Response of chlorophyll fluorescence to dynamic light in three alpine species differing in plant architecture

A study was carried out to examine the effect of dynamic photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) on photoinhibition and energy use in three herbaceous species, prostrate Saussurea superba, erect-leaved S. katochaete, and half-erect-leaved Gentiana straminea, from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Chlorophyll fluorescence response was measured under each of three sets of high-low PPFD combinations: 1700-0, 1400-300, and 1200-500 mu mol m(-2) s(-1), illuminating in four dynamic frequencies: 1, 5, 15, and 60 cycles per 2 h. The total light exposure time was 2h and the integrated PPFD was the same in all treatments. The highest frequency of PPFD fluctuation resulted in the lowest photochemical activity, the highest level of non-photochemical quenching, and the greatest decrease of F-v/F-m (maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII). The 5 and 15 cycles per 2h treatments resulted in higher photochemical activity than the 1 cycle per 2h treatment. The 1700-0 PPFD combination led to the lowest photochemical activity and more serious photoinhibition in all species. S. superba usually exhibited the highest photochemical activity and CO2 uptake rate, the lowest reduction of F-v/F-m,F- and the smallest fraction of energy in thermal dissipation. With similar fractions of thermal dissipation, S. katochaete had relatively less photoinhibition than G. straminea owing to effective F-o quenching. The results suggest that high frequency of fluctuating PPFD generally results in photoinhibition, which is more serious under periods of irradiation with high light intensity. (c) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Photosynthetic depression in relation to plant architecture in two alpine herbaceous species

The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is characterized by extremely high radiation, which may induce down-regulation of photosynthesis in plants living in this alpine ecosystem. To clarify whether photoinhibition occurs in the alpine environment and to discern its underlying mechanisms, we examined photosynthetic gas exchange and fluorescence emission in response to the changes in photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and leaf temperature under natural regimes for two herbaceous species: prostrate Saussurea superba and erect-leaved Saussurea katochaete from altitude 3250 m on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. S. superba intercepted a higher maximum PPFD and experienced much higher leaf temperature than the erect-leaved S. katochaete. S. superba exhibited a much higher light saturation point for photosynthesis than S. katochaete. Under controlled conditions, the former species had higher CO2 uptake rates and neither species showed obvious photosynthetic down-regulation at high PPFD. Under natural environmental conditions, however, apparent photoinhibition, indicated by reduced electron transport rate (ETR), was evident at high PPFD for both species. After a night frost, the photochemistry of S. katochaete was depressed markedly in the early morning and recovered by mid-day. After a frost-free night, it was high in the morning and low at noon due to high radiation. S. superba did not respond to the night frost in terms of daytime photochemical pattern. In both species, photochemical depression was aggravated by high leaf temperature and the erect species was more sensitive to high temperature. This study suggests that the high radiation on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is likely to induce rapidly reversible photoinhibition, which is related closely to plant architecture. Photochemistry in the prostrate species seems able to tolerate higher PPFD, without obvious suppression, than the erect species. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Phylogenetic relationships of five pika species (genus Ochotona) based on mitochondrial DNA restriction maps

Restriction site mapping of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) with 16 restriction endonucleases was used to examine the phylogenetic relationships of Ochotona cansus, O. huangensis, O. thibetana, O. curzoniae and O. erythrotis. A 1-kb length variation between O. erythrotis of subgenus Pika and other four species of subgenus Ochotona was observed, which may be a useful genetic marker for identifying the two subgenera. The phylogenetic tree constructed using PAUP based on 61 phylogenetically informative sites suggests that O. erythrotis diverged first, followed by O. cansus, while O. curzoniae and O. huangensis are sister taxa related to O. thibetana, The results indicate that both O. cansus and O. huangensis should be treated as independent species. If the base substitution rate of pikas mtDNA was 2% per million years, then the divergence time of the two subgenera, Pika and Ochotana, is about 8.8 Ma ago of late Miocence, middle Bao-dian of Chinese mammalian age, and the divergence of the four species in subgenus Ochotona would have occurred about 2.5 - 4.2 Ma ago, Yushean of Chinese mammalian age. This calculation appears to be substantiated by the fossil record.

