Violência na escola : implicações na prática docente

Este estudo aborda fatos veiculados a violência na escola mostrando situações em que docentes e estudantes são ameaçados e agredidos por outros sujeitos vinculados a escola ou a comunidade. Tendo como questão norteadora a violência na escola e suas implicações na prática docente. Nesse sentido procurou-se abordar as mais recentes literaturas acerca do tema em destaque a fim de compreendermos a realidade da qual nos propomos estudar. A finalidade dessa pesquisa é compreender de que maneira esse tipo de violência afeta a vida dos sujeitos em uma escola da Rede Pública Municipal de Olinda-PE, através do levantamento de informações acerca do tipo de violência praticada no contexto escolar; identificando os fatos que levam a prática dessa modalidade de violência por parte dos sujeitos da escola e analisar os fatores que contribuem para ocorrência desse fenômeno no ambiente escolar. Metodologicamente optamos pela abordagem qualitativa descritiva e quantitativa objetivando o aprofundamento da temática proposta, utilizando-se como técnica de coleta de dados o questionário e o inquérito por entrevista. A análise dos dados partiu dos discursos de Bardin (2002), através do método análise de conteúdo. Os autores que subsidiaram o estudo foram: Adorno (1971); Bourdieu (2001); Peralva (2000), Abramovay (2002); Debarbieux (2002); Fante (2005) dentre outros que tratam da violência na escola numa perspectiva histórico-social. Assim, pudemos constatar que essa modalidade de violência origina-se na sociedade e se dissemina através de danos físicos ou simbólicos, que são aplicados de modo individual ou grupos. E que num plano maior muitas vezes é associada à pobreza, a desigualdade social, desemprego e falhas de comunicação. É também oposta a utilização da razão, aceitação e diálogo, estando relacionados a diversos tipos de poderes em todos os tipos de relações entre os seres humanos. Contudo, concluiu-se que os sujeitos não estão preparados para lidar com o fenômeno da violência escolar e que é preciso abrir espaços para que todos participem da busca de soluções para evitar e combater o problema.

Reencantar a educação : a educação básica e a ressocialização dos presos

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo descrever a educação básica no contexto do sistema penitenciário de Salvador em termos de processos educacionais e da Proposta Político-Pedagógica (PPP) com vistas à ressocialização do preso. Especificamente: a) descrever a realidade educacional do sistema penitenciário; b) analisar o processo educacional, método em termos de restauração pessoal, quanto à ressocialização do apenado. Em termos de percurso metodológico, quanto à natureza da pesquisa, trata-se de um estudo qualitativo. Organizou-se a dissertação, dando-lhe coerência e direção. A fundamentação teórica foi organizada delimitando-se os pontos essenciais da investigação. Em termos de tipo de pesquisa qualitativa, trata-se de estudo de caso, o qual vai-se valer, em termos de coleta de dados, da observação, entrevistas, narrativas e análise de documentos. Há que se observar que se torna difícil a situação de reintegração social do regresso, principalmente no tocante à sua recolocação profissional, pois vive-se hoje a realidade de um desemprego generalizado com elevado contingente de trabalhadores desempregados, e que ainda na maioria das vezes ainda contam com experiência profissional. A situação torna-se difícil para uma pessoa que traz consigo o estigma de ex-presidiário, e que na maioria das vezes não tem qualquer qualificação profissional. A „recuperação‟ do preso passa pela manutenção de sua referência com o mundo exterior, tais como a família, o meio de trabalho, o bairro onde reside. Quanto mais essas referências forem afastadas (e o são), mais difícil será sua readaptação posterior à sociedade. Pode ser que, após um longo período, adaptado pelas forças de sua instituição total, o mesmo já não consiga se adaptar a uma sociedade livre.

Paradojas e incertidumbres de las economías andinas (Coyuntura)

El artículo parte de señalar la contradicción entre un desempeño macroeconómico, generalmente calificado como favorable, de las economías andinas en lo que va del presente siglo, sustentado en mayores tasas de crecimiento del PIB Y en la reducción del ritmo inflacionario, con el significativo agravamiento de la inestabilidad política en la región, que se ha constituido en la zona más conflictiva del continente. Posteriormente, se examina detenidamente el comportamiento de las economías andinas, estableciendo sus limitaciones y sobre todo los elevados niveles de desempleo en todos los países andinos, como factores estructurales que unidos a la crisis de sus instituciones políticas configuran una situación paradójica y muy frágil. En este contexto, la apuesta al TLC que realizan tres de sus miembros, con diversos grados de decisión, significa una seria amenaza para la integración andina y abre serias dudas sobre el balance de costos y beneficios.

