Triatoma infestans em área sob vigilância entomológica para doença de Chagas, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Atendendo a notificação de encontro, por habitantes da Fazenda Paraíso, área rural do Município de Paulínia, Estado de São Paulo, de um exemplar alado de triatomíneo, procedeu-se a uma investigação epidemiológica em que capturaram-se 109 exemplares de Triatoma infestans em focos situados em construções peridomiciliares. As condições locais favoreciam a colonização por triatomíneos: grande número de construções peridomiciliares abandonadas, habitadas por pombos e pardais, fornecedores de farto alimento para os hemípteros. Eliminaram-se os focos por meio de controle mecânico dos ninhos dos pássaros. Borrifaram-se, com inseticida de ação residual, todas as unidades domiciliares da região. Desde que persistam as condições para a instalação de focos de triatomíneos nessa localidade, é obrigatória a implementação de ações de vigilância. Entretanto, os indicadores entomológicos e sorológicos sugerem não ser preocupante a situação atual. Destaca-se aqui a importância da notificação triatomínica para a detecção de focos de triatomíneos, particularmente os de Triatoma infestans.

Avaliação econômica da estação de monta em caprinos utilizando protocolo de sincronização do estro e ração flushing.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma análise econômica do protocolo de sincronização do estro mais a ração flushing oferecida as cabras durante a estação de monta. Foram selecionadas 12 cabras da raça Saanen e um reprodutor, recebendo ração flushing. Utilizou-se esponjas análogas a progesterona, Prostaglandina e Gonadotrofina Coriônica Equina. O custo total foi de R$ 46, 17/animal. A utilização da sincronização torna-se uma medida viável economicamente quando comparada a monta natural. [Economic analisy on station of sum to Saanen goats using protocol of synchronization of estrous and flushing ration]. Abstract: The aim of the experimente was to realize na economic analysis of protocol synchronization of estrous and flushing ration offered to Saanen breed goats during station of sum. Twelve Saanen breed goats and onde billy-goat were used. Intravaginal sponges containing progesterone, Prostaglandin and Equine Corionic Gonadotroohin were used. The total costs were R$ 46,17/animal. The use of protocol of sychronization of estrous is more economically viable the sum natural.

Desempenho das crias de ovelhas suplementadas com diferentes quantidades de concentrado em sistema de caatinga raleada e enriquecida.

Resumo: Avaliou-se no presente estudo, o desempenho das crias de ovelhas Somalis brasileira em pasto de caatinga raleada e enriquecida recebendo diferentes quantidades de concentrado. Para isso, o desenvolvimento ponderal das crias foi medido por pesagens quinzenais. As crias de ovelhas não suplementadas apresentaram menor peso ao nascer e à desmama comparado aos demais (P<0,05). Com a suplementação concentrada no pré e pós parto de ovelhas na caatinga, ocorre o aumento da viabilidade das crias. [Performance of lambs of ewes supplemented with different amounts of concentrate in thinned and enriched caatinga rangelands system]. Abstract: Were evaluated in this study, the performance of lambs of ewes Somalis brasileira breed in thinned and enriched caatinga rangelands with different amounts of concentrate offered. For this, the weight development of lambs was measured by biweekly weights. Lambs of non supplemented ewes showed lower weights at birth and weaning compared to other treatments (P<0.05). With supplementation of concentrates at pre and post lambing of ewes in caatinga rangelands, increases the lambs viability.

Degradabilidade in situ da jurema Preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) oriunda de caatinga raleada e enriquecida.

Resumo: Objetivou-se avaliar a degradação in situ da Jurema preta. Foram estimados os valores da degradação potencial e efetiva da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. A jurema preta apresenta bom potencial de degradação para matéria seca e fibra em detergente neutro, já para a proteína bruta, parece haver necessidade de ação enzimática pós rúmen para que seja melhor aproveitada. [In situ degradability of jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora) in thinned and enriched caatinga rangelands]. Abstract: We aimed with this manuscript to present the evaluation of in situ degradability of Jurema preta in thinned and enriched caatinga. Were estimated the potential and effective degradation of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. The jurema preta shrubs have good potential to dry matter and neutral detergent fiber degradation, but to crude protein, to maximize their harnessing the post rumen digestion is needed.

Prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização genética dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes infectados pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 nas Cidades de Ribeirão Preto e São Paulo

O objetivo deste estudo foi definir a prevalência dos vírus linfotrópico de células T humana tipo 1 e 2 em pacientes positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1 no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Avaliamos 319 indivíduos atendidos em clínicas de Ribeirão Preto e Capital. Os pacientes foram entrevistados e testados sorologicamente. Foram seqüenciadas as regiões tax e long terminal repeat para diferenciação e determinação do subtipo. A soroprevalência geral foi de 7,5% (24/319) e esteve associada somente com uso de drogas injetáveis e ao vírus da hepatite tipo C (p<0, 001). O genoma viral foi detectado em 13 das 24 amostras, sendo 12 caracterizadas como HTLV-2 subtipo 2c e uma como 1a. Nossos dados mostraram que o uso de drogas injetáveis é um importante fator de risco para a transmissão de HTLV-2 em populações infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana tipo 1.

Bone turnover markers for early detection of fracture healing disturbances: A review of the scientific literature

Imaging techniques are the standard method for assessment of fracture healing processes. However, these methods are perhaps not entirely reliable for early detection of complications, the most frequent of these being delayed union and non-union. A prompt diagnosis of such disorders could prevent prolonged patient distress and disability. Efforts should be directed towards the development of new technologies for improving accuracy in diagnosing complications following bone fractures. The variation in the levels of bone turnover markers (BTMs) have been assessed with regard to there ability to predict impaired fracture healing at an early stage, nevertheless the conclusions of some studies are not consensual. In this article the authors have revised the potential of BTMs as early predictors of prognosis in adult patients presenting traumatic bone fractures but who did not suffer from osteopenia or postmenopausal osteoporosis. The available information from the different studies performed in this field was systematized in order to highlight the most promising BTMs for the assessment of fracture healing outcome.

Estudo Antropométrico de pré-escolares da calha do Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brasil. II- Barcelos

Foi realizado no munic&#237;pio de Barcelos (1995) estudo transversal, onde avaliou-se o estado nutricional de 240 pré-escolares da área urbana e 43 na área rural, por meio de avaliação antropométrica, adotando-se a classificação de Gomez e os critérios propostos pela OMS. Constatou-se pela classificação de Gomez, que 41,7% das crianças da área urbana apresentavam algum grau de desnutrição, predominando a forma leve- (DI) 32,1%, acometendo indistintamente todas as faixas etárias, sendo de apenas 2,5% a ocorrência da forma grave (DIII). Na área rural, o quadro registrado não difere muito quanto a intensidade (37,2%), contudo, mostra-se mais atenuado em relação a gravidade da desnutrição. Segundo os critérios da OMS, 31,1% das crianças do munic&#237;pio apresentavam inadequação no indicador “altura/idade” (desnutrição crônica), constatando-se uma relativa proteção nas crianças no primeiro ano de vida (10,2%). A inadequação no indicador “peso/altura” (desnutrição aguda), foi constatada em apenas 4,2% dos pré-escolares do munic&#237;pio, acometendo principalmente as crianças no primeiro ano de vida. Estes resultados evidenciam as prec&#225;rias condições de saúde e nutrição da referida população.

Defining risk acceptance criteria in occupational settings: A case study in the furniture industrial sector

The use of appropriate acceptance criteria in the risk assessment process for occupational accidents is an important issue but often overlooked in the literature, particularly when new risk assessment methods are proposed and discussed. In most cases, there is no information on how or by whom they were defined, or even how companies can adapt them to their own circumstances. Bearing this in mind, this study analysed the problem of the definition of risk acceptance criteria for occupational settings, defining the quantitative acceptance criteria for the specific case study of the Portuguese furniture industrial sector. The key steps to be considered in formulating acceptance criteria were analysed in the literature review. By applying the identified steps, the acceptance criteria for the furniture industrial sector were then defined. The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) for the injury statistics of the industrial sector was identified as the maximum tolerable risk level. The acceptable threshold was defined by adjusting the CDF to the Occupational, Safety & Health (OSH) practitioners’ risk acceptance judgement. Adjustments of acceptance criteria to the companies’ safety cultures were exemplified by adjusting the Burr distribution parameters. An example of a risk matrix was also used to demonstrate the integration of the defined acceptance criteria into a risk metric. This work has provided substantial contributions to the issue of acceptance criteria for occupational accidents, which may be useful in overcoming the practical difficulties faced by authorities, companies and experts.

