Flower color chimera and abnormal leaf mutants induced by C-12(6+) heavy ions in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl.

The effect of C-12(6+) heavy ions bombardment on mutagenesis in Salvia splendens Ker-Gawl. was studied. Dose-response studies indicated that there was a peak of malformation frequency of S. splendens at 200 Gy. Abnormal leaf mutants of the bileaf, trileaf and tetraleaf conglutination were selected. Meanwhile, a bicolor flower chimera with dark red and fresh red flower was isolated in M1 generation of S. splendens. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis demonstrated that DNA variations existed among the wild-type, fresh and dark red flower shoots of the chimera. The dark red flower shoots of the chimera were conserved and cultivated at a large-scale through micropropagation. MS supplemented with 2.0 mg/L BA and 0.3 mg/L NAA was the optimal medium in which the maximum proliferation ratio (5.2-fold) and rooting rate (88%) were achieved after 6 weeks. Our findings provide an important method to improve the ornamental quality of S. splendens.

大兴安岭地区森林景观沿主要河流两侧分布的变化

In this paper, the regularity and changes of the forest landscape along the major rivers, namely, Nuomin River,Bila River and Zhawen River in Daxing'an Mountains, Bilahe Forestry Bureau based on the interpretation of TM data were studied. The results showed that the regularity has changed a lot due to the gradually stronger human intervention on forest landscape. The most obvious change was the cultivated lands had been expanding alongside the major rivers. With the increasing of population, the only way to satisfy the increasing needs of the local people for subsistence is by expanding cultivated lands because of the backwardness of agriculture productivity. The regularity of conifer distribution along rivers of 1997 has changed in the diverse direction of that of 1988. The proportion of conifer gradually increases with 1 000 m further away from the major rivers. That is due to the favorable availability of conifer alongside river bank, the most populated area in the forest region.

Anodic Stripping Voltammetry at Bismuth-Coated and Uncoated Carbon Microdisk Electrodes:Application to Trace Metals Analysis in Flood Samples

This article reports on the performance of a bismuth-coated carbon microdisk electrode (BiFμE) for the determination of trace heavy metals by anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The BiFμE was prepared by electrodeposition of a metallic bismuth film onto the microdisk, by applying an in-situ electroplating procedure. To test the performance of the BiFμE, ASV measurements were performed on synthetic solutions containing Cd2+, Pb2+, and Cu2+ as target ions. The results indicated that cadmium and lead gave well-defined ASV peaks with no interference, and their quantitative determination could be carried out straightforwardly. In particular, linear calibration curves over the range 5.0 x 10-8-1.0 x 10-6M for both ions, and detection limits of 7.8 and 2.9 nM, for cadmium and lead, respectively, after applying a 60 sec preconcentration step, were obtained. The reproducibility was also satisfactory, the relative standard deviation (RSD) being within 2.5% for both ions. Copper, instead, gave an ASV response that. in most experimental conditions, overlapped with that of bismuth. This circumstance made the determination of copper at the BiFμE difficult. Since the latter element could be detected reliably at the uncoated carbon microdisk electrode (CμE), both BiFμE and CμE were employed, respectively, for the determination of lead and copper ions in drinking water, wine, and tomato sauce.

Methods for physical separation and characterization of soil organic matter fractions

Turnover of soil organic matter (SOM) is coupled to the cycling of nutrients in soil through the activity of soil microorganisms. Biological availability of organic substrate in soil is related to the chemical quality of the organic material and to its degree of physical protection. SOM fractions can provide information on the turnover of organic matter (OM), provided the fractions can be related to functional or structural components in soil. Ultrasonication is commonly used to disrupt the soil structure prior to physical fractionation according to particle size, but may cause redistribution of OM among size fractions. The presence of mineral particles in size fractions can complicate estimations of OM turnover time within the fractions. Densiometric separation allows one to physically separate OM found within a specific size class from the heavier-density mineral particles. Nutrient contents and mineralization potential were determined for discrete size/density OM fractions isolated from within the macroaggregate structure of cultivated grassland soils. Eighteen percent of the total soil C and 25% of the total soil N in no-till soil was associated with fine-silt size particles having a density of 2.07-2.21 g/cm3 isolated from inside macroaggregates (enriched labile fraction or ELF). The amount of C and N sequestered in the ELF fraction decreased as the intensity of tillage increased. The specific rate of mineralization (mug net mineral N/mug total N in the fraction) for macroaggregate-derived ELF was not different for the three tillage treatments but was greater than for intact macroaggregates. The methods described here have improved our ability to quantitatively estimate SOM fractions, which in turn has increased our understanding of SOM dynamics in cultivated grassland systems.

