Experimental analysis of the breakage of a liquid bridge under microgravity conditions

The experimental results obtained in experiment “STACO” made on board the Spacelab D-2 are re-visited, with image-analysis tools not then available. The configuration consisted of a liquid bridge between two solid supporting discs. An expected breakage occurred during the experiment. The recorded images are analysed and the measured behaviour compared with the results of a three dimensional model of the liquid dynamics, obtaining a much better fit than with linear models

Frequency and Intensity of drought events over Ebro River basin.

Lately, several researchers have pointed out that climate change is expected to increase temperatures and lower rainfall in Mediterranean regions, simultaneously increasing the intensity of extreme rainfall events. These changes could have consequences regarding rainfall regime, erosion, sediment transport and water quality, soil management, and new designs in diversion ditches. Climate change is expected to result in increasingly unpredictable and variable rainfall, in amount and timing, changing seasonal patterns and increasing the frequency of extreme weather events. Consequently, the evolution of frequency and intensity of drought periods is of most important as in agro-ecosystems many processes will be affected by them. Realising the complex and important consequences of an increasing frequency of extreme droughts at the Ebro River basin, our aim is to study the evolution of drought events at this site statistically, with emphasis on the occurrence and intensity of them. For this purpose, fourteen meteorological stations were selected based on the length of the rainfall series and the climatic classification to obtain a representative untreated dataset from the river basin. Daily rainfall series from 1957 to 2002 were obtained from each meteorological station and no-rain period frequency as the consecutive numbers of days were extracted. Based on this data, we study changes in the probability distribution in several sub-periods. Moreover we used the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for identification of drought events in a year scale and then we use this index to fit log-linear models to the contingency tables between the SPI index and the sub-periods, this adjusted is carried out with the help of ANOVA inference.

Optimal polygonal L1 linearization and fast interpolation of nonlinear systems

The analysis of complex nonlinear systems is often carried out using simpler piecewise linear representations of them. A principled and practical technique is proposed to linearize and evaluate arbitrary continuous nonlinear functions using polygonal (continuous piecewise linear) models under the L1 norm. A thorough error analysis is developed to guide an optimal design of two kinds of polygonal approximations in the asymptotic case of a large budget of evaluation subintervals N. The method allows the user to obtain the level of linearization (N) for a target approximation error and vice versa. It is suitable for, but not limited to, an efficient implementation in modern Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), allowing real-time performance of computationally demanding applications. The quality and efficiency of the technique has been measured in detail on two nonlinear functions that are widely used in many areas of scientific computing and are expensive to evaluate.

Crecimiento forestal en el bosque tropical de montaña: efectos de la diversidad florística y de la manipulación de nutrientes