Compositional effects on productivity, labour cost and export adjustments. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/11, June 2012

Sectoral shifts, such as shrinkage of low labour productivity and the low-wage construction sector, can lead to apparent increased aggregate average labour productivity and average wages, especially when capital intensity differs across sectors. For 11 main sectors and 13 manufacturing sub-sectors, we quantify the compositional effects on productivity, wages and unit labour costs (ULCs) based and real effective exchange rates (REER), for 24 EU countries. Compositional effects are greatest in Ireland, where the pharmaceutical sector drives the growth of output and productivity, but other sectors have suffered greatly and have not yet recovered. Our new ULC-REER measurements, which are free from compositional effects, correlate well with export performance. Among the countries facing the most severe external adjustment challenges, Lithuania, Portugal and Ireland have been the most successful based on five indicators, and Latvia, Estonia and Greece the least successful. There is evidence of downward wage flexibility in some countries, but wage cuts have corrected just a small fraction of pre-crisis wage rises and came with massive reductions in employment even in the business sector excluding construction and real estate, highlighting the difficulty of adjusting wages downward.

Adjusting to a credit cycle bust: The role of fiscal policy. CEPS Commentary, 27 July 2012

In response to the often-heard accusation that “austerity is killing growth in Europe”, Daniel Gros asks in this new Commentary: “What austerity?” Looking at the entire budget cycle, he finds that the picture of austerity killing growth simply does not hold up. Since the bursting of the bubble in 2007, Gros reports that the economic performance of the US has been very similar to that of the euro area: GDP per capita is today about 2% below the 2007 level on both sides of the Atlantic; and the unemployment rate has increased by about the same amount as well: it increased by 3% both in the US and the euro area. Thus, he concludes that over a five-year period, the US has not done any better than the euro area although it has used a much larger dose of fiscal expansion.

Women's Labour Market Performance in Europe: Trends and Shaping Factors. CEPS Special Report, September 2012

We investigate the changes in women’s employment patterns across EU countries over the last 20 years both in terms of labour market participation and type of jobs using individual data from ECHP and EUSILC databases. Using a logistic multilevel model, we then pin down the role played by institutional and policy changes in explaining women’s employment. The key results indicate that women’s employment trends are related to the institutional and policy changes that have been introduced in almost all European countries since the end of the 1990s. Such changes had an important impact on the labour market opportunities’ of women by affecting the quality of potential jobs available, the chances to (re-)enter the labour market and the opportunity costs of employment (vs. non-employment).

A budget for Europe's Monetary Union. Bruegel Policy Contribution 2012/22, December 2012

In a monetary union, national fiscal deficits are of limited help to counteract deep recessions; union-wide support is needed. A common euro-area budget (1) should provide a temporary but significant transfer of resources in case of large regional shocks, (2) would be an instrument to counteract severe recessions in the area as a whole, and (3) would ensure financial stability. The four main options for stabilisation of regional shocks to the euro area are: unemployment insurance, payments related to deviations of output from potential, the narrowing of large spreads, and discretionary spending. The common resource would need to be well-designed to be distributionally neutral, avoid free-riding behaviour and foster structural change while be of sufficient size to have an impact. Linking budget support to large deviations of output from potential appears to be the best option. A borrowing capacity equipped with a structural balanced budget rule could address area-wide shocks. It could serve as the fiscal backstop to the bank resolution authority. Resources amounting to 2 percent of euro-area GDP would be needed for stabilisation policy and financial stability.

Options for a Euro-area fiscal capacity. Bruegel Policy Brief 2013/01, January 2013

Europe has responded to the crisis with strengthened budgetary and macroeconomic surveillance, the creation of the European Stability Mechanism, liquidity provisioning by resilient economies and the European Central Bank and a process towards a banking union. However, a monetary union requires some form of budget for fiscal stabilisation in case of shocks, and as a backstop to the banking union. This paper compares four quantitatively different schemes of fiscal stabilisation and proposes a new scheme based on GDP-indexed bonds. The options considered are: (i) A federal budget with unemployment and corporate taxes shifted to euro-area level; (ii) a support scheme based on deviations from potential output;(iii) an insurance scheme via which governments would issue bonds indexed to GDP, and (iv) a scheme in which access to jointly guaranteed borrowing is combined with gradual withdrawal of fiscal sovereignty. Our comparison is based on strong assumptions. We carry out a preliminary, limited simulation of how the debt-to-GDP ratio would have developed between 2008-14 under the four schemes for Greece, Ireland, Portugal, Spain and an ‘average’ country.The schemes have varying implications in each case for debt sustainability

