Echinococcosis in southern Brazil: efforts toward implementation of a control program in Santana do Livramento, Rio Grande do Sul

This investigation aimed to design a strategy for echinococcosis control in Santana do Livramento county, an endemic area in state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). Fecal samples from 65 dogs were obtained from urban, suburban and rural areas. Purging with Arecoline Bromhidrate (AB) was done to visualize Echinococcus granulosus, and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) was performed to detect parasite coproantigen. Samples were obtained at the beginning and at the end of treatment with Praziquantel. A third fecal sampling was also done in rural areas four months after the end of treatment. Each dog was treated immediately after the first purging and every 30 days for eight months. In urban and suburban areas no infected dogs were found. In rural areas, first evaluation showed 11.36% and 27.69% of infected dogs by AB and ELISA, respectively. No infected dogs were diagnosed in the second evaluation and in the third evaluation 36.84% and 47.37% infected dogs were identified by AB and ELISA, respectively. Medication program to combat dog infection resulted in successful interruption of parasite transmission, but the project failed to create awareness of the need for dog prophylaxis among rural populations as well as to establish a permanent control program in this municipality.

Projeto de estruturas de um edifício

O trabalho a apresentar tem como objetivo a aplicação dos conceitos adquiridos academicamente ao longo de todo o curso em Engenharia Civil num projeto de estruturas de um edifício. Este estudo surge no decorrer de um estágio curricular desenvolvido na empresa Segropol – Sociedade de Engenharia, Projetos e Obras, Lda. A partir das plantas de arquitetura, o projeto foi desenvolvido essencialmente em 4 etapas: conceção estrutural, pré-dimensionamento, validação das soluções estruturais e elaboração de peças desenhadas e pormenores construtivos. Para a definição e obtenção das soluções estruturais de uma estrutura é essencial realizar um enquadramento de toda a regulamentação aplicável, de modo a que todas as disposições associadas à segurança e estabilidade de um edifício sejam cumpridas. A análise e dimensionamento dos elementos foi efetuada com recurso ao programa de cálculo automático CYPE. Apresentando esta empresa vários serviços na área da fiscalização, é abordado neste documento um levantamento de vistorias de um loteamento, agrupando as diferentes anomalias e irregularidades detetadas.

Successful control program to implement the appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis for cesarean section

OBJECTIVE: Describe implementation of a successful program to reduce doses (cefazolin 2 to 1 g) used for antimicrobial prophylaxis. METHODS: Evaluation of an intervention program to reduce prophylactic antimicrobial doses. The intervention included weekly staff discussions, automatic dispensation of 1g-vial of cefazolin by the pharmacy unless expressly requested by surgeon and increase in post-discharge surveillance as a strategy to reassure surgeons of the safety of the reduction. In the pre and post intervention periods, a prospective study of antimicrobial consumption and surgical site infections were measured. RESULTS: There were 5,164 and 5,204 deliveries in 2001-2002 and 2003-2004, respectively; 1,524 (29.5%) and 1,363 (26%) were cesarean sections. There was a 45% decrease in cefazolin vials used on average per cesarean section (2.29 to 1.25). Patients evaluated increased from 16% to 67% and the SSI rates in both periods were 3.34% to 2.42%, respectively. CONCLUSION: An ample intervention, including administrative and educational measures, led to high compliance with dose reduction and saved more than US$4,000 in cefazolin, considered important because government reimbursement in Brazil for cesarean section is $80.

Adaptação do programa PAC-Pórticos ao EC2 e sua integração com o conceito BIM

Atualmente existe uma grande variedade de programas de cálculo automático de estruturas de betão armado disponíveis no mercado, pois estes, cada vez mais, são inerentes ao desenvolvimento de cada projeto de estruturas. O PAC-Pórticos foi um dos primeiros a chegar ao mercado nacional surgindo no início da década de noventa. Foi totalmente desenvolvido em Portugal, tendo tido bastante sucesso nas suas vendas a nível nacional. O PAC-Pórticos não está preparado para operar diretamente nos mais recentes sistemas operativos nem foi programado para dimensionar os diversos elementos de betão armado seguindo os termos das normas mais recentes (Eurocódigos). O tema do presente trabalho vai de encontro aos atuais problemas do programa, assim sendo, definiu-se como primeiro objetivo a adaptação do PAC-Pórticos à regulamentação europeia para o betão armado. Numa 1ª fase, para a adaptação do PAC-Pórticos aos novos códigos, foi necessário estudar o programa em si, perceber o seu funcionamento e posteriormente realizar uma comparação entre a legislação para qual o software está programado, o Regulamento de Estruturas de Betão Armado e Pré-Esforçado (ainda em vigor) e a Norma Europeia correspondente a EN 1992-1-1 (Eurocódigo 2). Seguidamente, procedeu-se ao estudo e adaptação de todas as sub-rotinas de cálculo do PAC-Pórticos para o dimensionamento de vigas e pilares, tendo finalmente sido testado o novo código e comprovados os resultados obtidos com o mesmo. Na realização do presente trabalho, não foi ignorada a importância crescente da metodologia BIM que, nos dias de hoje, tende a ser implementada nos programas de cálculo de engenharia civil. Neste âmbito, o segundo objetivo é o de conseguir visualizar uma solução obtida do PAC-Pórticos numa qualquer ferramenta tridimensional BIM. Para tal, foram ponderadas várias hipóteses, mas optou-se por criar dois plug-in para o programa AutoCAD da Autodesk. O primeiro destes plug-in contempla o desenho das vigas e o segundo para os pilares, ambos em 3D e elaborados de forma automática.