孤岛油田中二北区Ng3～6储层建筑结构与油水分布规律研究

The reservoir of Zhongerbei region in Gudao Oilfield is a typical fluvial facies deposit, its serious heterogeneity of the reservoir caused the distribution of remaining oil in mature reservoirs is characterized by highly scattered in the whole field, and result to declination of production, tap potential and stabilize production is more difficult. Reservoir modeling based on lay scale can not fulfill requirement. How to further studied reservoir heterogeneity within the unit and establish the finer reservoir modeling is a valid approach to oil developing. The architectural structure elements analysis is the effectively method to study reservoir heterogeneity. Utilize this method, divide the reservoirs of Gudao Oilfield into ten hierarchies. The priority studying is sixth, seven hierarchies, ie single sand layers sand bodies By the identification of sixth, seven hierarchies, subdivide the reservoir to the single genetic unit. And to subdivide by many correlation means, such as isometry and phase transition, accomplish closure and correlation of 453 wells.Connectting fluvial deposit pattern, deposition characteristic with its log, build the inverting relation between “sedimentary facies” and “electrofacies” The process emphasize genetic communication and collocation structure of genetic body in space. By detailed architecture analyses sandbodies’ structure, this paper recognize seven structure elements, such as major channel, abandoned channel, natural levee, valley flat, crevasse splay, crevasse channel and floodplain fine grain.Combination identification of architectural structure elements with facieology and study of deposition characteristic, can further knowing genesis and development of abandoned channel. It boost the accuracy to separation in blanket channel bodies distribution, and provide reference to retrieving single channel boundary. Finally, establish fine plane and section construction. On basis architectural structure map, barrier beds and interbeds isopach map and mini-structure map, considering single thin layers to be construction unit, the main layer planimetric maps have drawn and the inner oil-water boundary have revealed. All account that architectural structure elements control remaining oil distribution in layer, and develop the study on architectural structure elements to direct horizontal well is succesful.

松辽盆地河流-三角洲体系高分辩率层序地层学、储层构形及非均质模型研究

This dissertation tries to combine the new theories of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy and reservoir architecture with fine sedimentology to form a integral theory system -"high-resolution sequence sedimentology", which can be applied widely ranging from the early petroleum exploration to the tertiary recovery stage in marine and terrestrial basin. So the west slope area in south of Songliao basin, in which, early-fine exploration have been developed, and Xingnan area of Daqing placantictine in high water-bearing and tertiary recovery stage, are selected as target areas to research and analyze. By applying high-resolution sequence stratigraphy theory as well as analysis of source area-facies, the west slope area has been divided into two source areas and three drainage systems and the following conclusions have been drawn: three high values sandstone areas, two sandstone pinchout zones and one stratigraphic pinchout overlap; the facies between Baicheng-Tongyu drainage system is frist ascertained as large-scale argillaceous filled plain facies; fine-grained braided channel-delta depositional system has been found; plane sedimentary facies and microfacies maps of different-scale sequence have been completed, and then twenty-eight lithologic traps have been detected in the east of Taobao-Zhenlai reverse fault zone; In no exploration area of the west, large-scale stratigraiphic overlap heavy oil reservoirs has first been found, which has become an important prograss. In Xingnan area, in the view of high-resolution sequence stratigraphy, the surface of unconformity (the bottom of SSC13) in P I group has been identified, and the following method and technique have been advanced: the division and correlation methods of short-scale base-level cycle sequence (SSC); the comprehensive research methods of SSC plane microfacies; the division technique of hierarchy and type of flow unit, the origin of large-scale composite sandbody and flow unit; And ,on the basis of these, 103 monosandstone bodies and 87 flow units of the third levels have been identified, and four levels of flow units model of five sandstone-bodies types have been established. Because it is a very difficult task all over the world to research architecture in subsurface monosandstone body, brings forward a series of techniques as follows: technique of researching architecture of thin interbed in subsurface monosandstone body; classification, type and liquid-resisting mechanism of thin interbed; multiple-remember vertical subsequence model of remaining oil in monosadstone body. Models of heterogeneity and architecture of thin interbed in five types of monosandstone body have been established. Applying these techniques, type and distribution of remaining oil in different types of monosandstone bodies have been predicated.

