Ankle-brachial index, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and endothelial function in a cardiovascular risk population

Atherosclerotic vascular disease is the leading cause of death in the Western world. Its main three manifestations are coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease. Asymptomatic peripheral arterial disease is usually diagnosed using the ankle brachial index, and values ≤ 0.90 are used to determine the diagnosis. The classical risk factors of peripheral arterial disease, such as smoking and diabetes, are well known and early interventions are mandatory to improve the prognosis. What is not well known is the role of inflammation as a risk factor. Yet, a novel approach to cardiovascular diseases is the measurement of endothelial function. In this thesis, we studied the ankle-brachial index, C-reactive protein and endothelial function in a cardiovascular risk population. A total of 2856 subjects were invited to the study and 2085 (73%) responded. From these subjects, a cohort of 1756 risk persons was screened. We excluded the subjects with previously known cardiovascular disease or diabetes, because they were already under systematic follow-up. Out of the study subjects, 983 (56%) were women and 773 (44%) men. The ankle brachial index and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein were measured from 1047 subjects. Endothelial function was assessed by measuring reactive hyperemia pulse amplitude tonometry from 66 subjects with borderline peripheral arterial disease. In this study, smoking was a crucial risk factor for peripheral arterial disease. Subclinical peripheral arterial disease seems to be more common in hypertensive patients even without comorbidities. The measurement of the ankle brachial index is an efficient method to identify patients at an increased cardiovascular risk. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein did not correlate with the ankle brachial index or peripheral arterial disease. Instead, it correlated with measures of obesity. In a cardiovascular risk population with borderline peripheral arterial disease, nearly every fourth subject had endothelial dysfunction. This might point out a subgroup of individuals in need of more intensive treatment for their risk factors.

Servo drive in hoist application

The objective of this master thesis is to test according to hoisting requirements, a servo drive system and compare its performance with the performance of a drive equipped with a vector controlled frequency converter. Both systems utilize closed-loop vector control based on PCL program control. In order to compare the results of tests both systems were connected to the same motor driving a variable speed electrical chain hoist. Tests were based on requirements to both systems. As requirements of tests zero speed operation, operation in field weakening, positioning accuracy and smoothness of motion are taken into consideration. Both systems demonstrate quite similar performance and meet the requirements. Servo drive system demonstrates a high positioning accuracy and dynamic performance. Frequency converter is not able to provide the same positioning accuracy and dynamic performance as servo drive.

Tasasähkönjakeluverkon asiakaspäätelaitteen galvaanisen erotuksen toteuttaminen

Tässä työssä tutkitaan LLC resonanssipiirin soveltuvuutta galvaanisen erotuksen toteuttamiseen tasasähkönjakeluverkon asiakaspäätelaitteessa. Tarkastellaan resonanssipiirin ominaisuuksia ja aikaisempia käyttökohteita. Tutkitaan piirin soveltuvuutta vaihtosähkö sovellukseen ja esitellään piirin toimintaa, häviöitä ja ohjausta. Esitellään pulssin leveys moduloitu (PWM) ja pulssin tiheys moduloitu (PDM) invertteri sovellukset ja näiden toimintaa. Esitetään vielä parannusehdotuksia ja kytkentäkuvio kytkennän ominaisuuksien ja hyö-tysuhteen parantamiseksi. Tutkimuksessa selvisi, että suora PDM topologia ei sovellu tähän käyttötarkoitukseen suuren suodin induktanssin vuoksi. PWM invertteri topologia jännitteen tasasuuntauksella taas sopii sovellukseen ja tällä rakenteella on mahdollista tehdä galvaaninen erotus hyvinkin hyvällä hyötysuhteella. Pehmeän kytkennän aiheuttamien häviöiden tarkka määrittely simulointimallista on parhaimmillaankin vain suuntaa-antava, mutta tulokset olivat mielestäni oikein positiivisia. LLC resonanssipiirin toimintaa tutkittiin vain resonanssitaajuudella kytkettäessä, jolloin sen jännitevahvistusominaisuuksien hyödyntäminen jää tarkastelun ulko-puolelle.

