Shark virgin birth produces multiple, viable offspring

Facultative automictic parthenogenesis has only recently been confirmed in the most ancient jawed vertebrates, the chondrichthyan fishes (sharks, batoids, and chimeras). To date, however, in both documented cases, the females have only produced a single parthenogen offspring, and none of these have lived for more than 3 days. We present a genetically verified case of automictic parthenogenesis by a white-spotted bamboo shark (Chiloscyllium plagiosum), in which at least 2 parthenogens were produced and survived for 5 years or more. These findings demonstrate that some female sharks are capable of producing, multiple, viable offspring through parthenogenesis.

Annotating an Oral Corpus using the Text Encoding Initiative. Methodology, Problems, Solutions

The objective of this paper is to describe and evaluate the application of the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) Guidelines to a corpus of oral French, this being the first corpus of oral French where the TEI has been used. The paper explains the purpose of the corpus, both in creating a specialist corpus of néo-contage that will broaden the range of oral corpora available, and, more importantly, in creating a dataset to explore a variety of oral French that has a particularly interesting status in terms of factors such as conception orale/écrite, réalisation médiale and comportement communicatif (Koch and Oesterreicher 2001). The linguistic phenomena to be encoded are both stylistic (speech and thought presentation) and syntactic (negation, detachment, inversion), and all represent areas where previous research has highlighted the significance of factors such as medium, register and discourse type, as well as a host of linguistic factors (syntactic, phonetic, lexical). After a discussion of how a tagset can be designed and applied within the TEI to encode speech and thought presentation, negation, detachment and inversion, the final section of the paper evaluates the benefits and possible drawbacks of the methodology offered by the TEI when applied to a syntactic and stylistic markup of an oral corpus.

Effectiveness of different footbath solutions in the treatment of digital dermatitis in dairy cows

Three experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness of different footbath solutions and regimens in the treatment of digital dermatitis (DD) in dairy cows. During the study, groups of cows walked through allocated footbath solutions after milking on 4 consecutive occasions. All cows were scored weekly for DD lesion stage on the hind feet during milking. A “transition grade” was assigned on the basis of whether the DD lesions improved (1) or deteriorated or did not improve (0) from week to week. This grade per cow was averaged for all cows in the group. In experiment 1, 118 cows were allocated to 1 of 3 footbath treatments for 5 wk: (1) 5% CuSO4 each week, (2) 2% ClO- each week, or (3) no footbath (control). The mean transition grade, and proportion of cows without DD lesions at the end of the trial were significantly higher for treatment 1 above (0.36, 0.13, and 0.11, respectively; standard error of the difference, SED=0.057). In experiment 2, 117 cows were allocated to 1 of 4 footbath treatment regimens for 8 wk: (1) 5% CuSO4 each week, (2) 2% CuSO4 each week, (3) 5% CuSO4 each fortnight, or (4) 2% CuSO4 each fortnight. For welfare reasons, cows allocated to the weekly and fortnightly footbath regimens had an average prevalence of >60% and =25% active DD at the start of the trial, respectively. Significantly more cows had no DD lesions (0.53 vs. 0.36, respectively; SED=0.049), and the mean transition grade of DD lesions was higher in the 5% compared with the 2% weekly CuSO4 treatment (0.52 vs. 0.38, respectively; SED=0.066). Similarly, significantly more cows had no DD lesions in the 5% compared with the 2% fortnightly CuSO4 treatments (0.64 vs. 0.47, respectively; SED=0.049). In experiment 3, 95 cows were allocated to 1 of 3 footbath treatments: (1) each week alternating 5% CuSO4 with 10% salt water, (2) each week alternating 5% CuSO4 with water, or (3) 5% CuSO4 each fortnight (control). After 10 wk, more cows had no DD in the salt water treatment than in the control treatment (0.35 vs. 0.26, respectively; SED=0.038), but levels of active lesions were higher for this treatment than in the other 2 treatments (0.17, 0.00, and 0.13, respectively; SED=0.029). Treatment did not affect mean transition grade of DD lesions. In conclusion, CuSO4 was the only footbath solution that was consistently effective for treatment of DD. In cases when DD prevalence was high, a footbath each week using 5% CuSO4 was the most effective treatment.

Physicochemical characterisation and drug release properties of celecoxib hot melt extruded glass solutions

Formulation of Celecoxib into solid dosage forms is difficult due to the physical properties of the drug powder. However for the first time, this paper reports on the drug delivery characteristics glass solutions of celecoxib and polyvinylpyrrolidone prepared by hot melt extrusion, together with use of supercritical carbon dioxide to achieve a porous structure, in order to achieve a stable and enhanced drug release.

OXOIRON(IV) PORPHYRINS DERIVED FROM CHARGED IRON(III) TETRAARYLPORPHYRINS AND CHEMICAL OXIDANTS IN AQUEOUS AND METHANOLIC SOLUTIONS

The oxidation of six charged iron(III) tetraarylporphyrins with chemical oxidants has been investigated. In aqueous solution each can be converted by tert-butyl hydroperoxide or monopersulphate into its corresponding oxoiron(IV) porphyrin, whereas in methanol only the iron(III) tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrins form detectable ferryl porphyrins at ambient temperatures. On standing, the iron species revert to the parent porphyrin with a small loss due to non-reversible oxidative destruction. That the oxidised porphyrin intermediates are oxoiron(IV) species has been determined using UV-VIS, resonance Raman, H1 NMR and EPR spectroscopy.

Transport properties of protic ionic liquids, pure and in aqueous solutions: Effects of the anion and cation structure

Ionic conductivities of twelve protic ionic liquids (PILs) and their mixtures with water over the whole composition range are reported at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The selected PILs are the pyrrolidinium-based PILs containing nitrate, acetate or formate anions; the formate-based PILs containing diisopropylethylammonium, amilaminium, quinolinium, lutidinium or collidinium cations; and the pyrrolidinium alkylcarboxylates, [Pyrr][CnH2n+1COO] with n = 5–8. This study was performed in order to investigate the influence of molecular structures of the ions on the ionic conductivities in aqueous solutions. The ionic conductivities of the aqueous solutions are 2–30 times higher than the conductivities of pure PILs. The maximum in conductivity varies from ww=0.41???to???0.74 and is related to the nature of cations and anions. The molar conductance and the molar conductance at infinite dilution for (PIL + water) solutions are then determined. Self-diffusion coefficients of the twelve protic ionic liquids in water at infinite dilution and at 298.15 K are calculated by using the Nernst–Haskell, the original and the modified Wilke–Chang equations. These calculations show that similar values are obtained using the modified Wilke–Chang and the Nernst–Haskell equations. Finally, the effective hydrodynamic (or Stokes) radius of the PILs was determined by using the Stokes–Einstein equation. A linear relationship was established in order to predict this radius as a function of the anion alkyl chain length in the case of the pyrrolidinium alkylcarboxylates PILs.