Message-Driven Processor Architecture: Verson 11

The Message-Driven Processor is a node of a large-scale multiprocessor being developed by the Concurrent VLSI Architecture Group. It is intended to support fine-grained, message passing, parallel computation. It contains several novel architectural features, such as a low-latency network interface, extensive type-checking hardware, and on-chip memory that can be used as an associative lookup table. This document is a programmer's guide to the MDP. It describes the processor's register architecture, instruction set, and the data types supported by the processor. It also details the MDP's message sending and exception handling facilities.

Towards an Example-Based Image Compression Architecture for Video-Conferencing

This paper consists of two major parts. First, we present the outline of a simple approach to very-low bandwidth video-conferencing system relying on an example-based hierarchical image compression scheme. In particular, we discuss the use of example images as a model, the number of required examples, faces as a class of semi-rigid objects, a hierarchical model based on decomposition into different time-scales, and the decomposition of face images into patches of interest. In the second part, we present several algorithms for image processing and animation as well as experimental evaluations. Among the original contributions of this paper is an automatic algorithm for pose estimation and normalization. We also review and compare different algorithms for finding the nearest neighbors in a database for a new input as well as a generalized algorithm for blending patches of interest in order to synthesize new images. Finally, we outline the possible integration of several algorithms to illustrate a simple model-based video-conference system.

Visual Navigation: Constructing and Utilizing Simple Maps of an Indoor Environment

The goal of this work is to navigate through an office environmentsusing only visual information gathered from four cameras placed onboard a mobile robot. The method is insensitive to physical changes within the room it is inspecting, such as moving objects. Forward and rotational motion vision are used to find doors and rooms, and these can be used to build topological maps. The map is built without the use of odometry or trajectory integration. The long term goal of the project described here is for the robot to build simple maps of its environment and to localize itself within this framework.

New Timber Architecture in Scotland.

New Timber Architecture in Scotland illustrates 90 exemplar projects and demonstrates clearly that there is no single building type unsuited to the use of this adaptable, variable and infinitely renewable material. Too long out of fashion, timber is now widely specified and has become an important design element in some of the most innovative projects being built today. The projects selected for inclusion are not the work of a few superstar architects: they represent the output of a significant percentage of architectural practices in Scotland and illustrate a burgeoning confidence in timber as an exciting, contemporary construction material. New Timber Architecture in Scotland aims to stimulate others to follow their lead.

Constructing extensions of CP-maps via tensor dilations with rhe help of von Neumann modules

Gohm, Rolf; Skeide, M., (2005) 'Constructing extensions of CP-maps via tensor dilations with rhe help of von Neumann modules', Infinite Dimensional Analysis, Quantum Probability and Related Topics 8(2) pp.291-305 RAE2008

A probabilistic index for completely positive maps and an application

Gohm, Rolf, (2003) 'A probabilistic index for completely positive maps and an application', Journal of Operator Theory 54(2) pp.339-361 RAE2008

Indian Architecture: Social and Political Challenges

The objective of this paper is to reassess the central factors which have shaped the Indian architecture. The author puts forward the concept of plurality introduced by Western art historians and argues that the diversity of the Indian architecture should not be explained in terms of religious differences, but in terms of the socio-economical situation in South Asia. He also elaborates on the Hindu caste system and its impact on the Indian architecture.

The jubilee story of the China Inland Mission : with portraits, illustrations & maps / by Marshall Broomhall.

http://www.archive.org/details/jubileechinamis00broouoft

The Encyclopaedia of missions : descriptive, historical, biographical, statistical : with a full assortment of maps, a complete bibliography, and lists of Bible versions, missionary societies, mission stations, and a general index / edited by Edwin Munsell Bliss.

http://www.archive.org/details/encyclopaediamis02unknuoft