A sociometric analysis for the creation of an integrated multicultural work team

This research aimed to apply the sociometric theory and its methodology to create an integrated multicultural work team. The study focused on the application of the sociometry theory, developed by Jacob L. Moreno in 1934, to analyze the small multicultural group. In the beginning, a review of the literature was done to have a better understanding of Sociometric Theory as well as the modern tools and software developed to analyze and map the social networks. After this part of the study, the qualitative study was done, in which 26 students from 12 countries, which studied together in a Corporate International Master (2014-2015), developed by Georgetown University’s McDonough School of Business, Corporate Master of Business Administration from ESADE Business School and FGV/EBAPE, were surveyed and asked them to choose people, among the selected group, who they attracted, rejected or they were neutral towards, in 4 different scenarios: work team, leadership, trip (leisure time) and personal problem. Additionally, there were, two questions asked about how they felt when they answered the survey and which question(s) was/were difficult to answer and why. The focus on these two questions was to understand the emotional state of the respondents when they answered the survey and related this emotional state to the Sociometric Theory. The sociometric matrix, using Microsoft Excel, was created using the answers and the total of the positive, negative and neutral choices were analyzed for each scenario as well as the mutualities and incongruences of the choices. Furthermore, the software Kumu was used to analyze the connections between the people in the selected group using three metrics: size, degree centrality and indegree. Also Kumu was used to draw the social maps or sociometric maps. Using the relationship level analyses of the sociometric matrix and maps, it was possible to create an integrated multicultural work team. In the end, the results obtained suggest that it is possible to apply the sociometric methodology to study the relationships inside companies, project teams and work teams and identify the best work team based on the interrelationship between the people as well as the lack of communication among the team members, project team or inside the company as a whole.

Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for the catch-up in developing countries

This document represents a doctoral thesis held under the Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration of Getulio Vargas Foundation (EBAPE/FGV), developed through the elaboration of three articles. The research that resulted in the articles is within the scope of the project entitled “Windows of opportunities and knowledge networks: implications for catch-up in developing countries”, funded by Support Programme for Research and Academic Production of Faculty (ProPesquisa) of Brazilian School of Public and Business Administration (EBAPE) of Getulio Vargas Foundation.

