Ciclo de maturação e produção de etileno de tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) transgênicos

Objetivou-se estudar o comportamento fisiológico de frutos de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.), da cv. Kadá, transformados geneticamente, via Agrobacterium tumefaciens, com o clone de DNA pMEL1, em orientação antisenso, e de frutos desta mesma cultivar, não transformados. O estudo fisiológico foi realizado avaliando-se a duração do ciclo de maturação dos frutos, amadurecidos na planta e após a colheita no estádio verde-maduro, e sua produção de etileno. Os frutos transformados amadurecidos na planta tiveram um ciclo total médio de 27 dias, enquanto os amadurecidos após a colheita, tiveram este intervalo prolongado a 50 dias. Ao contrário, os tomates não transformados apresentaram um ciclo de maturação mais acelerado quando colhidos no estádio verde-maduro, em relação aos frutos amadurecidos nas plantas. Os valores foram, em média, de 20 e 30 dias, respectivamente. Estes resultados estão correlacionados com as variações na produção de etileno observada nos dois genótipos. Frutos não transformados produziram, em média, 10,46 nL de etileno.g-1.h-1, enquanto os transgênicos tiveram sua produção de etileno diminuída para 0,13 nL.g-1.h-1. Pode-se concluir, então, que a redução da produção de etileno, verificada nos tomates transformados, é necessária, mas não é suficiente para prolongar o ciclo de maturação e aumentar a durabilidade dos frutos. Para que isto ocorra, é necessário que se proceda à colheita dos tomates no estádio verde-maduro.

Propriedades físico-químicas de polifenoloxidase de feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

As atividades de polifenoloxidases do feijão (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), cultivares: (Aruã, Aporé, A774, Carioca, Diamante Negro, Ouro Branco, Pérola, RAO 33 e Rudá) foram investigadas sob condições de cinética enzimática. O pH ótimo para o extrato bruto das nove cultivares foi em pH 7,2 utilizando catecol como substrato. Nenhuma atividade PPO foi observada na presença do ácido gálico ou D,L- DOPA.

ENZYMATIC DETERMINATION OF STARCH IN DOCE DE LEITE USING DIALYSIS

The importance of starch for the food industry makes it necessary to develop new, fast, economic and accurate methodologies for its quantification. In the present paper starch hydrolysis using commercial enzymes of industrial grade are studied aiming to develop an easy and cheap analysis, available to a greater number of industries and technicians. The proposed method is simple, divided in a first step where soluble sugars are eliminated from the samples by using dialysis, followed by starch hydrolysis of the retained fraction with a thermoresistent bacterial alfa-amylase (Termamyl 120L®) and an amyloglucosidase (AMG 300L®). The hydrolysis conditions were those suggested by the enzyme producer. After the hydrolysis step the material was dialysed again for the extraction of glucose that was quantified by the glucose-oxidase colorimetric reactant. The results allowed the construction of calibration equations for starch determination on the analyzed samples. These samples were produced on a laboratory scale and native and acid-modified corn starches were added in known concentrations. By considering the final dilutions employed for glucose determination on the samples, it was possible to confirm that they were identical to that of the glucose-oxidase reactant calibration.

Inibição do escurecimento enzimático de banana maçã minimamente processada

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito do ácido ascórbico (AA), do cloreto de cálcio (CC), do cloridrato de L-cisteína (Cis) e EDTA, na prevenção do escurecimento enzimático de banana maçã minimamente processada. Foram utilizadas as combinações: (i) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 0,5%, (ii) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1%, (iii) AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% e (iv) EDTA 1%, constituindo quatro tratamentos de um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Produtos minimamente processados não tratados quimicamente não foram analisados, considerando-se seu acentuado escurecimento e sua vida de prateleira inferior a 6 h. As bananas foram tratadas com hipoclorito de sódio, fatiadas, imersas nos tratamentos químicos, acondicionadas em embalagens rígidas envoltas com filme PVC 30 µm e armazenadas durante cinco dias a 5+1°C e 85+3% UR. Amostras foram analisadas diariamente, durante os cinco dias de armazenamento. Os tratamentos contendo AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1% e AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% determinaram os maiores valores de acidez titulável e menores de pH. Observaram-se aumentos no valor a* e redução nos valores b* e L* na banana maçã minimamente processada, independente do tratamento químico, durante o armazenamento. O tratamento AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% foi o mais efetivo na prevenção das modificações dos valores a*, b* e L*, associados à coloração das rodelas. Observou-se aumento na atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO) e peroxidase (POD) durante o armazenamento das rodelas de banana, independente do tratamento, à exceção da redução observada na atividade da PPO, nos produtos tratados com EDTA. Os tratamentos contendo EDTA e AA 1%+CC 1%+Cis 1,5% foram os mais efetivos na contenção do aumento das atividades da PPO e POD, respectivamente.

