Geochemistry of reduction haloes in ODP Holes 135-834A and 135-837A

The sediment column overlying basement in the Lau Basin consists of a sequence of volcaniclastic turbidites interbedded with hemipelagic clayey nannofossil mixed sediments, overlain in turn by a sequence of hemipelagic clayey nannofossil oozes containing sporadic calcareous turbidites. The clayey nannofossil oozes and mixed sediments are pervasively stained by hydrothermally derived iron and manganese oxyhydroxides. Sharply defined, lighter colored bands occur in the hemipelagic sediments, immediately beneath some (but by no means all) volcaniclastic and calcareous turbidites. These are identified as reduction haloes, of a type previously identified in quite different turbidite/pelagic sequences. The haloes are attributed to the burial of labile surficial Corg by turbidites, followed by the remineralization of this Corg with Mn and Fe oxyhydroxides as electron acceptors. The resultant characteristic Mn and Fe concentration/depth profiles are described, and a model is proposed for their development. The color alteration of the halo is ascribed to the removal of Mn oxyhydroxides, because, although the Fe content fluctuates through the haloes, this does not appear to affect their color. Other elements (Co, Cu, and Ni) are also at low concentration levels in the haloes like Mn, consistent with remobilization and migration out of the halo section, although the profile shapes are not identical with those of Mn. The behavior of V is distinctive in that it appears to have migrated into the haloes to be enriched there. Haloes are unlikely to form if turbidite emplacement is erosive and removes the near-surface layer, which generally is the most fluid part of the sediment and contains the highest levels of reactive Corg to drive the reduction process. Conversely, the presence of a halo implies that emplacement of the overlying turbidite did not significantly erode the pre-existing sediment/water interface.

Thermal diagenesis of clay minerals within volcanogenic material from ODP Site 135-841

Clay minerals are examined in detail in the sediment from the Tonga Trench margin at Site 841 (Leg 135 ODP). The changes in amount and nature of secondary clays with depth provide an alternative explanation for the intensive alteration of volcanogenic material at convergent margins. A characteristic distribution of clay minerals with depth shows four distinct zones unexplainable by simple burial diagenesis processes. These are named the upper, reactive, lower and rhyolitic zones. The reactive zone is intercalated with numerous sills and is characterized by the dominant iron-rich clays such as saponite, corrensite and chlorite associated with analcime. The occurrence of such iron-rich clays, mostly associated with a large amount of analcime, yields chemical and mineralogical evidence for thermal diagenesis. The required heat for the diagenetic process was transferred from recently intruded basaltic andesite sills. In the vicinity of these intrusions, the iron-rich clay minerals may have formed at temperatures up to 200°C. A zoning with respect to clay and zeolite minerals indicates that the influence of the palaeoheat flow decreased with the distance from the intrusion. The formation of interlayered I/S, illite, kaolinite and aluminous chlorite, which are recognized as major secondary minerals within the rhyolitic complex, was mainly controlled by both early diagenesis at moderately elevated temperatures, and since the Eocene by burial diagenesis at low temperatures. The occurrence of a steam zone in an early stage of the intrusion is restricted to Miocene tuffs and has overprinted the early alteration of the volcanogenic material within the tuffs and has changed the originally pristine composition of the pore fluids.

Thermal hysteresis of two antifreeze proteins from Fragilariopsis cylindrus (Bacillariophyceae)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) provide protection for organisms subjected to the presence of ice crystals. The psychrophilic diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus which is frequently found in polar sea ice carries a multitude of AFP isoforms. In this study we report the heterologous expression of two antifreeze protein isoforms from F. cylindrus in Escherichia coli. Refolding from inclusion bodies produced proteins functionally active with respect to crystal deformation, recrystallization inhibition and thermal hysteresis. We observed a reduction of activity in the presence of the pelB leader peptide in comparison with the GS-linked SUMO-tag. Activity was positively correlated to protein concentration and buffer salinity. Thermal hysteresis and crystal deformation habit suggest the affiliation of the proteins to the hyperactive group of AFPs. One isoform, carrying a signal peptide for secretion, produced a thermal hysteresis up to 1.53 °C ± 0.53 °C and ice crystals of hexagonal bipyramidal shape. The second isoform, which has a long preceding N-terminal sequence of unknown function, produced thermal hysteresis of up to 2.34 °C ± 0.25 °C. Ice crystals grew in form of a hexagonal column in presence of this protein. The different sequences preceding the ice binding domain point to distinct localizations of the proteins inside or outside the cell. We thus propose that AFPs have different functions in vivo, also reflected in their specific TH capability.