Local development companies and the regeneration of Britain's cities

Efforts to decentralise the pursuit of economic and social development have increased in recent years. The authors examine the rationale for establishing local development companies in areas of high unemployment and deprivation. The broad purpose is to establish a new style of organisation that combines attributes of the public and private sectors-to adapt and integrate economic and social services to meet local needs, to champion local interests in external arenas, and to act as enabling agents to promote local investment and development. These arguments are elaborated and illustrated with reference to one of Britain's most successful local development companies, Govan Initiative. The analysis reveals important strengths of the Initiative, including its action orientation, commitment to quality, and a local leadership role, but also certain weaknesses including its limited leverage over wider policies and resource flows. Local development companies need meaningful commitment from regional and national public organisations to fulfil their potential.

Are alternative livelihood projects alleviating poverty in mining communities? Experiences from Ghana

This paper critiques the approach being taken in Ghana to implement Alternative Livelihood (AL) projects in mining communities. The rapid insurgence of illegal artisanal gold mining has forced policymakers to think more creatively about ways in which to deal with mounting unemployment in the country's rural areas. Most of the economic activities being promoted, however, have proved highly unpopular with target groups. The adopted policy approaches reflect how little in tune the organisations championing AL activities are with the mindsets and ambitions of rural populations.

Evaluating the role of environmental quality in the sustainable rural economic development of England

The issue of the sustainable development of rural economies in England has recently received considerable attention. This is because many of the poorest areas in the country are rural, often of high environmental quality, but suffering from high unemployment and a lack of services and facilities. The rapid decline in agricultural incomes and in-migration of affluent urban workers since 1990 has exacerbated economic inequality in such areas. A number of factors have the potential to drive rural development and this paper applies, and considers, the feasibility of a method from the USA for combining economic and environmental variables in a regional growth model to examine the hypothesis that environmental quality is an important determinant of sustainable rural development in England. The model output suggests that, although environmental quality does play a role in sustainable rural development in England there are other, more important, factors driving development. These include business and communications infra-structure, the degree and opportunities for commuting and underlying employment prospects. The robustness and limitations of the method for combining economic and environmental variables is discussed in relation to the spatial interrelatedness of Local Authority Districts in England, and conclusions are drawn about areas for refinement and improvement of the method.

Energy substitutability in transition agriculture: estimates and implications for Hungary

Subsidised energy prices in pre-transition Hungary had led to excessive energy intensity in the agricultural sector. Transition has resulted in steep input price increases. In this study, Allen and Morishima elasticities of substitution are estimated to study the effects of these price changes on energy use, chemical input use, capital formation and employment. Panel data methods, Generalised Method of Moments (GMM) and instrument exogeneity tests are used to specify and estimate technology and substitution elasticities. Results indicate that indirect price policy may be effective in controlling energy consumption. The sustained increases in energy and chemical input prices have worked together to restrict energy and chemical input use, and the substitutability between energy, capital and labour has prevented the capital shrinkage and agricultural unemployment situations from being worse. The Hungarian push towards lower energy intensity may be best pursued through sustained energy price increases rather than capital subsidies. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Linking public issues with private troubles: panel studies in developing countries

Accompanying the call for increased evidence-based policy the developed world is implementing more longitudinal panel studies which periodically gather information about the same people over a number of years. Panel studies distinguish between transitory and persistent states (e.g. poverty, unemployment) and facilitate causal explanations of relationships between variables. However, they are complex and costly. A growing number of developing countries are now implementing or considering starting panel studies. The objectives of this paper are to identify challenges that arise in panel studies, and to give examples of how these have been addressed in resource-constrained environments. The main issues considered are: the development of a conceptual framework which links macro and micro contexts; sampling the cohort in a cost-effective way; tracking individuals; ethics and data management and analysis. Panel studies require long term funding, a stable institution and an acceptance that there will be limited value for money in terms of results from early stages, with greater benefits accumulating in the study's mature years. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The effect of term-time employment on UK higher education students

In the UK, participation in higher education has risen over the past two decades, along with a shift of the costs of higher education onto the individual and a move to widening participation among previously underrepresented groups. This has led to changes in the way individuals fund their higher education, in particular a rise in the incidence of term time employment. Term time employment potentially plays a much bigger role than in the past, both as a means for individuals to fund their education and reduce debt, and as a way to gain valuable work experience and increase employability. With the increase in the number of graduates in the UK labour market it is now more important for individuals to be able to differentiate themselves in the labour market.