Report on the frame survey of Lake Albert conducted in May 2012

Lake Albert and Albert Nile are a major source of fisheries resources sustaining the riparian communities in Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Like all shared bodies of Uganda Lake Albert and Albert Nile fisheries are faced with immense exploitation pressure one time described as the tragedy of the commons. In Uganda, the lake is shared by five riparian districts namely: Buliisa, bundibugyo, Hoima, Kibaale and Nebbi. The lake covers a total estimated surface area of 5,270 km2 with approximately 60% within Ugandan waters (Walker, 1972). It is located in the western part of the great rift-valley at an altitude of 618 m above Sea level. The central parts of the lake are characterized by steep escarpments whereas the northern and southern parts lie in a plain of the rift valley. The plains are gently sloping, resulting in shallow swampy inshore waters in many places. The major inflowing rivers are the Semliki and Kafu in the south, and the Victoria Nile at the northern tip. The lake has a diverse fish fauna with a gradient of multi-species fisheries in different parts of the lake.

宁夏新建二代防护林网蛀干害虫发生特点和危害特性

本文以宁夏银川二代林网中林分和害虫调查资料为基础 ,研究了二代林网主要蛀干害虫——光肩星天牛 (Anoplophora glabripennis Mostch)和木蠹蛾 [Cossus cossus ori-entalis Gaede &H olcocerus vicarius(Walker) ]分别在新疆杨林和刺槐林中因不同的树龄、径粗、林向、郁闭度、林地类型 (林缘和林内 )而呈现出的相应发生特点和为害特性。结果显示 ,新疆杨大于 6年生、胸径超过 1 2 cm径阶受光肩星天牛危害频率高 ;实验用片林林缘到林内 2 m范围内新疆杨受光肩星天牛危害显著高于林内 ,而东、西、南、北 4个方向 ,以东边受害最轻 ;与其它树种组成的混交林林缘同样重于林内。刺槐易受木蠹蛾危害的树龄和径节分别是 6 a～ 1 2 a和 1 2 cm～ 2 0 cm;刺槐片林无论是纯林还是混交林均为林缘重于林内。以上蛀干害虫对树龄和径粗均有较强的一致性选择

宁夏新建二代林网主要害虫种群数量变动规律初探

本文在连续 3年 (1 993～ 1 995年 )大量调查的基础上 ,研究了宁夏新建二代林网主要造林树种的主要害虫种群数量消长动态和发生规律。结果表明 :新建林网中具有潜在危险性的主要害虫为 :光肩星天牛 (Anoplophora glabripennis Motsch.)、木蠹蛾 (Cossuscossus orientalis Gaede &H olcocerus vicarius(Walker) )、枝梢害虫 (槐花球蚧 Eulecaniumkuwanai (Kanda) .&扁平球坚蚧 Parthenolecanium orientalis(Bouch) )。光肩星天牛种群呈下降趋势 ;木蠹蛾种群为上升趋势 ;槐花球蚧种群虽有下降趋势 ,但虫口密度依然较高 ;扁平球坚蚧在白蜡纯林中种群有逐年增长的趋势 ,而在混交林内数量变化平中有降。研究发现各害虫在合理的树种混交方式下 ,种群数量变化幅度小 ,危害轻 ,因而认为生产中只有营造合理树种搭配下的混交林才能防止和控制害虫的发生。

Gamma-ray spectroscopy at TRIUMF-ISAC

The 8π spectrometer at TRIUMF-ISAC consists of 20 Compton-suppressed germanium detectors and various auxiliary devices. The Ge array, once used for studies of nuclei at high angular momentum, has been transformed into the world's most powerful device dedicated to radioactive-decay studies. Many improvements in the spectrometer have been made, including a high-throughput data acquisition system, installation of a moving tape collector, incorporation of an array of 20 plastic scintillators for β-particle tagging, 5 Si(Li) detectors for conversion electrons, and 10 BaF2 detectors for fast-lifetime measurements. Experiments can be performed where data from all detectors are collected simultaneously, resulting in a very detailed view of the nucleus through radioactive decay. A number of experimental programmes have been launched that take advantage of the versatility of the spectrometer, and the intense beams available at TRIUMF-ISAC. © 2006 American Institute of Physics.