Novel uncultivated labyrinthulomycetes revealed by 18S rDNA sequences from seawater and sediment samples

Labyrinthulomycetes (Labyrinthulea) are ubiquitous marine osmoheterotrophic protists that appear to be important in decomposition of both allochthonous and autochthonous organic matter. We used a cultivation-independent method based on the labyrinthulomycete-specific primer LABY-Y to PCR amplify, clone, and sequence 68 nearly full-length 18S rDNA amplicons from 4 sediment and 3 seawater samples collected in estuarine habitats around Long Island, New York, USA. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that all 68 amplicons belonged to the Labyrinthulea. Only 15 of the 68 amplicons belonged to the thraustochytrid phylogenetic group (Thraustochytriidae). None of these 15 were similar to cultivated strains, and 11 formed a novel group. The remaining 53 amplicons belonged either to the labyrinthulid phylogenetic group (Labyrinthulidae) or to other families of Labyrinthulea. that have not yet been described. Of these amplicons, 37 were closely related to previously cultivated Aplanochytrium spp. and Oblongichytrium spp. Members of these 2 genera were also cultivated from 1 of the sediment samples. The 16 other amplicons were not closely related to cultivated strains, and 15 belonged to 5 groups of apparently novel labyrinthulomycetes. Most of the novel groups of amplicons also contained environmental sequences from surveys of protist diversity using universal 18S rDNA primers. Because the primer LABY-Y is biased against several groups of labyrinthulomycetes, particularly among the thraustochytrids, these results may underestimate the undiscovered diversity of labyrinthulomycetes.

土壤水分特征曲线在作物非充分灌溉适宜水分下限确定中的应用

SPAC系统中水总是从水势高处流向水势低处,土壤水势的高低是影响植物根系吸水速率的主要因素。相对于土壤含水量来说,用土壤水势作作物非充分灌溉的下限指标更具科学性,更利于水分下限指标的推广应用。试验结果表明,对于整个生育期来说,-200 kPa是比较适宜的大棚番茄土壤水势下限。在这一指标的推广过程中,须先测定当地土壤水分特征曲线,并从曲线上找出该适宜水势对应的土壤含水量,通过控制土壤含水量达到控制土壤水势的目的,从而实现精量灌溉。

水分亏缺对番茄生理特性及水分生产效率的影响

根据番茄的生长发育特点,分别以50%、60%、75%田间持水量作为苗期、开花坐果期、结果期的土壤水分下限,每个生育期的土壤水分上限设置3个水分水平,研究不同生育期水分亏缺和亏缺程度对番茄生长发育及生理特性的影响。结果表明,不同生育期的水分亏缺对番茄株高、茎粗、叶绿素相对含量、日光合及蒸腾速率变化等均有不同程度的影响,呈现明显的生长与生理补偿效应,水分胁迫处理的日光合速率峰值提前出现,蒸腾速率随水分亏缺程度的增加而减少,这有助于调控番茄无用的蒸腾耗水。通过对番茄不同生育期的灌水量和产量关系的研究得出,当全生育期灌水量为4025.80 m3/hm2时,番茄可以获得最高产量12.84×104kg/hm2。

密度对刺槐幼苗生物量及异速生长模式的影响

刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)具有较强的生态适应性和抗逆能力,是黄土高原植被恢复和生态重建的主要优良树种之一(程积民等,2002;陈云明等,2002)。黄土高原地区刺槐人工林密度偏大,且多为低产林(余新晓等,1996;韩芯莲等,1996;2003)。王百田等(2005)认为黄土高原刺槐单木总生物量及各部分生物量都是密度的幂函数关系,但低密度林分和高密度林分的总生物量都比中间密度林分的总生物量高。种植密度不仅影响刺槐林地生物量,而且刺槐林地出现土壤干层的部分原因就是栽植密度过大(韩芯莲等,2003),其林地生产力的维持以及可持续生长成为林草植被建设中亟待解决的问题。植物密度对种群个体数量和生长的调控可以维持种群对资源的合理利用,保持种群的稳定性(Watkinson,1980)。因生长资源的强制分配,种植密度能引起植株个体间相互作用,密度增加导致植物种内竞争产生,使种群中单株生长量和生物量发生改变(李博等,2000)。竞争的实质是植物对地上光照和地下养分资源的利用,在共享资源有限的情况下竞争会导致植物个体生长量和存活率的降低(李博等,1998)。种内竞争对植物个体生长的影响,与植物“自疏法则”的...