A saúde mental das pessoas idosas na Região Autónoma da Madeira

O presente estudo teve como objectivos caracterizar do ponto de vista da saúde mental a população idosa da Região Autónoma da Madeira (RAM); determinar as prevalências das situações de saúde mental positiva e negativa e avaliar a influência positiva (protectora) ou negativa (de risco) de certos factores pessoais e do meio na saúde mental. Foi um estudo de natureza psicossocial,transversal, probabilístico, com uma componente descritiva e outra inferencial. A amostra (N=342) representativa das pessoas com 65 e mais anos, residentes na comunidade, foi estratificada por concelhos, por géneros e por classes etárias. A selecção foi feita da base de dados do Cartão de Utente do Serviço Regional de Saúde Empresa Pública Empresarial. As pessoas idosas foram entrevistadas pelas enfermeiras dos Centros de Saúde, que utilizaram para tal um questionário estruturado. Na avaliação das variáveis utilizaram-se diversos instrumentos alguns dos quais amplamente usados em outros estudos com população idosa. A saúde mental foi avaliada utilizando-se o Mental Health Inventory - MHI (Ware & Veit, 1983; Ribeiro, 2000), que contempla uma dimensão mais positiva o bem-estar psicológico e outra mais negativa o distress psicológico. Nas variáveis independentes (pessoais e do meio ambiente) utilizaram-se: para a classe social a Classificação Social de Graffar (Graffar, 1956); para a rede social a Lubben Social Network Scale - LSNS (Lubben, 1988); para a autonomia nas actividades instrumentais da vida diária a IADL (Lawton & Brody, 1969; Botelho, 2000); para a capacidade funcional (ABVD) o Índice de Katz (Katz et al., 1963; Cantera, 2000). As restantes variáveis, nomeadamente as de caracterização demográfica bem como as auto-percepções relativas ao rendimento, à habitação, de controlo, a ocupação do tempo, os acontecimentos de vida significativos, a autonomia física, a percepção relacionada com a saúde, as queixas de saúde ou doenças, os apoios de saúde e sociais, foram avaliadas através de questões formuladas para o efeito. No tratamento de dados, procedeu-se à análise descritiva das diferentes variáveis obtendo-se uma primeira caracterização da saúde mental das pessoas inquiridas. A fim de determinar as prevalências das situações de saúde mental mais positiva e mais negativa, recorreu-se à análise com três clusters. Para determinar a associação entre as variáveis pessoais e do meio e a saúde mental, usaram-se dois modelos de regressão logística (MRL). Num 1º MRL o enfoque colocou-se na relação das capacidades físicas e na percepção de saúde detidas pelas pessoas idosas, na disponibilidade de apoios específicos e a saúde mental. O 2º MRL focalizou-se na interacção entre a percepção de controlo detida pelas pessoas idosas, as condições sócio-económicas e a saúde mental. Resumem-se os resultados: na amostra identificou-se uma percentagem superior de mulheres (66,4%) face aos homens. A classe etária dos 65–74 anos incluiu maior número de idosos (64,9%). A maioria de (55,6%) residiam fora do Funchal. Os reformados eram prevalentes (78,1%) bem como os que detinham 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade (58,2%). As mulheres (65,2%) eram mais analfabetas do que os homens (48,7%). Dos idosos 44,4% pertenciam à classe social V (muito baixa) sendo a maioria mulheres (53,3%). A idade mínima da amostra foi 65 anos e a máxima 89 anos. A idade X =72,6 anos com umS =5,77. Foram encontrados níveis mais positivos nas diferentes dimensões da saúde mental. Prevalências: saúde mental positiva 67,0%, bem-estar psicológico elevado 24,3%. Apenas 3,2% apresentaram distress psicológico mais elevado. Com depressão maior identificaram-se 0,3% dos idosos. Num 1º MRL com as possíveis variáveis explicativas ajustadas, verificou-se que a probabilidade da saúde mental ser mais positiva era cerca de 0,3 vezes inferior nas mulheres, nos idosos com redes sociais muito limitadas e nos que percepcionavam a saúde própria como razoável ou pior. Era menor 0,5 vezes quando não sabiam ou percepcionavam a saúde como pior comparativamente aos pares, e 0,3 vezes quando referiram o mesmo, comparando-a com há um ano atrás. Era ainda 0,1 vez inferior quando possuíam limitações físicas para satisfazer as necessidades próprias. A probabilidade de ser mais positiva era 2,5 vezes superior quando as pessoas possuíam 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade. A variância no nível de saúde mental, explicada com base no 1º modelo foi 44,2%, valor estimado através do Nagelkerke R Square. Os resultados do 2º MRL com variáveis ajustadas, permitem afirmar que a probabilidade da saúde mental ser mais positiva era 0,3 vezes menor nas mulheres, 0,1 vez inferior nos idosos que percepcionavam o rendimento auferido como razoável ou fraco e 0,4 vezes menor quando tinham uma rede social muito limitada. Ter limitações físicas deslocando-se na rua apenas com apoio diminuía 0,3 vezes a probabilidade de saúde mental mais positiva, verificando-se o mesmo nos que auferiam apoio dos serviços sociais. Uma probabilidade 2,4 vezes superior da saúde mental ser mais positiva foi encontrada nos idosos com 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade quando comparada com os analfabetos. O Nagelkerke R Square = 37,3%, foi menor do que o obtido no modelo prévio, pelo que a variação ao nível da saúde mental explicada por este modelo é inferior. A evidência de que as pessoas idosas possuíam maioritariamente um nível superior de saúde mental, comprovou que a velhice não é sinónimo de doença. Foi também superior a percentagem daqueles que possuíam redes sociais menos limitadas. O nível mais elevado de distress psicológico surgiu com uma prevalência de 3,2% e apenas 0,3% das pessoas idosas estavam mais deprimidas o que evidenciou a necessidade de serem providenciadas respostas na comunidade para o seu tratamento. Dos inquiridos 8,8% apresentavam um nível médio de depressão, sugerindo a pertinência de serem efectuados às pessoas nessa situação, diagnósticos clínicos mais precisos. As limitações na capacidade física para a satisfação de necessidades diárias e a percepção de saúde mais negativa emergiram como factores significativos para a pior saúde mental confirmando resultados de pesquisas prévias. No 2º MRL a percepção pelos idosos de que o rendimento mensal auferido era fraco aumentou também a probabilidade da saúde mental ser pior. Nos dois modelos verificaram-se influências positivas quando os idosos possuíam 1 a 11 anos de escolaridade comparativamente aos analfabetos, o que pode ser considerado um factor protector para a saúde mental. Sublinhamos como principais conclusões deste estudo: O protocolo e os instrumentos de avaliação foram adequados para atingir os objectivos. Da avaliação à saúde mental concluiu-se que as pessoas idosas possuíam situações mais positivas e favoráveis. Dos três factores utilizadas na estratificação da amostra apenas o género feminino estava associado significativamente à pior saúde mental. Sugere-se a replicação deste estudo para acompanhar a evolução da saúde mental da população idosa da RAM. Os resultados deverão ser divulgados à comunidade científica e técnica bem como aos decisores políticos e aos gestores dos serviços de saúde, sociais, educativos e com acção directa sobre a vida dos idosos a fim de serem extraídas ilações, favoráveis à adopção de políticas e programas promotores da saúde mental que passem pelo aumento da escolaridade e por medidas/acções que reduzam a maior susceptibilidade de saúde mental negativa associada ao género feminino, promovam o reforço das redes sociais das pessoas idosas, a autonomia física necessária à satisfação das necessidades próprias bem como as auto - percepções positivas relacionadas com a saúde e com os rendimentos auferidos. Deverão serlhes facultadas também oportunidades de participação activa na comunidade a que pertencem.