High-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy: A versatile tool for nuclear β-decay studies at TRIUMF-ISAC

High-resolution γ-ray spectroscopy is essential to fully exploit the unique, high-quality beams available at the next generation of radioactive ion beam facilities such as the TRIUMF isotope separator and accelerator (ISAC). The 8π spectrometer, which consists of 20 Compton-suppressed HPGe detectors, has recently been reconfigured for a vigorous research programme in weak interaction and nuclear structure physics. With the addition of a variety of ancillary detectors it has become the world's most powerful device dedicated to β-decay studies. This paper provides a brief overview of the apparatus and highlights from recent experiments. © 2005 IOP Publishing Ltd.

Discovery of a new 2.3 s isomer in neutron-rich 174Tm

A new program of K-isomer research has been initiated with the 8π spectrometer sited at the ISAC facility of TRIUMF. We discuss in this paper the identification of a new 2.3 s isomer in 174Tm and its implications. © Società Italiana di Fisica / Springer-Verlag 2005.

Stable dynamic walking over uneven terrain

We propose a constructive control design for stabilization of non-periodic trajectories of underactuated robots. An important example of such a system is an underactuated "dynamic walking" biped robot traversing rough or uneven terrain. The stabilization problem is inherently challenging due to the nonlinearity, open-loop instability, hybrid (impact) dynamics, and target motions which are not known in advance. The proposed technique is to compute a transverse linearization about the desired motion: a linear impulsive system which locally represents "transversal" dynamics about a target trajectory. This system is then exponentially stabilized using a modified receding-horizon control design, providing exponential orbital stability of the target trajectory of the original nonlinear system. The proposed method is experimentally verified using a compass-gait walker: a two-degree-of-freedom biped with hip actuation but pointed stilt-like feet. The technique is, however, very general and can be applied to a wide variety of hybrid nonlinear systems. © The Author(s) 2011.

Stable dynamic walking over rough terrain: Theory and experiment

We propose a constructive control design for stabilization of non-periodic trajectories of underactuated mechanical systems. An important example of such a system is an underactuated "dynamic walking" biped robot walking over rough terrain. The proposed technique is to compute a transverse linearization about the desired motion: a linear impulsive system which locally represents dynamics about a target trajectory. This system is then exponentially stabilized using a modified receding-horizon control design. The proposed method is experimentally verified using a compass-gait walker: a two-degree-of-freedom biped with hip actuation but pointed stilt-like feet. The technique is, however, very general and can be applied to higher degree-of-freedom robots over arbitrary terrain and other impulsive mechanical systems. © 2011 Springer-Verlag.