Design and implementation of robot gripper interface

This thesis presents a design for an asynchronous interface to Robotiq adaptive gripper s-model. Designed interface is a communication layer that works on top of modbus layer. The design contains function definitions, finite state machine and exceptions. The design was not fully implemented but enough was so that it can be used. The implementation was done with c++ in linux environment. Additionally to the implementation a simple demo program was made to show the interface is used. Also grippers closing speed and force were measured. There is also a brief introduction into robotics and robot grasping.

Design and Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine for Hybrid Electric Vehicle

This master’s thesis mainly focuses on the design requirements of an Electric drive for Hybrid car application and its control strategy to achieve a wide speed range. It also emphasises how the control and performance requirements are transformed into its design variables. A parallel hybrid topology is considered where an IC engine and an electric drive share a common crank shaft. A permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is used as an electric drive machine. Performance requirements are converted into Machine design variables using the vector model of PMSM. Main dimensions of the machine are arrived using analytical approach and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to verify the design and performance. Vector control algorithm was used to control the machine. The control algorithm was tested in a low power PMSM using an embedded controller. A prototype of 10 kW PMSM was built according to the design values. The prototype was tested in the laboratory using a high power converter. Tests were carried out to verify different operating modes. The results were in agreement with the calculations.

Mallipohjainen suunnittelu osana aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajan tuotekehitystä

Työssä selvitetään mallipohjaisen suunnittelun ja simulointimallista tuotetun ohjelmakoodin kelpoisuutta tuotekehityskäytössä. Työtapoja tutkitaan, koska halutaan selvittää parantavatko esitetyt toimintatavat aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajien ohjelmistokehitystä. Työssä käydään läpi mallipohjaisen suunnittelun työvaiheet, niiden sisältö ja tarkoitus. Aurinkosähköjärjestelmästä muodostetaan simulointimalli, josta tuotetaan maksimitehopisteseuraajan ohjelmakoodi, jonka toiminta testataan aurinkosähkövaihtosuuntaajan ohjausalustan simulaattorissa. Mallipohjainen suunnittelu mahdollistaa ohjelmistotuotekehityksen nopeuttamisen käyttämällä samaa järjestelmää useassa työvaiheessa. Ohjelmakoodin tuottaminen simulointimallista on mahdollista ja hyödyllistä, jos yrityksessä käytetään simulointitestausta säätö- ja ohjausjärjestelmän toiminnan suunnitteluun ja varmentamiseen.

Environments of Acitive Galaxies

This dissertation presents studies on the environments of active galaxies. Paper I is a case study of a cluster of galaxies containing BL Lac object RGB 1745+398. We measured the velocity dispersion, mass, and richness of the cluster. This was one of the most thorough studies of the environments of a BL Lac object. Methods used in the paper could be used in the future for studying other clusters as well. In Paper II we studied the environments of nearby quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). We found that quasars have less neighboring galaxies than luminous inactive galaxies. In the large-scale structure, quasars are usually located at the edges of superclusters or even in void regions. We concluded that these low-redshift quasars may have become active only recently because the galaxies in low-density environments evolve later to the phase where quasar activity can be triggered. In Paper III we extended the analysis of Paper II to other types of AGN besides quasars. We found that different types of AGN have different large-scale environments. Radio galaxies are more concentrated in superclusters, while quasars and Seyfert galaxies prefer low-density environments. Different environments indicate that AGN have different roles in galaxy evolution. Our results suggest that activity of galaxies may depend on their environment on the large scale. Our results in Paper III raised questions of the cause of the environment-dependency in the evolution of galaxies. Because high-density large-scale environments contain richer groups and clusters than the underdense environments, our results could reflect smaller-scale effects. In Paper IV we addressed this problem by studying the group and supercluster scale environments of galaxies together. We compared the galaxy populations in groups of different richnesses in different large-scale environments. We found that the large-scale environment affects the galaxies independently of the group richness. Galaxies in low-density environments on the large scale are more likely to be star-forming than those in superclusters even if they are in groups with the same richness. Based on these studies, the conclusion of this dissertation is that the large-scale environment affects the evolution of galaxies. This may be caused by different “speed” of galaxy evolution in low and high-density environments: galaxies in dense environments reach certain phases of evolution earlier than galaxies in underdense environments. As a result, the low-density regions at low redshifts are populated by galaxies in earlier phases of evolution than galaxies in high-density regions.