Antinutrients in the cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) leaf powder at three ages of the plant

In Brazil, the cassava leaf meal (CLM) has been used to strive against undernourishment because it is a high source of vitamins and minerals. However, the wide variation in the chemical composition of the different cultivars, as well as their antinutritional substances may be a restriction to their uses. The levels of some antinutrients in CLM from five cultivars at three ages of the plant (TAP) were investigated, in order to select the cultivars and plant ages that would be more appropriate for human consumption. The lowest contents of antinutrients were observed in the 12-month old plants, except for nitrate and hemagglutinin from which the lowest contents were found for the 17 month old ones. The cultivar IAC 289-70 had the lowest antinutrient levels, except for saponin and oxalate. Thus, the cultivar IAC 289-70 at 12 months is the most appropriate for human consumption.

Palmito de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.) composição mineral e cinética de enzimas oxidativas

A análise da presença de enzimas oxidativas como a peroxidase (POD) e a polifenoloxidase (PPO) e o controle da atividade destas enzimas são importantes na preservação e no processamento de alimentos. Este trabalho teve por objetivo determinar a atividade enzimática da polifenoloxidase (PPO) e da peroxidase (POD) do palmito de pupunha, bem como avaliar o comportamento destas enzimas frente ao tratamento térmico e assim calcular a cinética de inativação térmica das mesmas para suas porções termorresistente e termolábil. Para a extração de peroxidase (POD) e polifenoloxidase (PPO) de palmito, utilizou-se solução tampão fosfato de sódio 100 mM com diferentes pHs (5,5; 6,0; 6,5 e 7,0). O melhor pH de extração da POD foi 5,5 e da PPO, 6,5. Estes extratos foram tratados em diferentes temperaturas (65, 70, 75 e 80 °C) por períodos de 1 a 10 minutos. A POD e a PPO sofreram um decréscimo de 70 e 80%, respectivamente, em relação às suas atividades iniciais. As energias de ativação, nas temperaturas estudadas, para a porção termolábil e termorresistente da peroxidase foram 154,0 e 153,0 kJ.mol-1, respectivamente, enquanto que para a polifenoloxidase foram 26,3 e 27,0 kJ.mol-1, respectivamente. Resultados apresentaram valores que estão dentro da faixa de energia de ativação reportada para o processo de inativação térmica de enzimas.

Isolamento de coliformes, estafilococos e enterococos de leite cru provenientes de tanques de refrigeração por expansão comunitários: identificação, ação lipolítica e proteolítica

O isolamento e a identificação de microrganismos em leite cru se tornam interessantes do ponto de vista de saúde pública, pois dependendo das espécies isoladas, ações direcionadas podem ser tomadas visando a melhoria de sua qualidade. A deterioração do leite é conseqüência sobretudo do crescimento de microrganismos psicrotróficos, que produzem lipases e proteases termoestáveis que não são desnaturadas durante o processo de pasteurização, conferindo sabores e odores rançoso e amargo, respectivamente. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi isolar e identificar os principais gêneros de bactérias pertencentes à família Enterobacteriaceae, Gram-negativas oxidase positiva, gêneros Staphylococcus e Enterococcus, bem como atividade de lipases e proteases de 16 propriedades rurais do município de Boa Esperança-MG. As bactérias Gram-negativas foram isoladas em ágar eosina azul de metileno (EMB) e ágar Entérico Hektoen. Estafilococos foram isolados em ágar Baird-Parker e Enterococcus em ágar KF. Colônias de interesse foram coletadas e submetidas à coloração de Gram, e às provas de catalase e oxidase. Após esses procedimentos, os isolados selecionados foram identificados utilizando-se Bactray I, II e III; Api 20 Strep; e provas sugeridas pelo Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. A identificação sorológica de Enterococcus foi realizada utilizando-se Prolex. O leite oriundo das 16 propriedades continha cepas de microrganismos fecais como Escherichia coli e Enterococcus do grupo D de Lancefield. Bactérias Gram-negativas oxidase positiva foram identificadas em cinco propriedades. Staphylococcus foram encontrados em 10 propriedades. O leite coletado nas fazendas investigadas possui microrganismos que comprometem sua qualidade. Todos os grupos de microrganismos testados revelaram atividades de lipase e protease.