镧系稀土硝酸盐二甲亚砜络合物的振动光谱研究

DMSO是一个很好的配位体，有氧原子和硫原子两个配位原子，通过这两个配位原子，DMSO可以和许多过渡金属和稀土金属的离子发生络合，形成稳定的金属络合物。稀土金属离子的络合物，角过氯酸盐、卤化物，高铼酸盐六氟磷化物等，曾有人进行了研究，它们的光谱研究表明，二甲亚砜是通过氧原子同稀土络合，O、N、S三原子的络合能力是O＞N＞S。在稀土硝酸盐的二甲亚砜的络合物中，由于即存在DMSO的配位，也存在硝基的配位，所在情况比较复杂。它们的振动光谱研究了可以在1967年Ramalingan和1977年Kawcuno的工作中得知一些，前者研究了La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Gd、Ho、Yb、Y九个元素的络合物，后者研究了La、Nd、Er、Yb、Lu五个元素的络合物，所有络合物的光谱数据都很不完全，他们都认为DMSO与NO_3都与稀土离子络合，并肯定是通过氧原子络合，但是对于NO_3的络合方式没有一致的结论。Ramalingan等认为络合物分子中，硝根既有双基配位，又有单基配位，和X光衍射实验的结果不相符，Kawano通过研究全氘化二甲亚砜（DMSO－d_6)的稀土硝酸盐络合物，认为三个NO_3都是通过两个氧原子同稀土相配位，是双基配位基。硝基的配位方式是一个长期争论的振动光谱问题，不少学者曾对硝基的各种振动模式的谱带位置和吸收强度进行探讨，很难得出一致的结论。在络合物中氧与稀土离子的络合键Ln-O的振动频率位置问题，亦存在争论，Kawanv认为这个配位键的振动频率在180 cm~(-1)附近，但是日本的岩濑秋雄等人，在研究稀土高氯酸盐的二甲亚砜络合物时，则认为400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带为Ln-O的振动频率在研究稀土的无水硝酸盐的红外光谱的工作中。A.Walker等人也把180 cm~(-1)谱带归属为Ln-O络合键。J.R.Ferraro等人在研究Ln（NO_3）_3·3DBP络合物时，也认为Ln-O配位键在180 cm~(-1）附近，但是我们考察了他们的数据与稀土动量L的关系，未发现四分组现和“斜W”效应。我们研究了除P_m 以外的十四个稀土元素并Y的硝酸盐DMSO络合物的付氏变换红外光和激光拉曼光谱，4000 cm~(-1)－80 cm~(-1)的红外光谱图和4000 cm~(-1)－50 cm~(-1)的拉曼光谱图提供了较完整的数据，除了肯定了NO_3和DMSO都以氧原子与稀土络合外，还肯定了NO_3的配位方式和利用红外数据区别不同类型的配位的方法找出了金属离子配位数不同的光谱特征，做了Ln-O络合键的振动频率的归属及其与稀土物化性质间的规律关系。根据DMSO的简正坐标计算结果，可以归属出DMSO及其络合物的许多谱带，其中S＝0伸缩振动频率在990－1018 cm~(-1)之间，随原子序数增加无明显规律性变化，在Gd络合物以后，分裂为三条谱带。C－S的伸缩振动移问低波数，变化随原子序数增加而增加，但无明显的线性变化，C－S－O变形振动频率向高频方向移动约16 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关，C－S－C变形振动移向高波数5 cm~(-1)，与原子序数无关。此外，在～3000 cm~(-1)是Vc-H，～1400 cm~(-1)是CH_3变形振动频率谱带，～950 cm~(-1)是CH_3摇摆，络合后上述谱带变化不大，可见络合对CH_3基团的振动无大的影响。通过考察S＝0振动频率变化，可以看出十配位络合物和九配位络合物之间的光谱区别在于十配位络合物S＝0伸缩振动仍为一条谱带，而九配位络合物的S＝0振动频率则分裂为两条谱带。已知十配位的Ln－O多面体为双帽正多棱柱，九配位络合物则为三帽三角柱，考虑到氧原子的不同，前者为C_(2v)对称性，后者为C_3对称性，不同配位数的络合物所显示谱带分裂不能用对称性来说明，因为这两种群均没有简并的群表示，利用X光衍射数据计算了La和Yb的络合物中DMSO间氧原子的距离，可以看出，十配位络合物中DMSO的配位氧原子间距离大，而九配位络合物中氧原子间距离小，两者之间相差近两倍。所以S＝0振动频率分裂可能是相同基团因距离近而产生了振动耦合。利用此结果可以区分不同配位数的络合物，这种现象，在以往的DMSO络合物的研究中没有发现。硝基离子属于D_(3h)群，有四个振动模式，其中三个是红外活性，分别为V_2（A＂）＝823－817 cm~(-1)，V_3（E'）＝1368－1355 cm~(-1)，V_4（E'）＝702－718 cm~(-1)，V_1、V_3、V_4是拉曼活性的，络合以后，NO_3对称性变为C_(2v)群，有六条红外谱线，同时也是拉曼活性，其中N－O伸缩振动在1460 cm~(-1) （A，S），No_2反对称伸缩振动在1340－1329cm~(-1)（B，S），NO_2，对称伸缩振动在1037.7 cm~(-1)附近，NO_3的对称面内弯曲振动在817 cm~(-1)（A，S），反对称面内弯曲振动在767.7 cm~(-1)，NO_3的面外变形振动在710 cm~(-1)（B_2 W），由此可知硝基在络合物中确实参加了配位。存在络合物中的三个硝基的配位类型在红外上如何区别我们进行了初步探讨。