Facebook3d

INTRODUCTION With the advent of Web 2.0, social networking websites like Facebook, MySpace and LinkedIn have become hugely popular. According to (Nilsen, 2009), social networking websites have global1 figures of almost 250 millions unique users among the top five2, with the time people spend on those networks increasing 63% between 2007 and 2008. Facebook alone saw a massive growth of 566% in number of minutes in the same period of time. Furthermore their appeal is clear, they enable users to easily form persistent networks of friends with whom they can interact and share content. Users then use those networks to keep in touch with their current friends and to reconnect with old friends. However, online social network services have rapidly evolved into highly complex systems which contain a large amount of personally salient information derived from large networks of friends. Since that information varies from simple links to music, photos and videos, users not only have to deal with the huge amount of data generated by them and their friends but also with the fact that it‟s composed of many different media forms. Users are presented with increasing challenges, especially as the number of friends on Facebook rises. An example of a problem is when a user performs a simple task like finding a specific friend in a group of 100 or more friends. In that case he would most likely have to go through several pages and make several clicks till he finds the one he is looking for. Another example is a user with more than 100 friends in which his friends make a status update or another action per day, resulting in 10 updates per hour to keep up. That is plausible, especially since the change in direction of Facebook to rival with Twitter, by encouraging users to update their status as they do on Twitter. As a result, to better present the web of information connected to a user the use of better visualizations is essential. The visualizations used nowadays on social networking sites haven‟t gone through major changes during their lifetimes. They have added more functionality and gave more tools to their users, but still the core of their visualization hasn‟t changed. The information is still presented in a flat way in lists/groups of text and images which can‟t show the extra connections pieces of information. Those extra connections can give new meaning and insights to the user, allowing him to more easily see if that content is important to him and the information related to it. However showing extra connections of information but still allowing the user to easily navigate through it and get the needed information with a quick glance is difficult. The use of color coding, clusters and shapes becomes then essential to attain that objective. But taking into consideration the advances in computer hardware in the last decade and the software platforms available today, there is the opportunity to take advantage of 3D. That opportunity comes in because we are at a phase were the hardware and the software available is ready for the use of 3D in the web. With the use of the extra dimension brought by 3D, visualizations can be constructed to show the content and its related information to the user at the same screen and in a clear way. Also it would allow a great deal of interactivity. Another opportunity to create better information‟s visualization presents itself in the form of the open APIs, specifically the ones made available by the social networking sites. Those APIs allow any developers to create their own applications or sites taking advantage of the huge amount of information there is on those networks. Specifically to this case, they open the door for the creation of new social network visualizations. Nevertheless, the third dimension is by itself not enough to create a better interface for a social networking website, there are some challenges to overcome. One of those challenges is to make the user understand what the system is doing during the interaction with the user. Even though that is important in 2D visualizations, it becomes essential in 3D due to the extra dimension. To overcome that challenge it‟s necessary the use of the principles of animations defined by the artists at Walt Disney Studios (Johnston, et al., 1995). By applying those principles in the development of the interface, the actions of the system in response to the user inputs became clear and understandable. Furthermore, a user study needs to be performed so the users‟ main goals and motivations, while navigating the social network, are revealed. Their goals and motivations are important in the construction of an interface that reflects the user expectations for the interface, but also helps in the development of appropriate metaphors. Those metaphors have an important role in the interface, because if correctly chosen they help the user understand the elements of the interface instead of making him memorize it. The last challenge is the use of 3D visualization on the web, since there have been several attempts to bring 3D into it, mainly with the various versions of VRML which were destined to failure due to the hardware limitations at the time. However, in the last couple of years there has been a movement to make the necessary tools to finally allow developers to use 3D in a useful way, using X3D or OpenGL but especially flash. This thesis argues that there is a need for a better social network visualization that shows all the dimensions of the information connected to the user and that allows him to move through it. But there are several characteristics the new visualization has to possess in order for it to present a real gain in usability to Facebook‟s users. The first quality is to have the friends at the core of its design, and the second to make use of the metaphor of circles of friends to separate users in groups taking into consideration the order of friendship. To achieve that several methods have to be used, from the use of 3D to get an extra dimension for presenting relevant information, to the use of direct manipulation to make the interface comprehensible, predictable and controllable. Moreover animation has to be use to make all the action on the screen perceptible to the user. Additionally, with the opportunity given by the 3D enabled hardware, the flash platform, through the use of the flash engine Papervision3D and the Facebook platform, all is in place to make the visualization possible. But even though it‟s all in place, there are challenges to overcome like making the system actions in 3D understandable to the user and creating correct metaphors that would allow the user to understand the information and options available to him. This thesis document is divided in six chapters, with Chapter 2 reviewing the literature relevant to the work described in this thesis. In Chapter 3 the design stage that resulted in the application presented in this thesis is described. In Chapter 4, the development stage, describing the architecture and the components that compose the application. In Chapter 5 the usability test process is explained and the results obtained through it are presented and analyzed. To finish, Chapter 6 presents the conclusions that were arrived in this thesis.

