Objective speckle method using stick-on foil and its applications

Objective speckle from a stick-on foil is a new approach to applying the objective white light speckle method to in-plane displacement measurements. By a relatively easy technique a thin aluminum foil is mounted onto the specimen surface and a random grating is scratched onto it, yielding high reflectance and fine optical details. After double exposure by a direct recording system without using a lens, the resulting holographic film possesses a broad spatial spectrum and displacement information. Full-field contour maps of equal displacement can be obtained that are of good contrast and high sensitivity and that have a large adjustable measurement range. The method can be applied to practical engineering problems for both plane and developable curved surfaces.

Enfoques de estudio y modelos de investigación sobre calidad y resultados: una revisión crítica

[ES] El presente estudio sintetiza las contribuciones realizadas en la investigación sobre la calidad y su relación con los resultados. La revisión se lleva a cabo considerando la variada casuística que se ha utilizado en el diseño de los trabajos analizados, desde distintas medidas para reflejar la gestión de la calidad o los resultados conseguidos por la empresa, hasta el diferente modelo de investigación propuesto. Centrando nuestra atención en los estudios sobre las relaciones entre TQM y resultado financiero, consideramos que el diseño de modelos de análisis que incorporen y combinen tanto medidas subjetivas como objetivas del rendimiento empresarial, ayudaría a entender la diversidad de resultados obtenidos en esta línea de investigación.

Rejeição de medidas provisórias : quando o Legislativo vence o Executivo

Objetiva compreender como se dá, com foco na separação e independência dos Poderes, a relação entre Executivo e Legislativo no Brasil após a promulgação da Constituição de 1988. Sob a perspectiva da Câmara dos Deputados, verificou-se, com base na observação dos dispositivos constitucionais e regimentais, que a organização interna do Congresso Nacional centraliza as decisões nos líderes dos partidos, e que para que as iniciativas presidenciais logrem êxito, o Presidente de República é obrigado a formar coalizões com os parlamentares, que são mantidas com base na negociação por cargos e com a liberação de emendas orçamentárias. Com base nas hipóteses levantadas a partir de teorias (em especial os da temática da política pública, da conexão eleitoral e dos ciclos eleitorais), constatou-se que em alguns casos os interesses dos parlamentares prevalecem, apesar da grande coalizão presidencial. A metodologia utilizada foi a análise das medidas provisórias rejeitadas no período compreendido entre 2001 a 2010. Ao final, concluiu-se que o poder decisório do Presidente da República não é inerente de suas prerrogativas legislativas, mas devido ao consentimento dos parlamentares, especialmente dos líderes partidários. É uma situação que, embora restrinja a atuação individual dos parlamentares, fortalece os partidos políticos e seus líderes.

Aplicación del análisis de componentes principales a la inmunización financiera: el caso del mercado español de deuda pública

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Measures of Plant Surface-areas for Eurasian Watermilfoil and Water Stargrass

Plant surface areas were measured from samples of two common submersed aquatics with widely diverging morphologies: Eurasian watermilfoil ( Myriophyllum spicatum L.) and water stargrass ( Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.). Measures for the highly dissected leaves of Eurasian watermilfoil involved development of a regression equation relating leaf length to direct measures of a subsample of leaf parts. Measures for the simple leaves of the stargrass were sums of measured triangles. Stem surfaces for both species were calculated as measured cylinders. Though the means of the stem length and leaf length were larger for stargrass samples, their mean surface area was 95 cm 2 which was less than the 108 cm 2 recorded for Eurasian watermilfoil samples. Relating surface area to dry weight for the stargrass was straightforward, with 1 mg of dry weight yielding an average 0.678 cm 2 of surface area. Biomass measures for the water milfoil were confounded by the additional weight of epiphytic algae persisting on cleaned samples. The results suggest that a lesstime consuming method for surface area measures of plants with highly dissected leaves and a caveat for using biomass measures to estimate surface area in such plants.

Stock assessment of protogynous fish: evaluating measures of spawning biomass used to estimate biological reference points

In stock assessments, recruitment is typically modeled as a function of females only. For protogynous stocks, however, disproportionate fishing on males increases the possibility of reduced fertilization rates. To incorporate the importance of males in protogynous stocks, assessment models have been used to predict recruitment not just from female spawning biomass (Sf), but also from that of males (Sm) or both sexes (Sb). We conducted a simulation study to evaluate the ability of these three measures to estimate biological reference points used in fishery management. Of the three, Sf provides best estimates if the potential for decreased fertilization is weak, whereas Sm is best only if the potential is very strong. In general, Sb estimates the true reference points most closely, which indicates that if the potential for decreased fertilization is moderate or unknown, Sb should be used in assessments of protogynous stocks. Moreover, for a broad range of scenarios, relative errors from Sf and Sb occur in opposite directions, indicating that estimates from these measures could be used to bound uncertainty.

Automated, objective texture segmentation of multibeam echosounder data - Seafloor survey and substrate maps from James Island to Ozette Lake, Washington Outer Coast

Without knowledge of basic seafloor characteristics, the ability to address any number of critical marine and/or coastal management issues is diminished. For example, management and conservation of essential fish habitat (EFH), a requirement mandated by federally guided fishery management plans (FMPs), requires among other things a description of habitats for federally managed species. Although the list of attributes important to habitat are numerous, the ability to efficiently and effectively describe many, and especially at the scales required, does not exist with the tools currently available. However, several characteristics of seafloor morphology are readily obtainable at multiple scales and can serve as useful descriptors of habitat. Recent advancements in acoustic technology, such as multibeam echosounding (MBES), can provide remote indication of surficial sediment properties such as texture, hardness, or roughness, and further permit highly detailed renderings of seafloor morphology. With acoustic-based surveys providing a relatively efficient method for data acquisition, there exists a need for efficient and reproducible automated segmentation routines to process the data. Using MBES data collected by the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary (OCNMS), and through a contracted seafloor survey, we expanded on the techniques of Cutter et al. (2003) to describe an objective repeatable process that uses parameterized local Fourier histogram (LFH) texture features to automate segmentation of surficial sediments from acoustic imagery using a maximum likelihood decision rule. Sonar signatures and classification performance were evaluated using video imagery obtained from a towed camera sled. Segmented raster images were converted to polygon features and attributed using a hierarchical deep-water marine benthic classification scheme (Greene et al. 1999) for use in a geographical information system (GIS). (PDF contains 41 pages.)