Resistência antimicrobiana de Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolados de pescado e de cortes e de miúdos de frango

Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolados de peixes de água doce e de frangos foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade aos antimicrobianos utilizando quatorze drogas, com o objetivo de determinar e confrontar os padrões de suscetibilidade deste microrganismo. As cepas oriundas de peixes pertenciam à coleção do Laboratório de Bacterioses/IV/UFRRJ. Para o isolamento das cepas, foram selecionados miúdos (fígado) e cortes (coxa e sobrecoxa) de frangos adquiridos em estabelecimentos comerciais no município do Rio de Janeiro. A metodologia de isolamento incluiu o enriquecimento em água peptonada, seguido de semeadura em Agar EMB e Agar GSP. Para as cepas oriundas de peixes, procedeu-se à reativação em água peptonada, seguida de reisolamento em Agar EMB. Colônias sugestivas foram transferidas para Agar TSI e LIA para avaliação das características metabólicas. A capacidade de produção de pigmento verde-azulado foi avaliada em Agar Mueller-Hinton e a da enzima citocromo-oxidase, em Agar Nutriente. O teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos realizado nas 63 cepas revelou maiores percentuais de resistência para NAL e NIT (96,8%), TCY (93,6%), AMC (92,1%), CHL (90,5%) e SXT (85,7%), destacando-se a multirresistência dos isolados. A totalidade das cepas oriundas de frangos apresentou sensibilidade a CAZ e IPM e nos isolados de peixes a ATM, CAZ, IPM e AMK.

Study of bacteria Gluconobacter sp.: isolation, purification, phenotypic and molecular identification

The importance of the study of acetic bacteria, on species of the Gluconobacter genus is based on its industrial application, as these possess the capacity of bioconversion of sorbitol to sorbose, enabling the process of vitamin C production. The study involved samples collected in industries of soft drinks, flowers, fruits and honey, followed by purification, phenotypic identification, molecular identification with the use of primer defined from Nucleotide Sequence Database consultation. Strains preserved were identified as members of the Acetobacteraceae family, Gluconobacter genus. 110 strains had been isolated of substrate: Pyrostegia venusta (ker-gawler), honey, Vitis vinifera (grape), Pyrus communis (pear), Malus sp. (apple) and in two samples of soft drinks. Of this total 57 strains had been recovered in manitol medium (manitol, yeast extract, peptone), 12 in YMG medium (glucose, manitol, yeast extract, ethanol, acetic acid), 41 in enrichment medium (De Ley and Swings) and later in the GYC medium (glucose, yeast extract and calcium carbonate). 68 strains were identified as Gram negative bacilli rods. Of these, 31 were characterized biochemically as belonging to the Acetobacteriaceae family as they were catalase positive, oxidase negative and producers of acid from glucose. The characterization of these strains was complemented with the biochemistry tests: gelatin liquefaction, nitrate reduction, indole and H2S production, oxidation of ethanol to acetic acid and molecular tests for genus identification. Only eight strains were characterized as pertaining to the Gluconobacter genus. The strains are maintained in collection cultures at the Microbiology Laboratory of the Biology Department at the São Paulo State University (UNESP) in Assis, stored in malt extract at -196 ºC.

Antioxidant activity, cito- and phototoxicity of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed pulp extract

In the present work, a hydroethanolic extract was prepared from the entire seeds of pomegranate [Punica granatum L. (Punicaceae)] with Cachaça, a distilled Brazilian alcoholic beverage, protected from light for an 80-hour period. The desorption curve of the seeds, presented an optimal time extraction of approximately 24 hours. The extract was divided into two samples: protected from light, (Extract 1), or not, (Extract 2). The extracts were characterized by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy, quantification of total phenolics by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and the antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH quenching method. Extract 2 presented 9.8% less total polyphenols than Extract 1. The pomegranate seeds extract lost 79% of its antioxidant activity during light exposure. Extract 1 up to 3% (w/v) showed neither cyto nor phototoxicity in the Hela cells. In conclusion, Punica granatum L. seeds contain a significant total polyphenol and TEAC amount and they can be used in simple extractive process, by direct contact with Cachaça in up to 80 hours in the darkness, which gives it good coloration, taste, and smell. This extract showed neither cytotoxicity nor post-irradiation phototoxicity with solar simulator even though the extract proved photoinstable.