The effect of adhesive thickness on the mechanical behavior of a structural polyurethane adhesive

One parameter that influences the adhesively bonded joints performance is the adhesive layer thickness. Hence, its effect has to be investigated experimentally and should be taken into consideration in the design of adhesive joints. Most of the results from literature are for typical structural epoxy adhesives which are generally formulated to perform in thin sections. However, polyurethane adhesives are designed to perform in thicker sections and might have a different behavior as a function of adhesive thickness. In this study, the effect of adhesive thickness on the mechanical behavior of a structural polyurethane adhesive was investigated. The mode I fracture toughness of the adhesive was measured using double-cantilever beam (DCB) tests with various thicknesses of the adhesive layer ranging from 0.2 to 2 mm. In addition, single lap joints (SLJs) were fabricated and tested to assess the influence of adhesive thickness on the lap-shear strength of the adhesive. An increasing fracture toughness with increasing adhesive thickness was found. The lap-shear strength decreases as the adhesive layer gets thicker, but in contrast to joints with brittle adhesives the decrease trend was less pronounced.

Structural adhesives modified with thermally expandable particles

In this study, the behaviour of two structural adhesives modified with thermally expandable particles (TEPs) was investigated as a preliminary study for further investigations on the potential of TEPs in adhesive joints. Tensile bulk tests were performed to get the tensile properties of the adhesives and TEPs-modified adhesives. In order to determine the expansion temperature of the particles while encapsulated in these particular adhesive systems, the variation of the volume of adhesive samples modified with different TEPs concentration as a function of temperature was measured. Further, the possibility of any chemical interactions between TEPs and adhesives matrix in the TEPs-modified specimens was verified by a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Finally, the fracture surfaces of the unmodified and TEPs-modified specimens, as well as the dispersion and the morphology of the particles, were examined by a scanning electron microscopy analysis. It was found that the stiffness of the TEPs-modified adhesives is not affected by incorporation of TEPs in the adhesives matrix, while the tensile yield strength decreased by increasing the wt% TEPs content. In applications of such particular materials (TEPs-modified adhesives), the temperature should be controlled to stay between 90°C and 120°C in order to obtain the highest expansion ratio. At a lower temperature, not all the particles will expand, and above, the TEPs will deteriorate and as a result the TEPs-modified adhesives will deteriorate.

Biosynthesis-Assisted Structural Elucidation of the Bartolosides, Chlorinated Aromatic Glycolipids from Cyanobacteria

The isolation of the bartolosides, unprecedented cyanobacterial glycolipids featuring aliphatic chains with chlorine substituents and C-glycosyl moieties, is reported. Their chlorinated dialkylresorcinol (DAR) core presented a major structural-elucidation challenge. To overcome this, we discovered the bartoloside (brt) biosynthetic gene cluster and linked it to the natural products through in vitro characterization of the DAR-forming ketosynthase and aromatase. Bioinformatic analysis also revealed a novel potential halogenase. Knowledge of the bartoloside biosynthesis constrained the DAR core structure by defining key pathway intermediates, ultimately allowing us to determine the full structures of the bartolosides. This work illustrates the power of genomics to enable the use of biosynthetic information for structure elucidation.

Giardia intestinalis and nutritional status in children participating in the complementary nutrition program, Antioquia, Colombia, May to October 2006

Giardia intestinalis infection is prevalent throughout the world and widely distributed in developing countries. In general, children display serious consequences to their state of health, including slow height-weight development; therefore, the main aim of this study was to determine the association between Giardia infection and the nutritional status of children who participate in the program of complementary feeding (Mejoramiento Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia (MANA) - Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar (ICBF)). A cross-sectional study examining the association of giardiasis with nutritional status was conducted. A total of 2035 children aged eight months to six years-old were studied. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, anthropometric measurements and laboratory analysis of blood and stool samples. Analysis of the results showed that 27.6% of children were infected with G. intestinalis, while 8.1% and 1.9% were mildly and significantly underweight, respectively, and 14.1% presented stunting. Giardiasis was statistically identified as a strong predictor of stunting in this study population.

Structural change: a brief review

This is a short summary of some aspects of structural change models, and is not intended to be comprehensive survey or review. Many important works have been left out. Also, the presentation was not intended to be rigorous nor general. It’s main purpose is only to focus on some recent developments in this area and motivate the reader to learn more.