Ocean acidification has no effect on thermal bleaching in the coral Seriatopora caliendrum

The objective of this study was to test whether elevated pCO2 predicted for the year 2100 (85.1 Pa) affects bleaching in the coral Seriatopora caliendrum (Ehrenberg 1834) either independently or interactively with high temperature (30.5 °C). Response variables detected the sequence of events associated with the onset of bleaching: reduction in the photosynthetic performance of symbionts as measured by maximum photochemical efficiency (F v/F m) and effective photochemical efficiency (delta F/F m') of PSII, declines in net photosynthesis (P net) and photosynthetic efficiency (alpha), and finally, reduced chlorophyll a and symbiont concentrations. S. caliendrum was collected from Nanwan Bay, Taiwan, and subjected to combinations of temperature (27.7 vs. 30.5 °C) and pCO2 (45.1 vs. 85.1 Pa) for 14 days. High temperature reduced values of all dependent variables (i.e., bleaching occurred), but high pCO2 did not affect Symbiodinium photophysiology or productivity, and did not cause bleaching. These results suggest that short-term exposure to 81.5 Pa pCO2, alone and in combination with elevated temperature, does not cause or affect coral bleaching.

Political economy of low sulfurization and air pollution control policy in Japan : SOx emission reduction by fuel conversion

In the early stages of the development of Japan’s environmental policy, sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions, which seriously damage health, was the most important air pollution problem. In the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, the measures against SOx emissions progressed quickly, and these emissions were reduced drastically. The most important factor of the reduction was the conversion to a low-sulfur fuel for large-scale fuel users, such as the electric power industry. However, industries started conversion to low-sulfur fuel not due to environmental concerns, but simply to reduce costs. Furthermore, the interaction among the various interests of the electric power industry, oil refineries, the central government, local governments, and citizens over the energy and environmental policies led to the measures against SOx emissions by fuel conversion.

Mejora del comportamiento térmico de los morteros de cal aditivados y su empleo en la rehabilitación de inmuebles = Improvement of thermal behaviour of additived lime mortars and their use in rehabilitation of buildings