El bosque tropical de montaña, es considerado zona de mega diversidad y de alto grado de endemismo, por las diferentes zonas ecológicas que presenta. Durante las últimas décadas estos bosques han recibido mayor atención por parte de investigadores, sin embargo, aún existe poca investigación en determinar cuáles son las respuestas de los bosques a los cambios ambientales a los que son sometidos. Estos bosques están sufriendo serias amenazas como pérdida de cobertura vegetal y cambios en los ciclos de nutrientes. El trabajo se dividió en cuatro objetivos específicos. i) Caracterización y análisis de patrones altitudinales de la riqueza de especies en el bosque tropical de montaña en el sur del Ecuador; con el fin de conocer cómo varía la diversidad de especies riqueza lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal. ii) Conocer los patrones espaciales del crecimiento en tres remanentes boscosos de un bosque tropical de montaña para determinar cómo la vecindad y la semejanza funcional de ésta influyen en el crecimiento forestal. iii) Conocer los efectos de la fertilización en el crecimiento diamétrico de especies arbóreas, en el bosque tropical de montaña; se analizó cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes N y P en tres tipos de bosque. iv) Saber la respuesta de la comunidad de árboles a la adición de nutrientes en el bosque montano andino; este objetivo se basó con el supuesto de la deficiencia de tres tipos de nutrientes N, P y Ca, en esta formación boscosa y cómo reaccionan los árboles a la adición de nutrientes. El presente trabajo se llevó a cabo, en el bosque tropical de montaña que se encuentra localizada en la parte adyacente del Parque Nacional Podocarpus (PNP) en la cordillera del Consuelo, forma parte de la cadena oriental de los Andes del sur del Ecuador El trabajo de desarrollo entre los años 2008 y 2014. Para abordar el primer objetivo se establecieron 54 parcelas ubicadas aleatoriamente a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal (3 niveles de altitud) y se e midieron e identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 5cm de DAP. Se construyó una filogenia con Phylocom y se calcularon diferentes componentes de diversidad para cada parcela ( riqueza taxonómica, diversidad filogenética y edad media de las especies). Ajustando modelos lineares se contrastó el efecto de la altitud sobre dichos componentes y se vio que la riqueza taxonómica y la edad media de las especies aumentaron con la altitud, en sentido contrario a las predicciones de la "hipótesis del conservadurismo tropical" (Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis). Para abordar el segundo objetivo se realizó una remedición de todos los árboles cartografiados en tres parcelas permanentes de alrededor de 5000 m2 cada una, representativas de tres estados diferentes de la sucesión del bosque montano. A partir de las coordenadas y de los datos de registrados, y empleando diferentes funciones de correlación de marca se analizó la distribución espacial del tamaño y del crecimiento relativo y del tamaño. Se constató que mientras que el tamaño de los árboles presentó una correlación espacial negativa, el crecimiento presentó correlación espacial positiva, en ambos casos a distancias cortas. El rango y la magnitud de ambas correlaciones aumentaron al avanzar la sucesión. La distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa con la distribución espacial de tamaños. Por otro lado, la distribución espacial del crecimiento mostró una correlación negativa para árboles semejantes funcionalmente y positiva cuando se calculó entre árboles con diferente estrategia funcional. En conjunto, los resultados obtenidos señalan un aumento de la importancia de procesos competitivos y una mayor estructuración espacial del crecimiento y de la distribución de tamaños al avanzar la sucesión. Para el tercer y cuarto objetivo se instalaron 52 parcelas distribuidas en bloques donde se fertilizaron dos veces al año durante 6,4 años, se identificaron todos los individuos mayores a 10 cm de DAP, y se midió el crecimiento diamétrico durante estos años Con la adición de nutrientes realizada a los diferentes tipos de bosque en la gradiente altitudinal, encontramos que el efecto sobre el crecimiento diamétrico en la comunidad varia con el rango altitudinal, y el tipo de nutriente, analizando a nivel de las especies, en la mayoría de los casos las especies comunes no tuvieron cambios significativos a la adición de nutrientes. Los resultados de este estudio aportan nuevas evidencias para el entendimiento de la diversidad, estructura y dinámica de los bosques tropicales de montaña. ABSTRACT The montane tropical forest is considered a megadiverse habitat that harbor an enormous degree of endemism. This is mainly due to the high degree of environmental heterogeneity found and the presence of different well defined ecological areas. These forests have received more attention during the last decades, however, the information regarding the responses of these forests to environmental change, is still scarce. These forests are seriously endangered and are suffering serious threats, such as loss of vegetative cover, changes in the nutrient cycles. The work was divided in four specific objectives: i) Characterization and analysis of the species richness altitudinal patterns in the montane tropical forest of south Ecuador. Specifically, how species diversity changes along altitudinal gradients. ii) Exploring the spatial patterns of tree growth in three remnants of a montane tropical forest, and analyze how tree neighborhood and functional similarity among trees influence tree growth. Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis iii) Understanding the effects of fertilization in arboreal species growth (increase in diameter) of the montane tropical forest. Specifically we studied the effects of P and N addition on three different forests across an altitudinal gradient. iv) Know the response of the community of trees to the addition of nutrients in the Andean montane forest; this objective was based on the supposition of deficiency of three types of nutrients: P, N and Ca in this forest all formation and how the trees react to the addition of these nutrients. The present work was carried out in the montane tropical forest located in Bombuscaro, San Francisco and Cajanuma close to Podocarpus National Park (PNP) on Consuelo mountain range (Andean oriental range) at South of Ecuador. Field work was carried out during 2008 and 2014. To address the first objective, we randomly placed 54 plots along an altitudinal gradient. In these plots, every individual larger than 5 cm of DBH was measured and identified. A phylogeny was build with Phylocom and different diversity components (taxonomic richness, phylogenetic diversity and average species age) were computed for each plot. Linear models were used to test the effects of altitude on the diversity components. Our results showed that, contrary to the Tropical Conservatism Hypothesis, both taxonomic richness and average species age increased with altitude. To address our second objective, all mapped trees in three successional permanent plots (around ~5000 m2 each) were re-measured. Using different mark correlation functions, we analyzed the spatial distribution of tree-size and tree relative growth rate. Whereas tree size showed negative spatial correlation at fine spatial scales, relative growth rate showed positive correlation at the same scales. The range and magnitude of those correlations increased along successional stage. The spatial distribution of the relative growth rate was negatively correlated with the spatial distribution of tree sizes. Additionally, we found that the spatial correlation of the relative growth rate was negative for functionally similar trees and positive when computed for functionally different trees. In synthesis, our results point to an increase of competitive processes and strong spatial structure of relative growth rate and tree size along succession. For the third and fourth objectives, 52 plots were placed in a block design and were fertilized twice a year for 6,4 years. In these plots all the individuals with DBH > 10 cm were identified, and the diametrical growth was measured during these years. The nutrient addition at the three different altitude forests, revealed that the effect on the diametrical growth in the community varied with the altitudinal range. When analyzed at species level, the addition of nutrients was no significant in most cases. These results represent new evidences that will improved our understanding of diversity patterns and structure, and the dynamics of tropical montane forests.