Tasasähkönjakeluverkon vaihtosuuntaajan pulssintiheysmoduloidun pääteasteen ja prototyypin toteutus

Työssä esiteltävä laite on osa DC-AC hakkuria, jolla muodostetaan 750 V tasajännitteestä yksivaiheista (230 VRMS, 50 Hz) galvaanisesti erotettua verkkojännitettä. Tasajännite muunnetaan resonanssikonvertterilla korkeataajuiseksi vaihtojännitteeksi, joka johdetaan erotusmuuntajaan. Galvaanisen erotuksen jälkeen korkeataajuisesta vaihtojännitteestä muodostetaan suoraan verkkotaajuista vaihtojännitettä työssä esiteltävällä syklokonvertterilla. Suunnittelussa on pyritty minimoimaan häviöt mahdollisimman tarkkaan, jotta laite olisi kilpailukykyinen ei-galvaanisesti erottavien konverttereiden kanssa. Tämä on toteutettu käyttämällä mahdollisimman vähän komponentteja virran kulkureitillä sekä soveltamalla pehmeää kytkentää kaikissa tilanteissa. Lopuksi esitellään prototyyppi, jonka tarkoitus oli selvittää laitteen toiminta ja ongelmakohdat käytännössä.

Automatic system identification and optimization of centrifugal pump operation

Centrifugal pumps are a notable end-consumer of electrical energy. Typical application of a centrifugal pump is the filling or emptying of a reservoir tank, where the pump is often operated at a constant speed until the process is completed. Installing a frequency converter to control the motor substitutes the traditional fixed-speed pumping system, allows the optimization of rotational speed profile for the pumping tasks and enables the estimation of rotational speed and shaft torque of an induction motor without any additional measurements from the motor shaft. Utilization of variable-speed operation provides the possibility to decrease the overall energy consumption of the pumping task. The static head of the pumping process may change during the pumping task. In such systems, the minimum rotational speed changes during reservoir filling or emptying, and the minimum energy consumption can’t be achieved with a fixed rotational speed. This thesis presents embedded algorithms to automatically identify, optimize and monitor pumping processes between supply and destination reservoirs, and evaluates the changing static head –based optimization method.

Exploration and Design of Power-Efficient Networked Many-Core Systems

Multiprocessing is a promising solution to meet the requirements of near future applications. To get full benefit from parallel processing, a manycore system needs efficient, on-chip communication architecture. Networkon- Chip (NoC) is a general purpose communication concept that offers highthroughput, reduced power consumption, and keeps complexity in check by a regular composition of basic building blocks. This thesis presents power efficient communication approaches for networked many-core systems. We address a range of issues being important for designing power-efficient manycore systems at two different levels: the network-level and the router-level. From the network-level point of view, exploiting state-of-the-art concepts such as Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS), Voltage/ Frequency Island (VFI), and 3D Networks-on-Chip approaches may be a solution to the excessive power consumption demanded by today’s and future many-core systems. To this end, a low-cost 3D NoC architecture, based on high-speed GALS-based vertical channels, is proposed to mitigate high peak temperatures, power densities, and area footprints of vertical interconnects in 3D ICs. To further exploit the beneficial feature of a negligible inter-layer distance of 3D ICs, we propose a novel hybridization scheme for inter-layer communication. In addition, an efficient adaptive routing algorithm is presented which enables congestion-aware and reliable communication for the hybridized NoC architecture. An integrated monitoring and management platform on top of this architecture is also developed in order to implement more scalable power optimization techniques. From the router-level perspective, four design styles for implementing power-efficient reconfigurable interfaces in VFI-based NoC systems are proposed. To enhance the utilization of virtual channel buffers and to manage their power consumption, a partial virtual channel sharing method for NoC routers is devised and implemented. Extensive experiments with synthetic and real benchmarks show significant power savings and mitigated hotspots with similar performance compared to latest NoC architectures. The thesis concludes that careful codesigned elements from different network levels enable considerable power savings for many-core systems.

