999 resultados para Triest, Pierre Joseph, 1760-1836.


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Les établissements médicaux vaudois construits entre 1760 et 1940 sont des témoins privilégiés de l'émergence de l'architecture rationnelle ainsi que de phénomènes historiques et sociaux tels que la médicalisation de la société et du territoire, l'essor du tourisme médical, le transfert des modèles et des technologies. L'étude des hôpitaux, des sanatoriums, des cliniques et des établissements de bains montre comment l'invention d'une « architecture à soigner » est le fait conjoint du médecin et de l'architecte, tous deux cherchant à faire de ces établissements des faire-valoir de leur pratique ainsi que des monuments à la gloire de la santé publique ou de la philanthropie.

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Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57353

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Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57604

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Référence bibliographique : Rol, 57352

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Durant el segle XIX i les primeres dècades del XX, Àsia Central va patir de primera mà la rivalitat entre les dues grans potències europees del moment: Anglaterra i Rússia. Aquest enfrontament va ser batejat pels seus propis participants amb el nom d'El Gran Joc. A diferència d'altres lluites històriques prèvies, el Gran Joc no es va resumir en una guerra, sinó en un cúmul d'elles, que es van succeir al llarg del temps en diferents territoris del centre del continent asiàtic i a les que van acompanyar accions diplomàtiques igualment nombroses. Tot i l'extensió del conflicte, Afganistan es va erigir com el punt clau més rellevant al voltant del qual l'Imperi rus i el britànic van desenvolupar les seves intrigues. Els dos poders europeus, amb els seus respectius objectius en ment, no van dubtar a dur a terme un dels majors desplegaments estratègics mai vist a la zona, valent-se, a més dels seus efectius, dels habitants asiàtics com peons al tauler del seu joc i marcant profundament el futur de les nacions centreasiàtiques, així com establint un precedent en la manera de fer la guerra on la victòria d'una facció sobre una altra mai estaria clara.

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In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.