La envolvente de la edificación es la responsable de equilibrar el intercambio energético entre el interior y el exterior, por lo tanto cualquier actuación encaminada a la reducción del consumo energético ha de establecer, como uno de sus objetivos prioritarios, la mejora del comportamiento de la misma. Las edificaciones anteriores a 1940 constituyen la mayor parte de las existentes en áreas rurales y centros urbanos. En ellas, la repercusión de la fachada sobre las transmitancias globales pone de manifiesto la necesidad de intervención. Sin embargo, su elevada inercia térmica y los importantes saltos térmicos característicos de gran parte de España plantean la importancia de que aquélla se efectúe por el exterior. A tal respecto, la falta de disponibilidad de espesor suficiente para implantar sistemas tipo SATE deriva en que, frecuentemente, la única solución viable sea la de aislar por el interior perdiendo con ello la capacidad de acumulación térmica del muro y con el asociado riesgo de condensaciones. La amplia tradición en el empleo de revestimientos, especialmente en base de cal, permiten que éstos sean utilizados no sólo como elemento estético o de protección de la obra de fábrica antigua sino también para la mejora del comportamiento térmico del soporte, si se aprovecha el mecanismo de transmisión térmica por radiación. Éste es el objetivo de la presente Tesis Doctoral en la que se estudia la modificación de las propiedades radiantes de los morteros de revestimiento para la mejora de la eficiencia energética de las construcciones históricas, principalmente las constituidas por muros monolíticos, aunque podría ser de aplicación a otro tipo de construcciones compuestas por diversas capas. Como punto de partida, se estudió y revisó la documentación disponible sobre las investigaciones de las tres áreas científico-tecnológicas que convergen en la Tesis Doctoral: rehabilitación, material y comportamiento térmico, a partir de lo cual se comprobó la inexistencia de estudios similares al objeto de la presente Tesis Doctoral. Complementariamente, se analizaron los revestimientos en lo concerniente a los materiales que los constituyen, la composición de las mezclas y características de cada una de las capas así como al enfoque que, desde el punto de vista térmico, se estimaba más adecuado para la obtención de los objetivos propuestos. Basándonos en dichos análisis, se preseleccionaron ochenta materiales que fueron ensayados en términos de reflectancia y emisividad para elegir cuatro con los que se continuó la investigación. Éstos, junto con la cal elegida para la investigación y el árido marmóreo característico de la última capa de revestimiento, fueron caracterizados térmicamente, de forma pormenorizada, así como química y físicamente. Los fundamentos teóricos y los estudios preliminares desarrollados con distintos materiales, en estado fresco y endurecido, fueron empleados en la dosificación de componentes de las mezclas, en dos proporciones distintas, para el estudio del efecto del agregado. Éstas se ensayaron en estado fresco, para comprobar su adecuación de puesta en obra y prever su VI adherencia al soporte, así como en estado endurecido a 28 y 90 días de curado, para conocer las propiedades que permitieran prever su compatibilidad con aquél y estimar el alcance de la reducción de transferencias térmicas lograda. Además, se estudiaron las características generales de las mezclas que sirvieron para establecer correlaciones entre distintas propiedades y entender los resultados mecánicos, físicos (comportamiento frente al agua) y energéticos. Del estudio conjunto de las distintas propiedades analizadas se propusieron dos mezclas, una blanca y otra coloreada, cuyas características permiten garantizar la compatibilidad con la obra de fábrica antigua, desde el punto de vista físico y mecánico, y preservar la autenticidad de los revestimientos, en cuanto a la técnica de aplicación tradicional en sistemas multicapa. El comportamiento térmico de las mismas, sobre una obra de fábrica de 40 cm de espesor, se estimó, en estado estacionario y pseudo-transitorio, demostrándose reducciones del flujo térmico entre 16-48%, en condiciones de verano, y entre el 6-11%, en invierno, en función de la coloración y de la rugosidad de la superficie, en comparación con el empleo de la mezcla tradicional. Por lo que, se constata la viabilidad de los materiales compuestos propuestos y su adecuación al objetivo de la investigación. VII ABSTRACT The envelope is responsible for balancing the energy exchange between the inside and outside in buildings. For this reason, any action aimed at reducing energy consumption must establish, as one of its key priorities, its improvement. In rural areas and urban centers, most of the constructions were built before 1940. In them, the impact of the façade on the global transmittance highlights the need for intervention. However, its high thermal inertia and fluctuation of temperatures in the majority of Spain bring up that it should be placed outside the insulation. In this regard, the lack of availability of enough thickness to implement systems such as ETICS results in that often the only viable solution is to isolate the interior, losing thereby the wall’s heat storage capacity with the associated risk of condensation. The tradition in the use of renders, especially lime-based, allows us to use them not only as an aesthetic element or to protect the ancient masonry, but also for improved thermal performance of the support by taking advantage of the heat transfer mechanism by radiation. This is the aim of this Doctoral Thesis in which the modification of the radiative properties of lime mortars for renders to improve the energy efficiency of historic buildings, mainly composed of monolithic walls, is studied, although it could be applied to other structures composed of several layers. As a starting point, the available literature in the three scientific-technological areas that converge at the Doctoral Thesis: rehabilitation, material and thermal behaviour, was reviewed, and confirmed the absence of researches similar to this Doctoral Thesis. Additionally, the renders were studied with regard to the materials that constitute them, the composition of the mixtures and the characteristics of each layer, as well as to the approach which, from a thermal point of view, was deemed the most suitable for achieving the objectives sets. Based on thre aforementioned analysis, eighty materials tested in terms of reflectance and emissivity were pre-selected, to choose four with which the research was continued. Common marble sand, used in the last layer of the renders, together with the appointed materials and hydrated lime were characterized thermally, in detail, as well as chemically and physically. The theoretical bases and preliminary studies with different materials, in fresh and hardened state, were used in the dosage of the composition of the mixtures. In order to study their effect they were used in two different proportions, that is, ten mixtures in total. These were tested in their fresh state to evaluate their setting-up suitability and foresee their adhesion to the support, as well as in their hardened state, at 28 and 90 days of curing, to establish the properties which enabled us to anticipate their compatibility with the old masonry walls and estimate the scope of the reduction of heat transfers achieved. In addition, the general characteristics of the mixtures used to establish correlations and to understand the mechanical, physical and energy results were studied. Two mixtures, one white and one colored, were proposed as the result of the different properties analysed, whose characteristics allow the guarantee of mechanical and physical compatibility VIII with the old masonry and preserve the authenticity of the renders. The thermal behavior of both, applied on a masonry wall 40 cm thick, was estimated at a steady and pseudo-transient state, with heat flow reductions between 16-48% during summertime and 6-11% during wintertime, depending on the color and surface roughness, compared to the use of the traditional mixture. So, the viability of the proposed composite materials and their fitness to the aim of the research are established.

