SIMPLE REMESHING SCHEME FOR THE FINITE ELEMENT BASED SIMULATION OF DOPANT DIFFUSION IN SILICON.

Process simulation programs are valuable in generating accurate impurity profiles. Apart from accuracy the programs should also be efficient so as not to consume vast computer memory. This is especially true for devices and circuits of VLSI complexity. In this paper a remeshing scheme to make the finite element based solution of the non-linear diffusion equation more efficient is proposed. A remeshing scheme based on comparing the concentration values of adjacent node was then implemented and found to remove the problems of oscillation.

Free-space optoelectronic switching cores with MPLS for SANs over WDM ring networks

With increasing demands on storage devices in the modern communication environment, the storage area network (SAN) has evolved to provide a direct connection allowing these storage devices to be accessed efficiently. To optimize the performance of a SAN, a three-stage hybrid electronic/optical switching node architecture based on the concept of a MPLS label switching mechanism, aimed at serving as a multi-protocol label switching (MPLS) ingress label edge router (LER) for a SAN-enabled application, has been designed. New shutter-based free-space multi-channel optical switching cores are employed as the core switch fabric to solve the packet contention and switching path conflict problems. The system-level node architecture design constraints are evaluated through self-similar traffic sourced from real gigabit Ethernet network traces and storage systems. The extension performance of a SAN over a proposed WDM ring network, aimed at serving as an MPLS-enabled transport network, is also presented and demonstrated. © 2012 OSA.

Distributed maximum likelihood for simultaneous self-localization and tracking in sensor networks

We show that the sensor self-localization problem can be cast as a static parameter estimation problem for Hidden Markov Models and we implement fully decentralized versions of the Recursive Maximum Likelihood and on-line Expectation-Maximization algorithms to localize the sensor network simultaneously with target tracking. For linear Gaussian models, our algorithms can be implemented exactly using a distributed version of the Kalman filter and a novel message passing algorithm. The latter allows each node to compute the local derivatives of the likelihood or the sufficient statistics needed for Expectation-Maximization. In the non-linear case, a solution based on local linearization in the spirit of the Extended Kalman Filter is proposed. In numerical examples we demonstrate that the developed algorithms are able to learn the localization parameters. © 2012 IEEE.

State estimation over a communication network: Measurement or estimate communication?

In this paper we consider the problem of state estimation over a communication network. Using estimation quality as a metric, two communication schemes are studied and compared. In scheme one, each sensor node communicates its measurement data to the remote estimator, while in scheme two, each sensor node communicates its local state estimate to the remote estimator. We show that with perfect communication link, if the sensor has unlimited computation capability, the two schemes produce the same estimate at the estimator, and if the sensor has limited computation capability, scheme one is always better than scheme two. On the other hand, when data packet drops occur over the communication link, we show that if the sensor has unlimited computation capability, scheme two always outperforms scheme one, and if the sensor has limited computation capability, we show that in general there exists a critical packet arrival rate, above which scheme one outperforms scheme two. Simulations are provided to demonstrate the two schemes under various circumstances. © South China University of Technology and Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, CAS and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010.

Impact of heterogeneous link qualities and network connectivity on binary consensus

In this paper we consider a network that is trying to reach consensus over the occurrence of an event while communicating over Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) channels. We characterize the impact of different link qualities and network connectivity on consensus performance by analyzing both the asymptotic and transient behaviors. More specifically, we derive a tight approximation for the second largest eigenvalue of the probability transition matrix. We furthermore characterize the dynamics of each individual node. © 2009 AACC.

Two-orbit switch-pitch structures

The Hoberman 'switch-pitch ' ball is a transformable structure with a single folding and unfolding path. The underlying cubic structure has a novel mechanism that retains tetrahedral symmetry during folding. Here, we propose a generalized class of structures of a similar type that retain their full symmetry during folding. The key idea is that we require two orbits of nodes for the structure: within each orbit, any node can be copied to any other node by a symmetry operation. Each member is connected to two nodes, which may be in different orbits, by revolute joints. We will describe the symmetry analysis that reveals the symmetry of the internal mechanism modes for a switch-pitch structure. To follow the complete folding path of the structure, a nonlinear iterative predictor-corrector algorithm based on the Newton method is adopted. First, a simple tetrahedral example of the class of two-orbit structures is presented. Typical configurations along the folding path are shown. Larger members of the class of structures are also presented, all with cubic symmetry. These switch-pitch structures could have useful applications as deployable structures.

Decentralised minimal-time dynamic consensus

This paper considers a group of agents that aim to reach an agreement on individually received time-varying signals by local communication. In contrast to static network averaging problem, the consensus considered in this paper is reached in a dynamic sense. A discrete-time dynamic average consensus protocol can be designed to allow all the agents tracking the average of their reference inputs asymptotically. We propose a minimal-time dynamic consensus algorithm, which only utilises a minimal number of local observations of a randomly picked node in a network to compute the final consensus signal. Our results illustrate that with memory and computational ability, the running time of distributed averaging algorithms can be indeed improved dramatically as suggested by Olshevsky and Tsitsiklis. © 2012 AACC American Automatic Control Council).