Comparison of phenol content and antioxidant capacity of nuts

Frequent nut intake is associated with protective effects against cardiovascular diseases. In addition to the generally high contents of unsaturated fatty acids, polyphenol compounds seem to be also implicated in health promoting effects of nuts due to their antioxidant properties. In this way, eleven different kinds of nuts, including pinhao seeds (Araucaria angustifolia) and Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), typical of Brazil, were analyzed for the content of phenol compounds, including the potent anti-mutagenic and anti-cancer ellagic acid, and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts. The antioxidant capacity varied a hundred times among the different nuts, from 1.2 to 120 mg of Trolox equivalents.100 g-1 (FW). Total ellagic acid was determined after acid hydrolysis of ellagitannins and ellagic acid glycosides, and it was detected in only 3 of the 11 samples. The content of free and total ellagic acid in nuts varied from 0.37 to 41 and from 149 (chestnuts) to 823 (walnuts) mg.100 g-1 (FW), respectively. Among nuts, samples with the highest contents of ellagic acid (walnuts and pecans) also presented the highest total phenol contents and DPPH radical scavenging capacities. Pinhao seeds and Brazil nuts did not present significant amounts of phenols nor antioxidant capacity.

Biosensor for determination of glucose in real samples of beverages

A biosensor was developed for spectrophotometric determination of glucose concentrations in real samples of orange juice energetic drinks, and sport drinks. The biosensor consisted of glucose oxidase (GOD) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized onto polyaniline activated with glutaraldehyde (PANIG). Immobilization parameters were optimized for GOD, and maximum immobilization yield was 16% when 5.0 mg of PANIG and 8.9 U prepared in 0.1 mol.L-1 sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) reacted for 60 minutes at 4 °C with gentle stirring. The linear operational range for glucose determination using optimized operational parameters was between 0.05 and 6.0 mg.mL-1 with a very good reproducibility of response. The results obtained in the biosensor were compared with those obtained using free enzymes (commercial kits) and then validated through statistical analysis using the Tukey test (95% confidence interval).

White tea (Camellia sinensis) extract reduces oxidative stress and triacylglycerols in obese mice

White tea is an unfermented tea made from young shoots of Camellia sinensis protected from sunlight to avoid polyphenol degradation. Although its levels of catechins are higher than those of green tea (derived from the same plant), there are no studies addressing the relationship between this tea and obesity associated with oxidative stress.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of white tea on obesity and its complications using a diet induced obesity model. Forty male C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce obesity (Obese group) or the same diet supplemented with 0.5% white tea extract (Obese + WTE) for 8 weeks. Adipose tissue, serum lipid profile, and oxidative stress were studied. White tea supplementation was not able to reduce food intake, body weight, or visceral adiposity. Similarly, there were no changes in cholesterol rich lipoprotein profile between the groups. A reduction in blood triacylglycerols associated with increased cecal lipids was observed in the group fed the diet supplemented with white tea. White tea supplementation also reduced oxidative stress in liver and adipose tissue. In conclusion, white tea extract supplementation (0.5%) does not influence body weight or adiposity in obese mice. Its benefits are restricted to the reduction in oxidative stress associated with obesity and improvement of hypertriacylglycerolemia.

Oxidative enzymes activity in sugarcane juice as a function of the planting system

In Brazil, the largest producer of sugarcane in the world, the industrial process transforms this crop into ethanol and/or granulated sugar. Some cultivars exhibit enzymatic browning in the extracted sugarcane juice at levels harmful to the manufacturing process of white granulated sugar. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of sugarcane straw used as soil coverage, the use of different planting systems, and treatments with hydrogel polymer on enzymatic activity. The cultivar RB 86 7515 was sampled for 8 months; the first sample was obtained by cutting the upper portion of the stalk at the internode, which was taken to the laboratory for determination of the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The soil coverage with different forms of straw as well as the planting systems did not change the enzymatic activity of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD). The polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity increased with the use of a polymer due to increased polyphenoloxidase (PPO) activity in the groove system. The enzymes studied showed changes in activity during the experimental period. The production of sugar at the end of the season (August to November) avoids the periods of highest enzymatic activity.

Thermal inactivation of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase in Jubileu clingstone peach and yeast isolated from its spoiled puree

The thermal inactivation of yeast isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree and that of polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD) in cv. Jubileu, which is widely cultivated in southern Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, were studied. PPO and POD were extracted using the protein powder method and submitted to partial purification by precipitation followed by dialysis. The enzymatic activity was determined measuring the increase in absorbance at 420 nm for PPO and 470 nm for POD. The yeast used in this investigation was isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree at 22 °Brix, with total initial microbial count of 22 × 10² UFCmL- 1. Stock cultures were maintained on potato dextrose agar (PDA) slants at 4 °C and pH 5 for later use for microbial growth. In all cases, kinetic analysis of the results suggests that the thermal inactivation was well described by a first-order kinetic model, and the temperature dependence was significantly represented by the Arrhenius law. Both enzymes were affected by heat denaturation, and PPO was more thermostable. PPO was also more thermosTable than the yeast isolated from peach puree. The D60-values were 1.53 and 1.87 min for PPO and yeast isolated from spoiled Jubileu peach puree, respectively.