单基配位基和双基配位基同属C_(2v)对称性所以在基频上很难区别，Lever等人在研究过渡金属络合物中发现，No_3的组频1750 cm~(-1) （V_1＋V_4）在络合以后发生了分裂，双基配位基分裂在22－66cm~(-1)范围，而单基配位基则在5－26cm~(-1)范围，可以以此来区别NO_3的配位类型，这种方法适用于很多络合物，我们把这种方法应用于稀土络合物中发现，这个组频分裂现象在络合物中普遍存在，分裂在25－44.4cm~(-1)范围，所以络合物的硝基是双基配位体，在此波数区间内只有分裂很好的两个峰，所以可以断定无单基配位的硝基存在，这与X光衍射实验结果相一致，分裂距离随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应。Ce和Lu的络合物分裂较小。由此可知这种方法适用于稀土二甲亚砜络合物。对有可能归属为Ln-O配位键的180 cm~(-1)和400 cm~(-1)附近的两条谱带进行考查，～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带随原子序数增加总趋势增加，在Gd络合物开始分裂为两条，这条谱带与稀土离子总角动量L之间存在“斜W”效应，Shyama P. Sinha在研究稀土元素的性质时发现，稀土很多性质都具有“斜W”效应。其中包括配位键振动频率。利用V＝1／（2πC）（F／（－1~n））~(1/2)，用乙酰丙酮络合物的F_(Ln-O)近似计算V_(Ln-O)可以算得V_(Ln-O)在400.8－418.49cm~(-1)范围，所以可以认为～400 cm~(-1)附近的谱带可以归属为Ln-O键伸缩振动。～200 cm~(-1)的谱带在S_m络合物以后分开，此谱带亦随原子序数增加而增加，但无“斜W”效应，Kawano把它们归属为Ln-O，J.R.Ferraro在研究Ln（NO_3）_3（TBP）_3时，也认为Ln-O键伸缩振动在此位置，但也无“斜W”效应，这条谱带能否归属于Ln-O键，有待寻找更进一步的证据。通过稀土二甲亚砜络合物的研究，我们可以得知，NO_3的组频在1750 cm~(-1)谱带在络合以后发生了分裂，分裂范围在25－44.4 cm~(-1)，从而证明了NO_3为双基配位基。DMSO的S＝0伸缩振动频率和Ln-O键伸缩振动在Gd络合物后出现分裂，因而可以利用此结果可以区分两种不同配位数的络合物，通过考虑振动频率同稀土物化性质L间的关系及近似计算，初步可以确定Ln-O键振动频率在～400 cm~(-1)附近。有“斜W”效应存在。

Rotation-driven prolate-to-oblate shape phase transition in W-190: A projected shell model study

A shape phase transition is demonstrated to occur in W-190 by applying the projected shell model, which goes beyond the usual mean-field approximation. Rotation alignment of neutrons in the high-j, i(13/2) orbital drives the yrast sequence of the system, changing suddenly from prolate to oblate shape at angular momentum 10h. We propose observables to test the picture.

High-spin isomeric structures in exotic odd-odd nuclei: Exploration of the proton drip line and beyond

We investigate the role of two-quasiparticle isomeric states along the proton drip line, using configuration-constrained potential-energy-surface calculations. In contrast to even-even nuclei, odd-odd nuclei can have coexisting low-lying two-quasiparticle states. The low excitation energy and high angular momentum can lead to long-lived isomers. Also, because of the hindrance by spin selection, the probabilities of beta and proton decays from high-spin isomers can be reduced significantly. The present calculations reproduce reasonably well the available data for observed isomers in such nuclei. Unobserved high-spin isomers are predicted, which could be useful for future experimental studies of exotic nuclei at and beyond the proton drip line.