Multilevel model of safety climate for furniture industries

BACKGROUND: Furniture companies can analyze their safety status using quantitative measures. However, the data needed are not always available and the number of accidents is under-reported. Safety climate scales may be an alternative. However, there are no validated Portuguese scales that account for the specific attributes of the furniture sector. OBJECTIVE: The current study aims to develop and validate an instrument that uses a multilevel structure to measure the safety climate of the Portuguese furniture industry. METHODS: The Safety Climate in Wood Industries (SCWI) model was developed and applied to the safety climate analysis using three different scales: organizational, group and individual. A multilevel exploratory factor analysis was performed to analyze the factorial structure. The studied companies’ safety conditions were also analyzed. RESULTS: Different factorial structures were found between and within levels. In general, the results show the presence of a group-level safety climate. The scores of safety climates are directly and positively related to companies’ safety conditions; the organizational scale is the one that best reflects the actual safety conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The SCWI instrument allows for the identification of different safety climates in groups that comprise the same furniture company and it seems to reflect those groups’ safety conditions. The study also demonstrates the need for a multilevel analysis of the studied instrument.

Risk acceptance in the furniture sector: Analysis of acceptance level and relevant influence factors

Risk acceptance has been broadly discussed in relation to hazardous risk activities and/or technologies. A better understanding of risk acceptance in occupational settings is also important; however, studies on this topic are scarce. It seems important to understand the level of risk that stakeholders consider sufficiently low, how stakeholders form their opinion about risk, and why they adopt a certain attitude toward risk. Accordingly, the aim of this study is to examine risk acceptance in regard to occupational accidents in furniture industries. The safety climate analysis was conducted through the application of the Safety Climate in Wood Industries questionnaire. Judgments about risk acceptance, trust, risk perception, benefit perception, emotions, and moral values were measured. Several models were tested to explain occupational risk acceptance. The results showed that the level of risk acceptance decreased as the risk level increased. High-risk and death scenarios were assessed as unacceptable. Risk perception, emotions, and trust had an important influence on risk acceptance. Safety climate was correlated with risk acceptance and other variables that influence risk acceptance. These results are important for the risk assessment process in terms of defining risk acceptance criteria and strategies to reduce risks.

Teores de elementos minerais em algumas populações de Camu-Camu

O camu-camu, caçari, ou araçá d'água (Myrciaria dubia (H.B.K) McVaugh) é um arbusto da família Myrtaceae, disperso em quase toda a Amazônia. É uma espécie tipicamente silvestre mas com grande potencial econômico e nutricional. Entretanto, no que se refere a elementos minerais, poucas informações são disponíveis na literatura. Considerando a essencialidade dessas informações na nutrição humana e objetivando contribuir na elaboração de uma Tabela de composição de alimentos a nível regional e nacional, determinou-se os elementos minerais em algumas populações de camu-camu, pela Técnica de Ativação com Nêutrons Instrumental. Verificou-se que em relação aos macro elementos minerais, nos frutos de camu-camu analisados, as maiores concentrações foram para potássio, com uma variação de (62,6±0,4 a 144,1±08 mg %) e cálcio (9,5±0,3 a 10,6±0,5 mg%). A concentração de sódio nos frutos foi baixa (90,7±16,5 µg%). A população Uatumã-9 apresentou maiores concentrações de zinco (472,0±8,3µg%), molibdênio (6,2±0,6µg%) e cromo (19,9±1,7 µg%), seguida da população Uatumã 24 em cobalto (2,4±0,03 mg%). Dessa forma, o consumo de camu-camu pode contribuir para atingir a ingestão adequada das recomendações de elementos minerais nos diferentes grupos populacionais da região Amazônica.