Thermal behaviour of Sunrise, a balloon-borne solar Telescope

Sunrise is a solar telescope, successfully flown in June 2009 with a long duration balloon from the Swedish Space Corporation Esrange launch site. The design of the thermal control of SUNRISE was quite critical because of the sensitivity to temperature of the optomechanical devices and the electronics. These problems got more complicated due the size and high power dissipation of the system. A detailed thermal mathematical model of SUNRISE was set up to predict temperatures. In this communication the thermal behaviour of SUNRISE during flight is presented. Flight temperatures of some devices are presented and analysed. The measured data have been compared with the predictions given by the thermal mathematical models. The main discrepancies between flight data and the temperatures predicted by the models have been identified. This allows thermal engineers to improve the knowledge of the thermal behaviour of the system for future missions.

Thermal effects in Ni/Au and Mo/Au gate metallization AlGaN/GaN HEMT's reliability

AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMT) are key devices for the next generation of high-power, high-frequency and high-temperature electronics applications. Although significant progress has been recently achieved [1], stability and reliability are still some of the main issues under investigation, particularly at high temperatures [2-3]. Taking into account that the gate contact metallization is one of the weakest points in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, the reliability of Ni, Mo, Pt and refractory metal gates is crucial [4-6]. This work has been focused on the thermal stress and reliability assessment of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. After an unbiased storage at 350 o C for 2000 hours, devices with Ni/Au gates exhibited detrimental IDS-VDS degradation in pulsed mode. In contrast, devices with Mo/Au gates showed no degradation after similar storage conditions. Further capacitance-voltage characterization as a function of temperature and frequency revealed two distinct trap-related effects in both kinds of devices. At low frequency (< 1MHz), increased capacitance near the threshold voltage was present at high temperatures and more pronounced for the Ni/Au gate HEMT and as the frequency is lower. Such an anomalous “bump” has been previously related to H-related surface polar charges [7]. This anomalous behavior in the C-V characteristics was also observed in Mo/Au gate HEMTs after 1000 h at a calculated channel temperatures of around from 250 o C (T2) up to 320 ºC (T4), under a DC bias (VDS= 25 V, IDS= 420 mA/mm) (DC-life test). The devices showed a higher “bump” as the channel temperature is higher (Fig. 1). At 1 MHz, the higher C-V curve slope of the Ni/Au gated HEMTs indicated higher trap density than Mo/Au metallization (Fig. 2). These results highlight that temperature is an acceleration factor in the device degradation, in good agreement with [3]. Interface state density analysis is being performed in order to estimate the trap density and activation energy.

Analysis of a thermal system through remote laboratories

This paper describes the experiences using remote laboratories for thorough analysis of a thermal system, including disturbances. Remote laboratories for education in subjects of control, is a common resorted method, used by universities. This method is applied to offer a flexible service in schedules so as to obtain greater and better results of available resources. Remote laboratories have been used for controlling physical devices remotely. Furthermore, remote labs have been used for transfer function identification of real equipment. Nevertheless, remote analyses of disturbances have not been done. The aim of this contribution is thereby to apply the experience of remote laboratories in the study of disturbances. Some experiments are carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness in using remote laboratories for complete analysis of a thermal system. Considering the remote access to thermal system, “Sistema de Laboratorios a Distancia” (SLD) was used.