A feasibility study for modelling tie strength with the facebook API

This thesis examines the concept of tie strength and investigates how it can be determined on the fly in the Facebook Social Network Service (SNS) by a system constructed using the standard developer API. We analyze and compare two different models: the first one is an adaptation of previous literature (Gilbert & Karahalios, 2009), the second model is built from scratch and based on a dataset obtained from an online survey. This survey took the form of a Facebook application that collected subjective ratings of the strength of 1642 ties (friendships) from 85 different participants. The new tie strength model was built based on this dataset by using a multiple regression method. We saw that the new model performed slightly better than the original adapted model, plus it had the advantage of being easier to implement. In conclusion, this thesis has shown that tie strength models capable of serving as useful friendship predictors are easily implementable in a Facebook application via standard API calls. In addition to a new tie strength model, the methodology adopted in this work permitted observation of the weights of each predictive variable used in the model, increasing the visibility of the factors that affects peoples’ relationships in online social networks.

Breadcrumbs: location and context aware mobile platform for story sharing

With the current proliferation of sensor equipped mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets, location aware services are expanding beyond the mere efficiency and work related needs of users, evolving in order to incorporate fun, culture and the social life of users. Today people on the move have more and more connectivity and are expected to be able to communicate with their usual and familiar social networks. That means communications not only with their peers and colleagues, friends and family but also with unknown people that might share their interests, curiosities or happen to use the same social network. Through social networks, location aware blogging, cultural mobile applications relevant information is now available at specific geographical locations and open to feedback and conversations among friends as well as strangers. In fact, nowadays smartphone technologies aloud users to post and retrieve content while on the move, often relating to specific physical landmarks or locations, engaging and being engaged in conversations with strangers as much as their own social network. The use of such technologies and applications while on the move can often lead people to serendipitous discoveries and interactions. Throughout our thesis we are engaging on a two folded investigation: how can we foster and support serendipitous discoveries and what are the best interfaces for it? In fact, to read and write content while on the move is a cognitively intensive task. While the map serves the function of orienting the user, it also absorbs most of the user’s concentration. In order to address this kind of cognitive overload issue with Breadcrumbs we propose a 360 degrees interface that enables the user to find content around them by means of scanning the surrounding space with the mobile device. By using a loose metaphor of a periscope, harnessing the power of the smartphone sensors we designed an interactive interface capable of detecting content around the users and display it in the form of 2 dimensional bubbles which diameter depends on their distance from the users. Users will navigate the space in relation to the content that they are curious about, rather than in relation to the traditional geographical map. Through this model we envisage alleviating a certain cognitive overload generated by having to continuously confront a two dimensional map with the real three dimensional space surrounding the user, but also use the content as a navigational filter. Furthermore this alternative mean of navigating space might bring serendipitous discovery about places that user where not aware of or intending to reach. We hence conclude our thesis with the evaluation of the Breadcrumbs application and the comparison of the 360 degrees interface with a traditional 2 dimensional map displayed on the devise screen. Results from the evaluation are compiled in findings and insights for future use in designing and developing context aware mobile applications.