Theoretical Analysis and Numerical Simulation of Spectral Radiative Properties of Combustion Gases in Oxy/Air-Fired Combustion Systems

Energy efficiency is one of the major objectives which should be achieved in order to implement the limited energy resources of the world in a sustainable way. Since radiative heat transfer is the dominant heat transfer mechanism in most of fossil fuel combustion systems, more accurate insight and models may cause improvement in the energy efficiency of the new designed combustion systems. The radiative properties of combustion gases are highly wavelength dependent. Better models for calculating the radiative properties of combustion gases are highly required in the modeling of large scale industrial combustion systems. With detailed knowledge of spectral radiative properties of gases, the modeling of combustion processes in the different applications can be more accurate. In order to propose a new method for effective non gray modeling of radiative heat transfer in combustion systems, different models for the spectral properties of gases including SNBM, EWBM, and WSGGM have been studied in this research. Using this detailed analysis of different approaches, the thesis presents new methods for gray and non gray radiative heat transfer modeling in homogeneous and inhomogeneous H2O–CO2 mixtures at atmospheric pressure. The proposed method is able to support the modeling of a wide range of combustion systems including the oxy-fired combustion scenario. The new methods are based on implementing some pre-obtained correlations for the total emissivity and band absorption coefficient of H2O–CO2 mixtures in different temperatures, gas compositions, and optical path lengths. They can be easily used within any commercial CFD software for radiative heat transfer modeling resulting in more accurate, simple, and fast calculations. The new methods were successfully used in CFD modeling by applying them to industrial scale backpass channel under oxy-fired conditions. The developed approaches are more accurate compared with other methods; moreover, they can provide complete explanation and detailed analysis of the radiation heat transfer in different systems under different combustion conditions. The methods were verified by applying them to some benchmarks, and they showed a good level of accuracy and computational speed compared to other methods. Furthermore, the implementation of the suggested banded approach in CFD software is very easy and straightforward.

Sähköavusteisen polkupyörän vääntömomenttisäädön toteuttaminen amplitudimodulaatiolla

Sähköavusteinen polkupyörä on hieman tavallista polkupyörää vahvarakenteisempi ja painavampi. Lisäpainoa tuovat muun muassa akut ja sähkömoottori, joka avustaa polke-mista. Moottori asennetaan yleensä eturenkaan keskiöön. Suurimmassa osassa, jollei kaikissa, kaupallisista sähköavusteisissa polkupyörissä moottori on hiiliharjaton tasavirta-moottori. Hiiliharjattoman tasavirtamoottorin pyörimisnopeutta ja vääntömomenttia voidaan säätää usealla eri tavalla. Markkinoilla olevat säätimet perustuvat poikkeuksetta pulssinleveys-modulaatioon. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tutkia, onko säätöjärjestelmä mahdollista to-teuttaa muulla tavalla kuin pulssinleveysmodulaattorilla. Tutkimuksessa päädytään käyt-tämään amplitudimodulointia, jolloin taajuus voidaan pitää vakiona. Tämän tutkimuksen rinnalla samaan polkupyörään rakennetaan polkemisenergian avulla akkuja lataava la-tausjärjestelmä. Tämän kandityön puitteissa tutkimus jää kesken, mutta toiminta osoitetaan teoreettisesti ja simuloimalla. Suurin syy kokeellisen testauksen epäonnistumiseen on käytettyjen kom-ponenttien sopimattomuus sovellukseen.