Interconexión monolítica de dispositivos fotovoltaicos basados en a-Si mediante ablación directa con fuentes láser ultravioleta

Resumen En la última década la tecnología láser se ha convertido en una herramienta imprescindible en la fabricación de dispositivos fotovoltaicos, muy especial¬mente en aquellos basados en tecnología de lámina delgada. Independiente¬mente de crisis coyunturales en el sector, la evolución en los próximos años de estas tecnologías seguirá aprovechándose de la flexibilidad y calidad de proceso de la herramienta láser para la consecución de los dos objetivos básicos que harán de la fotovoltaica una opción energética económicamente viable: la reducción de costes de fabricación y el aumento de eficiencia de los dispositivos. Dentro de las tecnologías fotovoltaicas de lámina delgada, la tecnología de dispositivos basados en silicio amorfo ha tenido un gran desarrollo en sistemas estándar en configuración de superestrato, pero su limitada efi¬ciencia hace que su supervivencia futura pase por el desarrollo de formatos en configuración de substrato sobre materiales flexibles de bajo coste. En esta aproximación, las soluciones industriales basadas en láser actualmente disponibles para la interconexión monolítica de dispositivos no son aplica¬bles, y desde hace años se viene investigando en la búsqueda de soluciones apropiadas para el desarrollo de dichos procesos de interconexión de forma que sean transferibles a la industria. En este contexto, esta Tesis propone una aproximación completamente orig¬inal, demostrando la posibilidad de ejecutar una interconexión completa de estos dispositivos irradiando por el lado de la lámina (es decir de forma com¬patible con la opción de configuración de substrato y, valga la redundancia, con el substrato del dispositivo opaco), y con fuentes láser emitiendo en UV. Este resultado, obtenido por primera vez a nivel internacional con este trabajo, aporta un conocimiento revelador del verdadero potencial de estas fuentes en el desarrollo industrial futuro de estas tecnologías. Si bien muy posiblemente la solución industrial final requiera de una solución mixta con el empleo de fuentes en UV y, posiblemente, en otras longitudes de onda, esta Tesis y su planteamiento novedoso aportan un conocimiento de gran valor a la comunidad internacional por la originalidad del planteamiento seguido, los resultados parciales encontrados en su desarrollo (un número importante de los cuales han aparecido en revistas del JCR que recogen en la actualidad un número muy significativo de citas) y porque saca además a la luz, con las consideraciones físicas pertinentes, las limitaciones intrínsecas que el desarrollo de procesos de ablación directa selectiva con láseres UV en parte de los materiales utilizados presenta en el rango temporal de in¬teracción de ns y ps. En este trabajo se han desarrollado y optimizado los tres pasos estándar de interconexión (los habitualmente denominados Pl, P2 y P3 en la industria fotovoltaica) demostrando las ventajas y limitaciones del uso de fuentes en UV tanto con ancho temporal de ns como de ps. En particular destaca, por el éxito en los resultados obtenidos, el estudio de procesos de ablación selectiva de óxidos conductores transparentes (en este trabajo utilizados tanto como contacto frontal así como posterior en los módulos) que ha generado resultados, de excelente acogida científica a nivel internacional, cuya aplicación trasciende el ámbito de las tecnologías de silicio amorfo en lámina delgada. Además en este trabajo de Tesis, en el desarrollo del objetivo citado, se han puesto a punto técnicas de análisis de los procesos láser, basadas en métodos avanzados de caracterización de materiales (como el uso combi¬nado de la espectroscopia dispersiva de rayos X y la microscopía confocal de barrido) que se presentan como auténticos avances en el desarrollo de técnicas específicas de caracterización para el estudio de los procesos con láser de ablación selectiva de materiales en lámina delgada, procesos que no solo tienen impacto en el ámbito de la fotovoltaica, sino también en la microelectrónica, la biotecnología, la microfabricación, etc. Como resultado adicional, parte de los resultados de este trabajo, han sido aplicados exi¬tosamente por el grupo de investigaci´on en la que la autora desarrolla su labor para conseguir desarrollar procesos de enorme inter´es en otras tec-nolog´ıas fotovoltaicas, como las tecnolog´ıas est´andar de silicio amorfo sobre vidrio en configuraci´on de superestrato o el procesado de capas delgadas en tecnolog´ıas convencionales de silicio cristalino. Por u´ltimo decir que este trabajo ha sido posible por una colaboraci´on muy estrecha entre el Centro L´aser de la UPM, en el que la autora de¬sarrolla su labor, y el Grupo de Silicio Depositado del Centro de Inves¬tigaciones Energ´eticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol´ogicas, CIEMAT, que, junto al Grupo de Energ´ıa Fotovoltaica de la Universidad de Barcelona, han preparado la mayor parte de las muestras utilizadas en este estudio. Dichas colaboraciones se han desarrollado en el marco de varios proyectos de investigaci´on aplicada con subvenci´on pu´blica, tales como el proyecto singular estrat´egico PSE-MICROSIL08 (PSE-120000-2006-6), el proyecto INNDISOL (IPT-420000-2010-6), ambos financiados