Planejamento de sistemas de distribuição de energia elétrica considerando questões de confiabilidade e risco

O problema de Planejamento da Expansão de Sistemas de Distribuição (PESD) visa determinar diretrizes para a expansão da rede considerando a crescente demanda dos consumidores. Nesse contexto, as empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica têm o papel de propor ações no sistema de distribuição com o intuito de adequar o fornecimento da energia aos padrões exigidos pelos órgãos reguladores. Tradicionalmente considera-se apenas a minimização do custo global de investimento de planos de expansão, negligenciando-se questões de confiabilidade e robustez do sistema. Como consequência, os planos de expansão obtidos levam o sistema de distribuição a configurações que são vulneráveis a elevados cortes de carga na ocorrência de contingências na rede. Este trabalho busca a elaboração de uma metodologia para inserir questões de confiabilidade e risco ao problema PESD tradicional, com o intuito de escolher planos de expansão que maximizem a robustez da rede e, consequentemente, atenuar os danos causados pelas contingências no sistema. Formulou-se um modelo multiobjetivo do problema PESD em que se minimizam dois objetivos: o custo global (que incorpora custo de investimento, custo de manutenção, custo de operação e custo de produção de energia) e o risco de implantação de planos de expansão. Para ambos os objetivos, são formulados modelos lineares inteiros mistos que são resolvidos utilizando o solver CPLEX através do software GAMS. Para administrar a busca por soluções ótimas, optou-se por programar em linguagem C++ dois Algoritmos Evolutivos: Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-2 (NSGA2) e Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm-2 (SPEA2). Esses algoritmos mostraram-se eficazes nessa busca, o que foi constatado através de simulações do planejamento da expansão de dois sistemas testes adaptados da literatura. O conjunto de soluções encontradas nas simulações contém planos de expansão com diferentes níveis de custo global e de risco de implantação, destacando a diversidade das soluções propostas. Algumas dessas topologias são ilustradas para se evidenciar suas diferenças.