AMB system for high-speed motors using automatic commissioning

The general trend towards increasing e ciency and energy density drives the industry to high-speed technologies. Active Magnetic Bearings (AMBs) are one of the technologies that allow contactless support of a rotating body. Theoretically, there are no limitations on the rotational speed. The absence of friction, low maintenance cost, micrometer precision, and programmable sti ness have made AMBs a viable choice for highdemanding applications. Along with the advances in power electronics, such as signi cantly improved reliability and cost, AMB systems have gained a wide adoption in the industry. The AMB system is a complex, open-loop unstable system with multiple inputs and outputs. For normal operation, such a system requires a feedback control. To meet the high demands for performance and robustness, model-based control techniques should be applied. These techniques require an accurate plant model description and uncertainty estimations. The advanced control methods require more e ort at the commissioning stage. In this work, a methodology is developed for an automatic commissioning of a subcritical, rigid gas blower machine. The commissioning process includes open-loop tuning of separate parts such as sensors and actuators. The next step is to apply a system identi cation procedure to obtain a model for the controller synthesis. Finally, a robust model-based controller is synthesized and experimentally evaluated in the full operating range of the system. The commissioning procedure is developed by applying only the system components available and a priori knowledge without any additional hardware. Thus, the work provides an intelligent system with a self-diagnostics feature and an automatic commissioning.

Heavy Duty Speed Wagon

kuv., 10 x 23 cm

Liquid transportation and distribution during (re)wetting : impact on coated papers in printing

In many industrial applications, such as the printing and coatings industry, wetting of porous materials by liquids includes not only imbibition and permeation into the bulk but also surface spreading and evaporation. By understanding these phenomena, valuable information can be obtained for improved process control, runnability and printability, in which liquid penetration and subsequent drying play important quality and economic roles. Knowledge of the position of the wetting front and the distribution/degree of pore filling within the structure is crucial in describing the transport phenomena involved. Although exemplifying paper as a porous medium in this work, the generalisation to dynamic liquid transfer onto a surface, including permeation and imbibition into porous media, is of importance to many industrial and naturally occurring environmental processes. This thesis explains the phenomena in the field of heatset web offset printing but the content and the analyses are applicable in many other printing methods and also other technologies where water/moisture monitoring is crucial in order to have a stable process and achieve high quality end products. The use of near-infrared technology to study the water and moisture response of porous pigmented structures is presented. The use of sensitive surface chemical and structural analysis, as well as the internal structure investigation of a porous structure, to inspect liquid wetting and distribution, complements the information obtained by spectroscopic techniques. Strong emphasis has been put on the scale of measurement, to filter irrelevant information and to understand the relationship between interactions involved. The near-infrared spectroscopic technique, presented here, samples directly the changes in signal absorbance and its variation in the process at multiple locations in a print production line. The in-line non-contact measurements are facilitated by using several diffuse reflectance probes, giving the absolute water/moisture content from a defined position in the dynamic process in real-time. The nearinfrared measurement data illustrate the changes in moisture content as the paper is passing through the printing nips and dryer, respectively, and the analysis of the mechanisms involved highlight the roles of the contacting surfaces and the relative liquid carrier properties of both non-image and printed image areas. The thesis includes laboratory studies on wetting of porous media in the form of coated paper and compressed pigment tablets by mono-, dual-, and multi-component liquids, and paper water/moisture content analysis in both offline and online conditions, thus also enabling direct sampling of temporal water/moisture profiles from multiple locations. One main focus in this thesis was to establish a measurement system which is able to monitor rapid changes in moisture content of paper. The study suggests that near-infrared diffuse reflectance spectroscopy can be used as a moisture sensitive system and to provide accurate online qualitative indicators, but, also, when accurately calibrated, can provide quantification of water/moisture levels, its distribution and dynamic liquid transfer. Due to the high sensitivity, samples can be measured with excellent reproducibility and good signal to noise ratio. Another focus of this thesis was on the evolution of the moisture content, i.e. changes in moisture content referred to (re)wetting, and liquid distribution during printing of coated paper. The study confirmed different wetting phases together with the factors affecting each phase both for a single droplet and a liquid film applied on a porous substrate. For a single droplet, initial capillary driven imbibition is followed by equilibrium pore filling and liquid retreat by evaporation. In the case of a liquid film applied on paper, the controlling factors defining the transportation were concluded to be the applied liquid volume in relation to surface roughness, capillarity and permeability of the coating giving the liquid uptake capacity. The printing trials confirmed moisture gradients in the printed sheet depending on process parameters such as speed, fountain solution dosage and drying conditions as well as the printed layout itself. Uneven moisture distribution in the printed sheet was identified to be one of the sources for waving appearance and the magnitude of waving was influenced by the drying conditions.