porel Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional FEDER (UE) ”Una manera de hacer Europa y el MICINN, y los proyectos de Plan Nacional AMIC (ENE2010-21384-C04-´ 02) y CLASICO (ENE2007-6772-C04-04), cuya financiaci´on ha permitido en gran parte llevar a t´ermino este trabajo Abstract In the last decade, the laser technology has turned into an indispensable tool in the production of photovoltaic devices, especially of those based on thin film technology. Regardless the current crisis in the sector, the evolution of these technologies in the upcoming years will keep taking advantage of the flexibility and process quality of the laser tool for the accomplishment of the two basic goals that will convert the photovoltaic energy into economically viable: the manufacture cost reduction and the increase in the efficiency of the devices. Amongst the thin film laser technologies, the technology of devices based on amorphous silicon has had a great development in standard systems of superstrate configuration, but its limited efficiency makes its survival de¬pendant on the development of formats in substrate configuration with low cost flexible materials. In this approach, the laser industrial solutions cur¬rently available for the monolithic interconnection are not applicable, and in the last few years the investigations have been focused on the search of appropriate solutions for the development of such interconnection processes in a way that the same are transferable to the industry. In this context, this Thesis proposes a totally original approach, proving the possibility of executing a full interconnection of these devices by means of irradiation from the film side, i.e., compatible with the substrate con¬figuration, and with UV laser sources. This result, obtained for the first time at international level in this work, provides a revealing knowledge of the true potential of these sources in the future industrial development of these technologies. Even though very probably the final industrial solution will require a combination of the use of UV sources along with other wave¬lengths, this Thesis and its novel approach contribute with a high value to the international community because of the originality of the approach, the partial results found throughout its development (out of which, a large number has appeared in JCR journals that currently accumulate a signifi¬cant number of citations) and brings to light, with the pertinent scientific considerations, the intrinsic limitations that the selective direct ablation processes with UV laser present in the temporal range of interaction of ns and ps for part of the materials used in this study. More particularly, the three standard steps of interconnection (usually de¬nominated P1, P2 and P3 in the photovoltaic industry) have been developed and optimized, showing the advantages as well as the limitations of the use of UV sources in both the ns and ps pulse-width ranges. It is highly remark¬able, because of the success in the obtained results, the study of selective ablation processes in transparent conductive oxide (in this work used as a front and back contact), that has generated results, of excellent interna¬tional scientific reception, whose applications go beyond the scope of thin film photovoltaic technologies based on amorphous silicon. Moreover, in this Thesis, with the development of the mentioned goal, differ¬ent techniques of analysis of laser processes have been fine-tuned, basing the same in advanced methods for material characterization (like the combined use of EDX Analysis and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy) that can be presented as true breakthroughs in the development of specific techniques for characterization in the study of laser processes of selective ablation of materials in thin film technologies, processes that not only have impact in the photovoltaic field, but also in those of microelectronics, biotechnology, micro-fabrication, etc. As an additional outcome, part of the results of this work has been suc¬cessfully applied, by the investigation group to which the author belongs, to the development of processes of enormous interest within other photo¬voltaic technologies, such as the standard technologies on amorphous silicon over glass in superstrate configuration or the processing of thin layers in conventional technologies using crystalline silicon. Lastly, it is important to mention that this work has been possible thanks to the close cooperation between the Centro L´aser of the UPM, in which the author develops her work, and the Grupo de Silicio Depositado of Centro de Investigaciones Energ´eticas, Medioambientales y Tecnol´ogicas, CIEMAT, which, along with the Grupo de Energ´ıa Fotovoltaica of Univer¬sidad de Barcelona, has prepared the largest part of the samples utilized in this study. Such collaborations have been carried out in the context of several projects of applied investigation with public funding, like Proyecto Singular Estrat´egico PSE-MICROSIL08 (PSE-120000-2006-6), Proyecto IN-NDISOL (IPT-420000-2010-6), both funded by the European Regional De¬velopment Fund (ERDF), ”Una manera de hacer Europa” and MICINN, and the projects of Plan Nacional AMIC (ENE2010-21384-C04-02) and ´ CLASICO (ENE2007-6772-C04-04), whose funds have enabled the devel-opment of large part of this work.