Effects of a mental health training program on health care worker's knowledge and attitude and practice in Belize

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to assess mental health knowledge, attitude and practices among health care workers in Belize before and immediately after a competency based training program in mental health. A baseline Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey was given to health personnel, mainly nurses, working primary and secondary care. The intervention was a 13-week face-to-face training course for health care professionals with the objective of increasing their competency in mental health and reducing stigma. After the training a post intervention KAP survey was conducted among the original respondents. 88 health care workers completed the baseline survey and 61 of those respondents completed the post-intervention questionnaire. The results showed that the level of knowledge of the participants had improved by the training intervention and that in general, the intervention was effective in correcting some misconceptions about mental illness and reducing stigmatizing attitudes among the participants.

Projeto de estruturas do edifício administrativo de um polo logístico em Viana-Angola

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em efetuar o dimensionamento estrutural de um edifício em betão armado, contemplando as diferentes fases, desde a conceção inicial, com a definição do modelo estrutural e escolha criteriosa dos elementos e soluções constituintes, até à fase final de dimensionamento, considerando para além das cargas gravíticas, a ação do vento e a ação sísmica. No âmbito deste trabalho considerou-se o dimensionamento de elementos estruturais nomeadamente, sapatas, paredes, pilares, vigas e lajes, com a verificação de segurança à flexão simples, flexão composta, esforço transverso e punçoamento, consoante a necessidade de cada elemento. Para tal, foi desenvolvido uma folha de cálculo automático (Macro) que permite a verificação da capacidade resistente de secções, à flexão simples e ao esforço transverso, quer em elementos com ou sem armadura de esforço transverso. Os esforços atuantes que estiveram na origem das verificações estruturais foram calculados com base na aplicação de um programa tridimensional de elementos finitos, nomeadamente o programa de cálculo ROBOT STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS. Os Critérios Gerais de Dimensionamento considerados, com base na regulamentação em vigor em Portugal – RSA, REBAP e Eurocódigos, bem como as Hipóteses de Cálculo consideradas na verificação aos estados limites últimos dos elementos estruturais são detalhadamente enunciados ao longo do trabalho. Os desenhos de elementos estruturais dimensionados, bem como os desenhos de dimensionamento do edifício encontram-se em Anexo.

Experimental characterization of the out-of-plane performance of regular stone masonry walls, including test setups and axial load influence

Stone masonry is one of the oldest and most worldwide used building techniques. Nevertheless, the structural response of masonry structures is complex and the effective knowledge about their mechanical behaviour is still limited. This fact is particularly notorious when dealing with the description of their out-of-plane behaviour under horizontal loadings, as is the case of the earthquake action. In this context, this paper describes an experimental program, conducted in laboratory environment, aiming at characterizing the out-of-plane behaviour of traditional unreinforced stone masonry walls. In the scope of this campaign, six full-scale sacco stone masonry specimens were fully characterised regarding their most important mechanic, geometric and dynamic features and were tested resorting to two different loading techniques under three distinct vertical pre-compression states; three of the specimens were subjected to an out-of-plane surface load by means of a system of airbags and the remaining were subjected to an out-of-plane horizontal line-load at the top. From the experiments it was possible to observe that both test setups were able to globally mobilize the out-of-plane response of the walls, which presented substantial displacement capacity, with ratios of ultimate displacement to the wall thickness ranging between 26 and 45 %, as well as good energy dissipation capacity. Finally, very interesting results were also obtained from a simple analytical model used herein to compute a set of experimental-based ratios, namely between the maximum stability displacement and the wall thickness for which a mean value of about 60 % was found.

Projecto de estruturas de uma passagem superior em madeira

Este projecto visa um estudo de uma solução para uma ponte pedonal de Madeira Lamelada Colada (MLC) entre o Hospital Pedro Hispano e o Norte-Shopping, localizada na Senhor da Hora. Inicialmente foram analisadas diversas variantes, com vários tipos de sistemas, sendo adoptada uma ponte formada por dois arcos, que se aproximam à medida que se afastam dos encontros unidos por contraventamentos em cruz. O tabuleiro encontra-se suspenso por tirantes e apoiados dos dois lados nos encontros. Foi realizado uma pequena introdução histórica da utilização da madeira enquanto material de construção, a sua fabricação e os vários tipos de pontes pedonais em MLC. O uso da madeira em estruturas fez com que a abordagem do Eurocódigo 5 (EC5) tivesse uma maior importância. A estrutura é modelada no programa de cálculo “DLUBAL ” através de um modelo de barras tridimensional de modo a efectuar uma análise estática e dinâmica global, recorrendo-se para tal a normas e princípios gerais de verificação de segurança dos regulamentos Europeus, nomeadamente os Eurocódigos das várias especialidades. Apresentam-se em anexo vários desenhos da ponte, desenhos das peças de ligação, o mapa de trabalhos e quantidades, ideias preliminares, dimensionamento e a escolha dos ligadores e por fim os diagramas de esforços dos elementos aos Estados-limite Último.

Modeling assembly program with constraints. A contribution to WCET problem

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Lógica Computacional