Relações interorganizacionais e eficiência coletiva: um estudo de caso no arranjo produtivo local de confecções do agreste pernambucano

This work is a study in the Local Productive Arrangement of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco, as a relevant sector in economic and social aspect. This research has as central aim to understand how the inter-organizational relations influence the collective efficiency of arrangement. The theoretical framework employed highlights the approaches that deal with the benefits of business agglomeration for the develop­ment of firms and regions. It has discussed the approach of small and medium enter­ prises and industrial districts (SCHMITZ, 1997), which introduce the concept of col­ lective efficiency, explaining that only those externalities explained by Marshall (1996) are not sufficient to explain the competitive advantage of enterprises, expand­ing the idea that organizations achieve competitive advantage not acting alone. To examine the influences of relations in the collective efficiency, it has been taken as analytical perspective theory of social networks (GRANOVETTER, 1973, 1985; BURT, 1992; UZZI, 1997) because it has believe that this approach provides subsi­ dies for a structural analysis of social relationships in face the behavior of human ac­tion. By examining the organizations in a social network, you should understand the reason of this establishment of the relationship, their benefits, and as the information flow takes place and density of links between the actors (Powell; SMITH-DOERR, 1994). As for the methods, this study is characterized as a case study, in according to the purposed objectives, in addition to qualitative method. Also, due to recovering of the historical milestones of the arrangement, it is used a sectional approach with longitudinal perspective (VIEIRA, 2004). The primary and secondary data were used in order to understand the evolutionary process of the sector and their inter-actors re­ lationships in the arrangement for the promotion of development, for both, was used the contend and documentary analysis technique, respectively (DELLAGNELO ; SIL­VA, 2005). The approach of social networks has permitted understand that social re­lationships may extend the collective efficiency of the arrangement, and therefore need to develop policies that encourage the legalization of informal companies in ar­rangement, by showing up themselves representative. Thus, the relations estab­ lished in LPA of confections from Agreste of Pernambuco need for more effective mechanisms to broaden the collective efficiency. Therefore, this way as take place has directly benefited only a group of companies that are linked in some way the sup­portive institutions. So we can conclude that the inter-actor relations have limited the collective efficiency of LPA, being stimulated by the institutions in support only to groups of entrepreneurs, even those that produce external relations for all clustered companies

Redes interorganizacionais e inovação: o caso do pólo joalheiro de Belém

This work is a case study based on Belém Jewelry Pole, whose main issue is to understand how the social network (which the Pole is inserted) influences on innovation process on this area. The main objective is to analyze how interorganizational networks impacted/impact on the potential for innovation, creating both limits and opportunities for the companies development. The adopted method analyzed the historical jewelry industry trajectory since the beginning of mineral extraction in the city of Itaituba (in the Pará State) until nowadays. Primary and secondary data were used allowing the view of the dynamics of the network during transformation periods of the main involved actors in the process. The prospect of embeddedness structural as analysis technique allowed verifying the quality of interactors ties, as well as the visualization of their structures. During the jewelry industry trajectory was verified a change in the quality of social relations, modifying the information flow, trust and associations of various links in the production chain. Both direct and indirect ties facilitated the access to remote networks entering new information related to new products, processes and market aspects. This interaction has led to raising the innovation potential causing a qualitative and quantitative improvement in competitiveness of organizations. Some embedded ties allowed the formation of partnerships bringing various economic earnings for those involved in the relationship. Thus, it is understood how aspects related to the position, architecture and quality of ties in a wide social network influenced on the innovation process and eventual jewelry industry trajectory