition. The data about the population growth of Nostoc sp. of experiments and temperature changes of system were got from spacecraft every minute. From the data, we can find that population growth of Nostoc sp. in microgravity group was higher than that of other groups in space or on ground, even though both the control I g group in space and I g group on ground indicated same increasing characteristics in experiments. The growth rate of 1.4g group (centrifuged group on ground) was also promoted during experiment. The temperature changes of systems are also affected by gravity and light. Some aspects about those differences were discussed. From the discussion of these results during experiment, it can be found that gravity is the major factor to lead to these changes. (C) 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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横断山区拥有独特的生物区系和丰富的生物多样性,成为研究生物和地学许 多重大理论问题的关键性区域。然而该地区复杂的高山峡谷地形不利于大范围实 地考察工作的开展,而传统的调查方法也较难直接地获取野生动物及其生境的一 些量化数据,如某种或某类生物元素的分布、变化情况以及保护状况等,因此长 期以来对于该地区保护网络的规划和管理效果一直缺乏系统地评价,保护工作的 进一步开展依然面临很多难题。近年来地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)和遥感技术(Remote Sensing, RS)已经广泛应用于野生动物及其 生境保护的各个方面,为横断山区的保护工作拓展了新的研究思路和方法借鉴。 本研究以位于云南西北部横断山区的四个县(德钦、维西、丽江、香格里拉) 作为核心研究地区,以野生动物的主要栖息地——林地为对象,借助RS 和GIS 手段研究该地区内林地的分布、变化以及受威胁程度;并针对鸡形目鸟类的保护 状况进行了分析,为该地区林地和鸡形目鸟类的保护及评价提供科学的方法指导 和建议。具体如下: (1)林地分布以及针叶林的进一步细分。在地面真实数据的辅助下,通过 对Landsat TM/TM+影像的预处理、分类、分类后处理等过程,将研究地区中的 林地与非林地进行划分;针对暖温性针叶林和寒温性针叶林这两种较难区分的类 别,采用导引聚类(guided clustering)的分类方法,进一步对针叶林进行细分。 精度评估的结果显示,林地与非林地的划分总体精度为94.3%,而针叶林细分为 暖温性针叶林和寒温性针叶林的总体精度为74.8%。该方法可以较为准确地划分 该地区不同的生境类型,为野生动物及其生境的保护奠定基础。(2)林地的受威胁程度评价。通过分析研究地区中的林地在40 多年时间跨 度里(1958-2001 年)的变化情况和保护现状,从而评价其受威胁程度,结果反 映出每个县的林地面积都有不同程度的减少,丽江和香格里拉这两个县的林地受 威胁程度相对较高。进一步对丽江和香格里拉两县在不同海拔带的林地分布和变 化情况进行分析,结果表明,丽江的林地主要分布于2000-3500 米的海拔范围内 (占该县全部林地面积的89.7%),而在香格里拉则主要分布于2500 米以上(占 该县全部林地面积的95.2%);在这两个林地分布较为集中的区域内,都是低海 拔地区林地面积减少程度较高,意味着在开展保护工作时应重点关注这两个县的 低海拔林地。本研究方法可供整个横断山区乃至其他高山峡谷地区借鉴,为保护 网络的完善提供快速的量化参考。 (3)鸡形目鸟类的保护状况分析。借助RS 和GIS 手段描绘研究地区中当 前林地(2001 年左右)以及早期林地(1958 年前后)的分布,针对那些主要以 林地为生境的鸡形目鸟类,在相应限制因子(例如海拔数据)的辅助下对它们当 前和过去的潜在生境进行预测,从而分析它们的保护现状和生境的变化情况。结 果表明研究地区中现有的保护区对这些鸟类的保护尚不完善,并且在过去40 多 年的时间跨度里它们的潜在生境都有不同程度的退化。建议将来的保护工作优先 考虑那些在当前未被充分保护的物种以及潜在生境退化程度相对较高的物种。针 对这些物种,提出在将来的进一步保护工作中的一些建议,为整个横断山区鸡形 目鸟类乃至其他野生动物类群的保护提供参考。
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Asymmetric dark current and photocurrent versus voltage characteristic in the Double Barrier Quantum Wells (DBQWs) photovoltaic infrared photodetector has been studied. A model based on asymmetric potential barriers was proposed. The asymmetric potential thick barrier, which due to the Si dopant segregation during growth makes a major contribution to the asymmetrical I-V characteristic, calculations based on our model agree well with experimental results. This work also confirms the potential use of this DBQWs for infrared photodetector with large responsivity and little dark current under negative bias.
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本文利用中高分辨率遥感影像研究2006年沈阳市三环内城市绿地的空间格局及2001-2006年间的变化,以期对5年的高强度绿化建设进行评价。利用QuickBird高分辨率遥感影像,结合基于知识分类方法提取的植被覆盖信息和目视解译方法提取的土地利用信息,分析了2006年附属绿地的空间分布格局和公园绿地可达性。利用2001、2006年两景Landsat TM影像,基于线性混合分解方法提取的植被盖度信息,分析了5年间的绿化建设强度及其空间分布。 本文得到以下结论: 1) 工业用地和公共设施用地的绿化率均较高,分别是28.9%和32.3%。研究区域多层老式居住用地和道路的绿化率只有近20%。新居住用地中高层片块居住用地的平均斑块面积较小,主要是由小块的街区角落开发而成,绿化率只有10.3%;其余的新居住用地的绿化率均高于多层老式居住用地。居住用地高度类型相同的情况下,花园式居住用地比片块式居住用地拥有更高的绿化率。 2) 附属绿地绿化率随距市中心距离的递增梯度反映了城市内外绿化状况的两极分化现象,在几种主要的城市用地类型之间存在差异:公共设施(4.16%∙km-1)>多层老式居住用地(3.85%∙km-1)>新居住用地(3.05%∙km-1)>道路(2.36%∙km-1)。新居住用地弱于多层老式居住用地,表明随着旧城改造的持续进行,居住用地的内外两极分化现象可以得到缓解。公共设施用地的内外两极分化现象较严重,城市化进程中慎重对待高绿化率的公共设施用地如高校等迫于地价压力的外迁行为。 3) 公园绿地可达性分析的结果表明,只有29.25%的居住用地分布在距最近公园绿地5分钟的步行范围内,43.31%的居住用地在5-15分钟的步行范围内,建议持续增加公园绿地建设,尤其是在工商业密集区。研究区域尚未出现居住用地绿化环境的马太效应(高公园绿地可达性+高附属绿地绿化率)。 4) 2001-2006年,道路、居住用地、公共设施用地、公共绿地及广场的植被盖度均有不同程度的增加(5%-9%),证实了5年间绿化建设力度之大;工业用地的植被盖度几乎没有变化,原因估计是工业用地空间属于非公共空间,不属于公共绿化建设区域。5年间植被增量空间分布均匀,没有针对低绿化覆盖率地区加强绿化建设力度,部分缓解了绿化率的城市内外两极分化现象。