A alimentação de juvenis de matrinxã, Brycon amazonicum (Pisces, Characidae), em áreas inundadas da Ilha de Marchantaria, Amazonas, Brasil

Estudou-se a dieta de 44 exemplares de juvenis de Brycon amazonicum (de 15 a 50mm de C.P), em áreas inundadas da Ilha de Marchantaria, no rio Solimões. Os peixes foram capturados com rede-de-mão com 30cm de diâmetro e cabo de 2 metros de comprimento. As análises foram baseadas em Freqüência de Ocorrência (%) e no número de presas. A dieta foi analisada pelo tamanho (C.P. (mm)) e por data de captura usando uma ANOVA com dois fatores. A data de captura explicou a oscilação no número de presas ingeridas pelos juvenis. A análise qualitativa mostrou poucas mudanças na dieta nesta fase de desenvolvimento. Verificou-se que B. amazonicum apresenta amplo espectro alimentar e que regula o número de presas na dieta de acordo com a disponibilidade dessas presas no ambiente.

A soft computing approach to kidney diseases evaluation

Kidney renal failure means that one’s kidney have unexpectedly stopped functioning, i.e., once chronic disease is exposed, the presence or degree of kidney dysfunction and its progression must be assessed, and the underlying syndrome has to be diagnosed. Although the patient’s history and physical examination may denote good practice, some key information has to be obtained from valuation of the glomerular filtration rate, and the analysis of serum biomarkers. Indeed, chronic kidney sickness depicts anomalous kidney function and/or its makeup, i.e., there is evidence that treatment may avoid or delay its progression, either by reducing and prevent the development of some associated complications, namely hypertension, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular complications. Acute kidney injury appears abruptly, with a rapid deterioration of the renal function, but is often reversible if it is recognized early and treated promptly. In both situations, i.e., acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, an early intervention can significantly improve the prognosis.The assessment of these pathologies is therefore mandatory, although it is hard to do it with traditional methodologies and existing tools for problem solving. Hence, in this work, we will focus on the development of a hybrid decision support system, in terms of its knowledge representation and reasoning procedures based on Logic Programming, that will allow one to consider incomplete, unknown, and even contradictory information, complemented with an approach to computing centered on Artificial Neural Networks, in order to weigh the Degree-of-Confidence that one has on such a happening. The present study involved 558 patients with an age average of 51.7 years and the chronic kidney disease was observed in 175 cases. The dataset comprise twenty four variables, grouped into five main categories. The proposed model showed a good performance in the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease, since the sensitivity and the specificity exhibited values range between 93.1 and 94.9 and 91.9–94.2 %, respectively.

Bootstrap performance profiles in stochastic algorithms assessment

Optimization with stochastic algorithms has become a relevant research field. Due to its stochastic nature, its assessment is not straightforward and involves integrating accuracy and precision. Performance profiles for the mean do not show the trade-off between accuracy and precision, and parametric stochastic profiles require strong distributional assumptions and are limited to the mean performance for a large number of runs. In this work, bootstrap performance profiles are used to compare stochastic algorithms for different statistics. This technique allows the estimation of the sampling distribution of almost any statistic even with small samples. Multiple comparison profiles are presented for more than two algorithms. The advantages and drawbacks of each assessment methodology are discussed.

MOEA/VAN: Multiobjective Evolutionary Algorithm based on Vector Angle Neighborhood

Natural selection favors the survival and reproduction of organisms that are best adapted to their environment. Selection mechanism in evolutionary algorithms mimics this process, aiming to create environmental conditions in which artificial organisms could evolve solving the problem at hand. This paper proposes a new selection scheme for evolutionary multiobjective optimization. The similarity measure that defines the concept of the neighborhood is a key feature of the proposed selection. Contrary to commonly used approaches, usually defined on the basis of distances between either individuals or weight vectors, it is suggested to consider the similarity and neighborhood based on the angle between individuals in the objective space. The smaller the angle, the more similar individuals. This notion is exploited during the mating and environmental selections. The convergence is ensured by minimizing distances from individuals to a reference point, whereas the diversity is preserved by maximizing angles between neighboring individuals. Experimental results reveal a highly competitive performance and useful characteristics of the proposed selection. Its strong diversity preserving ability allows to produce a significantly better performance on some problems when compared with stat-of-the-art algorithms.