Design of a compact reconfigurable optical interconnection using nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator

The wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) has been proposed as a promising technology to efficiently use the available bandwidth of a single optical fibre. This can be achieved by transmitting different channels on the optical fibre with each channel modulating a different wavelength. The aim of this paper is to propose a compact design (35 mm×65 mm) of a reconfigurable holographic optical switch in order to access and manipulate 4 channels at a node of a fibre-optic communication network. A vital component of such a switch is a nematic liquid crystal spatial light modulator offering control and flexibility at the channel manipulation stage and providing the ability to redirect light into the desired output fibre. This is achieved by the use of a 2-D analogue phase computer generated hologram (CGH) based on liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) technology. © 2012 SPIE.

Passive UHF RFID Interrogation System Using Wireless RFID Repeater Nodes

This paper presents a new wireless radio frequency identification (RFID) repeater system, facilitating remote interrogation without the need for arrays of wired antennas, despite using entirely passive, low-cost ultra high frequency (UHF) RFID tags. The proposed system comprises a master RFID reader with both transmit and receive functions, and multiple RFID repeaters to receive, amplify and retransmit tag-to-reader and reader-to-tag communications. This expands the area over which the master RFID reader may provide coverage for a given maximum transmit power at each antenna. We first demonstrate a single hop wireless repeater system to allow similar read performance to a standard commercial passive UHF RFID reader. Finally, a proof of principle system demonstrates that a single wireless repeater node can allow an extension in range.

Simultaneous colour search renders other object properties less salient

A common approach to visualise multidimensional data sets is to map every data dimension to a separate visual feature. It is generally assumed that such visual features can be judged independently from each other. However, we have recently shown that interactions between features do exist [Hannus et al. 2004; van den Berg et al. 2005]. In those studies, we first determined individual colour and size contrast or colour and orientation contrast necessary to achieve a fixed level of discrimination performance in single feature search tasks. These contrasts were then used in a conjunction search task in which the target was defined by a combination of a colour and a size or a colour and an orientation. We found that in conjunction search, despite the matched feature discriminability, subjects significantly more often chose an item with the correct colour than one with correct size or orientation. This finding may have consequences for visualisation: the saliency of information coded by objects' size or orientation may change when there is a need to simultaneously search for colour that codes another aspect of the information. In the present experiment, we studied whether a colour bias can also be found in a more complex and continuous task, Subjects had to search for a target in a node-link diagram consisting of SO nodes, while their eye movements were being tracked, Each node was assigned a random colour and size (from a range of 10 possible values with fixed perceptual distances). We found that when we base the distances on the mean threshold contrasts that were determined in our previous experiments, the fixated nodes tend to resemble the target colour more than the target size (Figure 1a). This indicates that despite the perceptual matching, colour is judged with greater precision than size during conjunction search. We also found that when we double the size contrast (i.e. the distances between the 10 possible node sizes), this effect disappears (Figure 1b). Our findings confirm that the previously found decrease in salience of other features during colour conjunction search is also present in more complex (more 'visualisation- realistic') visual search tasks. The asymmetry in visual search behaviour can be compensated for by manipulating step sizes (perceptual distances) within feature dimensions. Our results therefore also imply that feature hierarchies are not completely fixed and may be adapted to the requirements of a particular visualisation. Copyright © 2005 by the Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

Lock-in and quasiperiodicity in a forced hydrodynamically self-excited jet

The ability of hydrodynamically self-excited jets to lock into strong external forcing is well known. Their dynamics before lock-in and the specific bifurcations through which they lock in, however, are less well known. In this experimental study, we acoustically force a low-density jet around its natural global frequency. We examine its response leading up to lock-in and compare this to that of a forced van der Pol oscillator. We find that, when forced at increasing amplitudes, the jet undergoes a sequence of two nonlinear transitions: (i) from periodicity to T{double-struck}2 quasiperiodicity via a torus-birth bifurcation; and then (ii) from T{double-struck}2 quasiperiodicity to 1:1 lock-in via either a saddle-node bifurcation with frequency pulling, if the forcing and natural frequencies are close together, or a torus-death bifurcation without frequency pulling, but with a gradual suppression of the natural mode, if the two frequencies are far apart. We also find that the jet locks in most readily when forced close to its natural frequency, but that the details contain two asymmetries: the jet (i) locks in more readily and (ii) oscillates more strongly when it is forced below its natural frequency than when it is forced above it. Except for the second asymmetry, all of these transitions, bifurcations and dynamics are accurately reproduced by the forced van der Pol oscillator. This shows that this complex (infinite-dimensional) forced self-excited jet can be modelled reasonably well as a simple (three-dimensional) forced self-excited oscillator. This result adds to the growing evidence that open self-excited flows behave essentially like low-dimensional nonlinear dynamical systems. It also strengthens the universality of such flows, raising the possibility that more of them, including some industrially relevant flames, can be similarly modelled. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.