Огляд наукових досліджень в галузі вивчення напружено-деформованого стану трубобетонних конструкцій

The paper presents an analytical review of the literature, which reflects the results of national and foreign scientific researches aimed to studying the features of the composition and dosage of components of self compacting concrete as one of the most promising aggregate for modern composite structures. In addition, the results of numerical and experimental researches of stress-strain state of composite structures (concrete-filled tubes) under the influence of various power factors, have been considered. The description and features of existing analytical methods for the determination of the bearing capacity of the considered structures under compression and bendings, have been given. The analysis of deformation model of confined concrete in a composition of the composite structure, as well as non-linear models of steel works with their distinctive features, has been carried out. The main approaches to the finite element modeling of composite structures have been determined.

The effect of extreme cold temperatures on the risk of death in the two major Portuguese cities

It is well known that meteorological conditions influence the comfort and human health. Southern European countries, including Portugal, show the highest mortality rates during winter, but the effects of extreme cold temperatures in Portugal have never been estimated. The objective of this study was the estimation of the effect of extreme cold temperatures on the risk of death in Lisbon and Oporto, aiming the production of scientific evidence for the development of a real-time health warning system. Poisson regression models combined with distributed lag non-linear models were applied to assess the exposure-response relation and lag patterns of the association between minimum temperature and all-causes mortality and between minimum temperature and circulatory and respiratory system diseases mortality from 1992 to 2012, stratified by age, for the period from November to March. The analysis was adjusted for over dispersion and population size, for the confounding effect of influenza epidemics and controlled for long-term trend, seasonality and day of the week. Results showed that the effect of cold temperatures in mortality was not immediate, presenting a 1–2-day delay, reaching maximumincreased risk of death after 6–7 days and lasting up to 20–28 days. The overall effect was generally higher and more persistent in Lisbon than in Oporto, particularly for circulatory and respiratory mortality and for the elderly. Exposure to cold temperatures is an important public health problem for a relevant part of the Portuguese population, in particular in Lisbon.

Factores determinantes de la variabilidad espacial de anchoveta peruana (Engraulis ringens) en el Pacífico Sudoriental

Los modelos de nicho ecológico permiten estudiar el efecto del ambiente sobre la distribución de las especies, relacionando datos de su distribución con información ambiental. El objetivo del presente estudio fue estimar el nicho ecológico y describir la variabilidad en la distribución espacial de la anchoveta (Engraulis ringens) mediante el uso de modelos estadísticos de nicho ecológico. Se trabajó con dos enfoques de análisis: por stocks (norte, centro y sur) en el Pacífico Sudoriental (PSO) y por estadios de desarrollo (pre-reclutas, reclutas y adultos) en la costa peruana. El modelo de nicho ecológico utilizó modelos aditivos generalizados, estimaciones georeferenciadas de presencia y ausencia de anchoveta e información de cuatro variables ambientales (temperatura superficial del mar, salinidad superficial del mar, concentración de clorofila a superficial y la profundidad de la oxiclina) entre los a˜nos 1985 y 2008. Se encontró que no existen diferencias en los nichos ecológicos de los tres stocks de anchoveta siendo los modelos que utilizaron la información de la anchoveta en todo el PSO los que lograron modelar el nicho de manera correcta. Respecto al análisis por estadios, se evidenció que cada estadio de desarrollo tiene distintas tolerancias a las variables ambientales consideradas en este trabajo, siendo los nichos de estadios menos desarrollados los que estuvieron incluidos dentro de los estadios más desarrollados. Se recomienda realizar estudios separados para cada estadio de desarrollo, lo cual permita comprender mejor las relaciones ecológicas encontradas en los resultados del nicho ecológico. Además se recomienda realizar simulaciones con modelos de nicho que incluyan más variables ambientales, las cuales puedan mejorar los mapas de distribución espacial de la anchoveta para los dos enfoques de análisis.

