Geographical variation in anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, 1988-94

Objective: To investigate the geographical variation and clustering of congenital anophthalmia and microphthalmia in England, in response to media reports of clusters.

Post-Conflict Maternal Communication, Children's Understandings, and Child Functioning in Violent and Non-Violent Families

The last two decades have been marked by a growing public awareness of family violence. Research by social scientists has suggested that family violence is widespread (Gelles and Straus, 1988). It is estimated that every year 1.8 to 4 million women are physically abused by their partners (Novello, 1992). In fact, more women are abused by their husbands or boyfriends than are injured in car accidents, muggings, or rapes (Jaffe, Wolfe, and Wilson, 1990). A recent prevalence study by Fantuzzo, Boruch, Beriama, Atkins, and Marcus (1997) found that children were disproportionately present in households where there was a substantial incident of adult female assault. Experts estimate that 3.3 to 10 million children are exposed to marital violence each year (Carlson, 1984; Straus, 1991). Until recently, most researchers did not consider the impact of parental conflict on the children who witness this violence. The early literature in this field primarily focused on the incidence of violence against women and the inadequate response of community agencies (Jaffe et al, 1990). The needs of children were rarely considered. However, researchers have become increasingly aware that children exposed to marital violence are victims of a range of psychological maltreatment (e.g., terrorizing, isolation;Hart, Brassared & Karlson, 1996) and are at serious risk for the development of psychological problems (Fantuzzo, DePaola, Lambert, Martino, Anderson, and Sutton, 1991). Jouriles, Murphy and O'Leary (1989) found that children of battered women were four times more likely to exhibit psychopathology as were children living in non-violent homes. Further, researchers have found associations between childhood exposure to parental violence and the expression of violence in adulthood (Carlson, 1990). Existing research suggests that children who have witnessed marital violence manifest numerous emotional, social, and behavioral problems (Sternberg et al., 1993; Fantuzzo et al., 1991; Jaffe et al, 1990). Studies have found that children of battered women exhibit more internalizing and externalizing behavior problems than non-witnesschildren (Hughes and Fantuzzo, 1994; McCloskey, Figueredo, and Koss, 1995). In addition, children exposed to marital violence have been found to exhibit difficulties with social problem-solving, and have lower levels of social competence than nonwitnesses (Rosenberg, 1987; Moore, Pepler, Weinberg, Hammond, Waddell, & Weiser, 1990). Other reported difficulties include low self esteem (Hughes, 1988), poor school performance (Moore et al., 1990) and problems with aggression (Holden & Ritchie, 1991; Jaffe, Wolfe, Wilson, & Zak, 1986). Further, within the last decade, researchers have found that some children are traumatized by the witnessing experience, showing elevated levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms (Devoe & Graham-Bermann, 1997; Rossman, Bingham, & Emde, 1996; Kilpatrick, Litt, & Williams, 1997). These findings corroborate clinical reports that describe many exposed children as experiencing trauma reactions. It appears that the negative effects of witnessing marital violence are numerous and varied, ranging from mild emotional and behavioral problems to clinically significant levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms. These incidence figures and research findings indicate that children's exposure to violence is a significant problem in our nation today and has serious implications for the future.

Historia de la revolución de febrero de 1911. Recuerdo al malogrado don Adolfo Riquelme, jefe de la revolución, caido en villa del Rosario, el 17 de marzo de 1911;

Mode of access: Internet.

1988 University of Michigan Football Team

Statistical abstract of the United States, 1988 : national data book and guide to sources.

Chiefly tables.

Dropout rates in the United States, 1988 /

"September 1989."

Guidelines for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B virus to health-care and public-safety workers : a response to P.L. 100-607, The Health Omnibus Programs Extension Act of 1988.

Item 499-F-3.

Just Cause : Marine operations in Panama, 1988-1990 /

Includes index.

The acts of the Parliament of the commonwealth of Australia (except appropriation and supply acts) passed from 1901 to 1911, and in force on 1st January, 1912, to which is prefixed the Commonwealth of Australia constitution act (63 & 64 Vict. ch. 12) as altered to 1st January, 1912 : with tables and indexes

Paged continuously.

Management of the Tongass National Forest [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms, and Energy of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, on H.R. 1516, May 25 and 26, 1988.

"Serial no. 100-86."

Review of ground water quality concerns [microform] : hearings before the Subcommittee on Department Operations, Research, and Foreign Agriculture of the Committee on Agriculture, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first and second sessions, October 12, 1987, Humboldt, IA; October 27 and December 9, 1987; March 29 and May 24, 1988.

"Serial no. 100-95."

Developing world debt policy [microform] : hearing before the Subcommittee on International Finance, Trade, and Monetary Policy of the Committee on Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs, House of Representatives, One-hundredth Congress, second session, July 13, 1988.

"Serial no. 100-80."

Proposed economic sanctions against South Africa [microform] : hearings and markup before the Committee on Foreign Affairs and its Subcommittees on International Economic Policy and Trade, and on Africa, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, second session, on H.R. 1590, H.R. 1051, H.R. 2443, H.R. 3317, and H.R. 3328, March 22, 23; April 20, 28; and May 3, 1988.

CIS Microfiche Accession Numbers: CIS 89 H381-23