962 resultados para Soini, Elsa


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The research literature on adolescent pregnancy indicates a relationship between early prenatal care and positive pregnancy outcomes, yet fewer than half of pregnant teenagers seek prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. Although social support theory speculates that there should be a relationship between support and health outcomes, available studies do not reflect the processes by which pregnant adolescents use their social resources in making decisions about their pregnancies. This study describes the processes by which the adolescent comes to accept the reality of her pregnancy.^ Drawing from the social-psychological theories of illness behavior and symbolic interactionism, this study examines the symptom diagnosis and help seeking behavior of the pregnant adolescent. This approach describes how the adolescent interprets events and draws conclusions based on her social reality.^ Interviews were conducted with ten young women, aged 15-17, who had recently delivered a first child. Onset of prenatal care ranged from the third month to the seventh month. None were married, and all but two lived with a parent. All but one were currently in school. Initial unstructured interviews were attempted to construe the modes of expression of the young women regarding the event of pregnancy. Subsequent interviews elicited the processes of recognition and explanation of symptoms of pregnancy.^ Analysis revealed a consistent natural history in the subjects' experiences as they come to accept the reality of pregnancy. Symptom appraisal and definition involves noticing changes in themselves, and evaluating and attempting to find suitable explanations for these symptoms. Lay consultation from friends and family aids in identifying the symptoms and to receive suggestions for treatment. It is at this point that prenatal care is usually initiated. Finally the young women describe the integration of pregnancy into their belief systems. ^

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von B. Elsaß

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IMPORTANCE Associations between subclinical thyroid dysfunction and fractures are unclear and clinical trials are lacking. OBJECTIVE To assess the association of subclinical thyroid dysfunction with hip, nonspine, spine, or any fractures. DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION The databases of MEDLINE and EMBASE (inception to March 26, 2015) were searched without language restrictions for prospective cohort studies with thyroid function data and subsequent fractures. DATA EXTRACTION Individual participant data were obtained from 13 prospective cohorts in the United States, Europe, Australia, and Japan. Levels of thyroid function were defined as euthyroidism (thyroid-stimulating hormone [TSH], 0.45-4.49 mIU/L), subclinical hyperthyroidism (TSH <0.45 mIU/L), and subclinical hypothyroidism (TSH ≥4.50-19.99 mIU/L) with normal thyroxine concentrations. MAIN OUTCOME AND MEASURES The primary outcome was hip fracture. Any fractures, nonspine fractures, and clinical spine fractures were secondary outcomes. RESULTS Among 70,298 participants, 4092 (5.8%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 2219 (3.2%) had subclinical hyperthyroidism. During 762,401 person-years of follow-up, hip fracture occurred in 2975 participants (4.6%; 12 studies), any fracture in 2528 participants (9.0%; 8 studies), nonspine fracture in 2018 participants (8.4%; 8 studies), and spine fracture in 296 participants (1.3%; 6 studies). In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, the hazard ratio (HR) for subclinical hyperthyroidism vs euthyroidism was 1.36 for hip fracture (95% CI, 1.13-1.64; 146 events in 2082 participants vs 2534 in 56,471); for any fracture, HR was 1.28 (95% CI, 1.06-1.53; 121 events in 888 participants vs 2203 in 25,901); for nonspine fracture, HR was 1.16 (95% CI, 0.95-1.41; 107 events in 946 participants vs 1745 in 21,722); and for spine fracture, HR was 1.51 (95% CI, 0.93-2.45; 17 events in 732 participants vs 255 in 20,328). Lower TSH was associated with higher fracture rates: for TSH of less than 0.10 mIU/L, HR was 1.61 for hip fracture (95% CI, 1.21-2.15; 47 events in 510 participants); for any fracture, HR was 1.98 (95% CI, 1.41-2.78; 44 events in 212 participants); for nonspine fracture, HR was 1.61 (95% CI, 0.96-2.71; 32 events in 185 participants); and for spine fracture, HR was 3.57 (95% CI, 1.88-6.78; 8 events in 162 participants). Risks were similar after adjustment for other fracture risk factors. Endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism (excluding thyroid medication users) was associated with HRs of 1.52 (95% CI, 1.19-1.93) for hip fracture, 1.42 (95% CI, 1.16-1.74) for any fracture, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.01-2.99) for spine fracture. No association was found between subclinical hypothyroidism and fracture risk. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Subclinical hyperthyroidism was associated with an increased risk of hip and other fractures, particularly among those with TSH levels of less than 0.10 mIU/L and those with endogenous subclinical hyperthyroidism. Further study is needed to determine whether treating subclinical hyperthyroidism can prevent fractures.

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Boberach: Unter Berufung auf die Weissagung aus Kloster Lehnin soll die Einteilung Deutschlands in zwölf Herzogtümer ein mächtiges Reich unter Preußens Führung schaffen. Franken soll wegen seiner zentralen Lage Kronland werden. Als Sitz der Reichsgewalt kommen Bamberg, Nürnberg oder Frankfurt in Frage. Einem Herzogtum Alemannien soll auch die deutsche Schweiz angeschlossen werden, Frankreich den französischen Teil erhalten und dafür das Elsaß zurückgeben. Die deutsche Seemacht sollen die Niederlande werden. Aus den nichtdeutschen Ländern Österreichs soll ein Austroslawisches Reich entstehen. - Wentzke: Die Grundlinien: der Kaiser (Hohenzollern) auf dem Gipfel höchster Macht, die Volksherzöge als treue Stützen des Thrones. Franken Kronland. Österreich wird seinem Berufe, ein großes slavisch-orientalisches Reich zu begründen, nachgehen

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Boberach: Preußen und Österreich sollen in einem geeinten Deutschland abwechselnd das Präsidium ausüben, Abgeordnete der Landtage der Einzelstaaten einen Bundesrat bilden, der an der Bundesregierung beteiligt und gleichzeitig Bundesschiedgericht ist. Polen soll mit eigener nationaler Verfassung mit Preußen eine Union bilden, der König abwechselnd in Berlin und Warschau residieren. Preußen, Polen, Litauen, Kurland, Livland sollen in einem baltischen Bundesstaat als Gegenstück zur Vereinigung der Donauländer mit Österreich vereinigt werden. Mitteleuropa (mit Elsaß, Lothringen, Belgien, Niederlanden, Schweiz) soll vom Ärmelkanal bis zum Schwarzen Meer ein einheitliches Zollgebiet werden. - Wentzke: Preußen ist hinfort nur ein Glied des großen deutschen Reiches. Verlangt für Polen eine besondere nationale Verfassung und Union mit Preußen: der König residiert abwechselnd in Berlin und Warschau. Der Angliederung der Donauländer an Österreich wird im Nordosten ein baltischer Bundesstaat (Preußen, Polen, Litthauen [sic!], Kurland, Livland) entsprechen. Keine Erneuerung des alten Polen! Preußen und Österreich als Föderativstaaten können nicht unter die deutsche Zentralgewalt treten. Die deutschen Staaten werden unter einem Vorort geeint, der mit Preußen und Österreich ein Direktorium mit wechselndem Präsidium bildet. Ihm zur Seite ein Bundesrat aus Abgeordneten der deutschen Landtage; zusammen als Bundesregierung: Auswärtiges, Presse und Universitäten, Bundesschiedsgericht ihre Aufgaben. Durch den Föderalismus werden wir Elsaß, Lothringen, Holland, Belgien, Schweiz wiedergewinnen. Der deutsche Geist ist der wahre Kaiser

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B. Elsaß

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B. Elsaß

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B. Elsaß

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Bernhard Elsaß

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Elsa Eisler

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Elsa Eisler