Ensemble prediction distribution maps of macroalgae for current conditions and four climate change scenarios and high resultion bathymetry for Potter Cove, WAP, Antarctica

Species distribution models (SDM) predict species occurrence based on statistical relationships with environmental conditions. The R-package biomod2 which includes 10 different SDM techniques and 10 different evaluation methods was used in this study. Macroalgae are the main biomass producers in Potter Cove, King George Island (Isla 25 de Mayo), Antarctica, and they are sensitive to climate change factors such as suspended particulate matter (SPM). Macroalgae presence and absence data were used to test SDMs suitability and, simultaneously, to assess the environmental response of macroalgae as well as to model four scenarios of distribution shifts by varying SPM conditions due to climate change. According to the averaged evaluation scores of Relative Operating Characteristics (ROC) and True scale statistics (TSS) by models, those methods based on a multitude of decision trees such as Random Forest and Classification Tree Analysis, reached the highest predictive power followed by generalized boosted models (GBM) and maximum-entropy approaches (Maxent). The final ensemble model used 135 of 200 calculated models (TSS > 0.7) and identified hard substrate and SPM as the most influencing parameters followed by distance to glacier, total organic carbon (TOC), bathymetry and slope. The climate change scenarios show an invasive reaction of the macroalgae in case of less SPM and a retreat of the macroalgae in case of higher assumed SPM values.

Ambient ozone pollution and daily mortality in three megacities in China

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Methylomic and Transcriptomic Insights Linking Air Pollution and Atherosclerosis

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06

An Electromechanical Coupled Model of the Probe of a Scanning Fiber Imaging System

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Feeding ecology of the fish ectoparasite Gnathia sp. (Crustacea: Isopoda) from the Great Barrier Reef, and its implications for fish cleaning behaviour

The feeding rate of a parasitic gnathiid isopod on fish was examined. Individual fish, Hemigymnus melapterus, were exposed to gnathiid larvae and sampled after 5, 10, 30, 60, and 240 min. I recorded whether larvae had an engorged gut, an engorged gut containing red material, or had dropped off the fish after having completed engorgement; variation among sampling times and larval stages was analyzed using generalized linear mixed model analyses. The likelihood that larvae had an engorged gut increased with time and varied with larval stage. First stage (1.45 mm) larvae. After 30 min, however, most (>93%) larvae had an engorged gut regardless of their larval stage. The likelihood of red material in the gut of third stage larvae increased over time (46% after 30 min, 70% after 60 min, and 86% after 240 min) while that of first and second stage larvae remained relatively low (

Comparison of virulence gene profiles of Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy and diarrheic swine

A combination of uni- and multiplex PCR assays targeting 58 virulence genes (VGs) associated with Escherichia coli strains causing intestinal and extraintestinal disease in humans and other mammals was used to analyze the VG repertoire of 23 commensal E. coli isolates from healthy pigs and 52 clinical isolates associated with porcine neonatal diarrhea (ND) and postweaning diarrhea (PWD). The relationship between the presence and absence of VGs was interrogated using three statistical methods. According to the generalized linear model, 17 of 58 VGs were found to be significant (P < 0.05) in distinguishing between commensal and clinical isolates. Nine of the 17 genes represented by iha, hlyA, aidA, east1, aah, fimH, iroN(E).(coli), traT, and saa have not been previously identified as important VGs in clinical porcine isolates in Australia. The remaining eight VGs code for fimbriae (F4, F5, F18, and F41) and toxins (STa, STh, LT, and Stx2), normally associated with porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli. Agglomerative hierarchical algorithm analysis grouped E. coli strains into subclusters based primarily on their serogroup. Multivariate analyses of clonal relationships based on the 17 VGs were collapsed into two-dimensional space by principal coordinate analysis. PWD clones were distributed in two quadrants, separated from ND and commensal clones, which tended to cluster within one quadrant. Clonal subclusters within quadrants were highly correlated with serogroups. These methods of analysis provide different perspectives in our attempts to understand how commensal and clinical porcine enterotoxigenic E. coli strains have evolved and are engaged in the dynamic process of losing or acquiring VGs within the pig population.