Audit report on the Iowa Department of Transportation for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Transportation for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Legislature for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Legislature for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Corrections for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Corrections for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Office of Governor for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Office of Governor for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Natural Resources for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Natural Resources for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Transportation for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Transportation for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Justice for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Justice for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Law Enforcement Academy for the year ended June 30, 2006

Combined audit report on the institutions under the control of the Iowa Department of Human Services including findings and recommendations and average cost per resident/patient information for the five years ended June 30, 2006

Combined audit report on the institutions under the control of the Iowa Department of Human Services including findings and recommendations and average cost per resident/patient information for the five years ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Judicial Branch – County Clerks of District Courts, a part of the State of Iowa, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Judicial Branch – County Clerks of District Courts, a part of the State of Iowa, for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the City of Magnolia, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the City of Magnolia, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006

Spinning welfare: The gains from process innovation in cotton and car production

Economists and economic historians want to know how much better life is today than in the past.Fifty years ago economic historians found surprisingly small gains from 19th century US railroads,while more recently economists have found relatively large gains from electricity, computers and cellphones. In each case the implicit or explicit assumption is that researchers were measuring the valueof a new good to society. In this paper we use the same techniques to find the value to society ofmaking existing goods cheaper. Henry Ford did not invent the car, and the inventors of mechanisedcotton spinning in the industrial revolution invented no new product. But both made existing productsdramatically cheaper, bringing them into the reach of many more consumers. That in turn haspotentially large welfare effects. We find that the consumer surplus of Henry Ford s production linewas around 2% by 1923, 15 years after Ford began to implement the moving assembly line, while themechanisation of cotton spinning was worth around 6% by 1820, 34 years after its initial invention.Both are large: of the same order of magnitude as consumer expenditure on these items, and as largeor larger than the value of the internet to consumers. On the social savings measure traditionally usedby economic historians, these process innovations were worth 15% and 18% respectively, makingthem more important than railroads. Our results remind us that process innovations can be at least asimportant for welfare and productivity as the invention of new products.

Audit report on the City of Van Wert, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the City of Van Wert, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on a special investigation of the City of Gravity for the period January 1, 2003 through February 15, 2007

Audit report on a special investigation of the City of Gravity for the period January 1, 2003 through February 15, 2007

Audit report on the City of Postville, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the City of Postville, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2006