Modelling of free-space optoelectronic switching with MPLS for storage area networks (SANs)

Low-cost optical switches based on SLMs have conventionally been considered unsuitable for packet switching due to slow reconfiguration time. In this paper, we demonstrate that the constraint of SLM reconfiguration time in a hybrid three-stage electronic/optical switching node architecture can be compensated through the utilization of MPLS label switching mechanism to achieve the best performance for SAN applications. © 2012 SEE.

Progress in the understanding of Ni silicide formation for advanced MOS structures

Metallic silicides have been used as contact materials on source/drain and gate in metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) structure for 40 years. Since the 65 nm technology node, NiSi is the preferred material for contact in microelectronic due to low resistivity, low thermal budget, and low Si consumption. Ni(Pt)Si with 10 at.% Pt is currently employed in recent technologies since Pt allows to stabilize NiSi at high temperature. The presence of Pt and the very low thickness (<10 nm) needed for the device contacts bring new concerns for actual devices. In this work, in situ techniques [X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray reflectivity (XRR), sheet resistance, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)] were combined with atom probe tomography (APT) to study the formation mechanisms as well as the redistribution of dopants and alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) during the silicide formation. Phenomena like nucleation, lateral growth, interfacial reaction, diffusion, precipitation, and transient phase formation are investigated. The effect of alloy elements (Pt, Pd.) and dopants (As, B.) as well as stress and defects induced by the confinement in devices on the silicide formation mechanism and alloying element redistribution is examined. In particular APT has been performed for the three-dimensional (3D) analysis of MOSFET at the atomic scale. The advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of formation and redistribution are discussed. © 2014 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

Non-monophyly of fish in the Sinipercidae (Perciformes) as inferred from cytochrome b gene

The sinipercids represent a group of 12 species of freshwater percoid fish, including nine in Siniperca and three species in Coreoperca. Despite several classification attempts and a preliminary molecular phylogeny, the phylogenetic relationships and systematic position of sinipercids remained still unsolved. The complete cytochrome b gene sequences from nine sinipercid species four non-sinipercid fish species were cloned, and a total of 12 cyt b sequences from 10 species of sinipercids and 11 cyt b sequences from 10 species of non-sinipercid fish also in Perciformes were included in the phylogenetic analysis. As expected, the two genera Siniperca and Coreoperca within sinipercids are recovered as monophyletic. However, nine species representing Moronidae, Serranidae, Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Emmelichtyidae, Siganidae and Centrarchidae included in the present study are all nested between Coreoperca and Siniperca, which provides marked evidence for a non-monophyly of sinipercid fishes. Coreoperca appears to be closest to Centrachus representing the family Centrarchidae. Coreoperca whiteheadi and C. herzi are sibling species, which together are closely related to C. kawamebari. In the Siniperca, the node between S. roulei and the remaining species is the most ancestral, followed by that of S. fortis. S. chuatsi and S. kneri are sibling species, sister to S. obscura. However, the sinipercids do not seem to have a very clear phylogenetic history, for different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction result in different tree topologies, and the only conclusive result in favor of a paraphyletic origin of the two sinipercid genera is the parametric bootstrap test. The paraphyly of Sinipercidae may suggest that the "synapomorphs" such as cycloid scales, upon which this family is based, were independently derived at least twice within sinipercid fishes, and further study should be carried out to include the other two Siniperca species and to incorporate other genes.

Molecular evidence for the monophyly of East Asian groups of Cyprinidae (Teleostei : Cypriniformes) derived from the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 sequences

The family Cyprinidae is one of the largest families of fishes in the world and a well-known component of the East Asian freshwater fish fauna. However, the phylogenetic relationships among cyprinids are still poorly understood despite much effort paid on the cyprinid molecular phylogenetics. Original nucleotide sequence data of the nuclear recombination activating gene 2 were collected from 109 cyprinid species and four non-cyprinid cypriniform outgroup taxa and used to infer the cyprinid phylogenetic relationships and to estimate node divergence times. Phylogenetic reconstructions using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian analysis retrieved the same clades, only branching order within these clades varied slightly between trees. Although the morphological diversity is remarkable, the endemic cyprinid taxa in East Asia emerged as a monophyletic clade referred to as Xenocypridini. The monophyly for the subfamilies including Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, as well as the tribes including Labeonini, Gobionini, Acheilognathini, and Leuciscini, was also well resolved with high nodal support. Analysis of the RAG2 gene supported the following cyprinid molecular phylogeny: the Danioninae is the most basal subfamily within the family Cyprinidae and the Cyprininae is the sister group of the Leuciscinae. The divergence times were estimated for the nodes corresponding to the principal clades within the Cyprinidae. The family Cyprinidae appears to have originated in the mid-Eocene in Asia, with the cladogenic event of the key basal group Danioninae occurring in the early Oligocene (about 31-30 MYA), and the origins of the two subfamilies, Cyprininae and Leuciscinae, occurring in the mid-Oligocene (around 26 MYA). (c) 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.