Steady-state thermal analysis of an innovative receiver for linear Fresnel reflectors

The study of the performance of an innovative receiver for linear Fresnel reflectors is carried out in this paper, and the results are analyzed with a physics perspective of the process. The receiver consists of a bundle of tubes parallel to the mirror arrays, resulting on a smaller cross section for the same receiver width as the number of tubes increases, due to the diminution of their diameter. This implies higher heat carrier fluid speeds, and thus, a more effective heat transfer process, although it conveys higher pumping power as well. Mass flow is optimized for different tubes diameters, different impinging radiation intensities and different fluid inlet temperatures. It is found that the best receiver design, namely the tubes diameter that maximizes the exergetic efficiency for given working conditions, is similar for the cases studied. There is a range of tubes diameters that imply similar efficiencies, which can drive to capital cost reduction thanks to the flexibility of design. In addition, the length of the receiver is also optimized, and it is observed that the optimal length is similar for the working conditions considered. As a result of this study, it is found that this innovative receiver provides an optimum design for the whole day, even though impinging radiation intensity varies notably. Thermal features of this type of receiver could be the base of a new generation of concentrated solar power plants with a great potential for cost reduction, because of the simplicity of the system and the lower weigh of the components, plus the flexibility of using the receiver tubes for different streams of the heat carrier fluid.

Mechanical and thermal behaviour of isotactic polypropylene reinforced with inorganic fullerene-like WS2 nanoparticles: Effect of filler loading and temperature

The thermal and mechanical behaviour of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) nanocomposites reinforced with different loadings of inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulfide (IF-WS2) nanoparticles was investigated. The IF-WS2 noticeably enhanced the polymer stiffness and strength, ascribed to their uniform dispersion, the formation of a large nanoparticle?matrix interface combined with a nucleating effect on iPP crystallization. Their reinforcement effect was more pronounced at high temperatures. However, a drop in ductility and toughness was found at higher IF-WS2 concentrations. The tensile behaviour of the nanocomposites was extremely sensitive to the strain rate and temperature, and their yield strength was properly described by the Eyring s equation. The activation energy increased while the activation volume decreased with increasing nanoparticle loading, indicating a reduction in polymer chain motion. The nanoparticles improved the thermomechanical properties of iPP: raised the glass transition and heat deflection temperatures while decreased the coefficient of thermal expansion. The nanocomposites also displayed superior flame retardancy with longer ignition time and reduced peak heat release rate. Further, a gradual rise in thermal conductivity was found with increasing IF-WS2 loading both in the glassy and rubbery states. The results presented herein highlight the benefits and high potential of using IF-nanoparticles for enhancing the thermomechanical properties of thermoplastic polymers compared to other nanoscale fillers.

Force sensor of a climbing robot derived from its own flexible structure

One of the most important design constraints of a climbing robot is its own weight. When links or legs are used as a locomotion system they tend to be composed of special lightweight materials, or four-bars-linkage mechanisms are designed to reduce the weight with small rigidity looses. In these cases, flexibility appears and undesirable effects, such as dynamics vibrations, must be avoided at least when the robot moves at low speeds. The knowledge of the real tip position requires the computation of its compliance or stiffness matrix and the external forces applied to the structure. Gravitational forces can be estimated, but external tip forces need to be measured. This paper proposes a strain gauge system which achieves the following tasks: (i) measurement of the external tip forces, and (ii) estimation of the real tip position (including flexibility effects). The main advantages of the proposed system are: (a) the use of external force sensors is avoided, and (b) a substantial reduction of the robot weight is achieved in comparison with other external force measurement systems. The proposed method is applied to a real symmetric climbing robot and experimental results are presented.