黄土高原南部3种农田土壤剖面坚实度的变化规律

为了揭示黄土高原南部地区不同质地类型土壤剖面坚实度的变化及其与土壤含水率的定量关系,以黄墡土、土娄土、裸露在地表的粘化层耕作剖面为研究对象,定位观测其0~45 cm土壤坚实度与含水率的变化。结果表明,黄墡土、土娄土、裸露在地表粘化层耕作剖面的犁底层平均坚实度均大于耕层,犁底层平均坚实度较耕层分别高194.8%,87.3%,10.4%;剖面土壤质地越粘其平均坚实度越大;土壤坚实度与含水率呈负相关关系;土壤坚实度变化速率为0时,以上3种土壤剖面临界含水率分别为0.1712,0.1757,0.1835;质地不同的土壤剖面坚实度时空变化特征有差异,其中黄墡土剖面0~20 cm土层土壤坚实度为350~500 kPa,受土壤含水率变化的影响较小;20~30 cm土层土壤的坚实度为500~1400 kPa,不易受外界环境影响;30 cm以下土层土壤坚实度为700~1600 kPa,受土壤含水率变化影响较大。土娄土剖面0~40 cm土层土壤坚实度为600~1200 kPa,受含水率变化影响较大;40 cm以下土层土壤坚实度稳定在1 800 kPa左右。粘化层剖面0~15 cm土层土壤坚实度在2000 kPa左右,受环境影响较...

渭北旱塬持续高效农田种植模式研究与示范

根据渭北旱塬自然经济特点 ,提出了该区农业持续发展的关键技术和增产新途径——农田高效优化种植模式 (以双元覆盖小麦为主 )。通过 4a的试验示范与推广 ,结果表明 :该模式可较对照增产小麦6 2 .92 % ;复种黄豆增收 1 5 0 0～ 2 2 5 0 kg/ hm2 ,较对照增产 1 0 0 %。该模式的聚水、保墒、增温和促进有机质矿化、增加土壤养分效应显著 ,可使土壤水、热环境改善 ,充分利用水资源 ,提高用水效率。

核素示踪法研究农耕地土壤侵蚀的定量模型及其评价

应用137Cs示踪技术估算农耕地土壤侵蚀量的定量模型主要有两类:径流小区上建立的经验关系式及各种理论模型。文章主要对各种主要模型作了简要介绍,并对各种模型的优点、局限性进行了比较和评价;指出今后在模型的建立和应用中注意的问题。09jgg$g2l!1Mng:44Ntd。deIH20{lse3MxBijL&:nwlxxatx*rrr。k$1lreX4各种主要模型作了简要介绍。并对各种模型的优点、局限性进行了L田获$叶平价;指出今后在模型的建立和应用中注意的问题。

中国西部退耕还林(草)面临的新问题再思考

改革开放 2 0余年来 ,在我国东部高速发展的基础上 ,党和政府审时度势提出了“西部大开发”战略 ,但西部生态环境恶劣制约我国整个国民经济发展。 2 0 0 0年在长江上游和黄河中上游的西部地区大规模实施退耕还林 ,又把可持续发展战略演绎到了新的高度。在上述背景下 ,通过对我国西部地区生态环境恶化与退耕造林所发挥作用的探讨 ,结合西部自然特点和实际情况 ,总结了建国 5 0年来 ,退耕还林和种草所经历的不平凡的 4个阶段 ,分析了退耕还林 (草 )过程中存在的主要问题 ,根据西部区情提出了保护自然资源和恢复生态环境及整治大江大河的对策。

黄土区坡面水肥条件与植被建设

在对黄土区坡耕地资源、坡面水肥资源分布和植被现状分析的基础上 ,指出在坡面上进行植被建设应根据水分和养分的植物承载能力来确定适宜的植物种类和植被建设方案时建议采取综合技术措施进行植树种草 ,最后初步提出了黄土区坡面进行植被建设的技术模式。

应用Vc发酵弃渣防治保护地病害

The prevention and control of tomato plant diseases were conducted in protective ground using Vc fermentation waste residue treated by enzymolysis and ultrasonic wave. The results showed that the seedlings planted for 3 weeks on the protective ground soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9 years and fertilized 75, 150 and 300 kg·hm -2 grew well. Their biomass were increased by 123%, 164% and 182%, and the disease incidence rates were decreased by 59%, 78% and 85%, respectively. Under application of 300 kg·hm -2 Vc fermentation waste residue, the products of tomato grown for 10 weeks on the soil continuously cropped tomato plant for 9, 6 and 2 years were increased by 60%, 43% and 14%, respectively, and the disease incidence rates were all decreased by 50%.