Micropartículas de quitosana estruturadas com aerosil®: estabilidade, adsorção, encapsulação e liberação de substâncias ativas

Biodegradable microspheres used as controlled release systems are important in pharmaceutics. Chitosan biopolymer represents an attractive biomaterial alternative because of its physicochemical and biological characteristics. Chitosan microspheres are expected to become promising carrier systems for drug and vaccine delivery, especially for non-invasive ways oral, mucosal and transdermal routes. Controlling the swelling rate and swelling capacity of the hydrogel and improving the fragile nature of microspheres under acidic conditions are the key challenges that need to be overcomed in order to enable the exploration of the full pharmaceutical potential use of these microparticles. Many studies have focused on the modification of chitosan microsphere structures with cross-linkers, various polymers blends and new organic-inorganic hybrid systems in order to obtain improved properties. In this work, microspheres made of chitosan and nanosized hydrophobic silica (Aerosil R972) were produced by a method consisting of two steps. First, a preparation of a macroscopically homogeneous chitosan-hydrophobic silica dispersion was prepared followed by spray drying. FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the microspheres. Also, the were conducted acid stability, moisture sorption capacity, release properties and biological assays. The chitosan-hydrophobic silica composite microspheres showed improved thermal degradation, lower water affinity, better acid stability and ability to retard rifampicin and propranolol hydrochloride (drug models) release under simulated physiological conditions. In vitro biocompatibility studies indicated low cytotoxicity and low capacity to activate cell production of the pro-inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. The results show here encourage further studies on the use of the new chitosan-hydrophobic silica composite microspheres as drug carrier systems via oral or nasal routes.

Otimização da síntese do AlSBA-15 para produção de biodiesel por transesteri-ficação do óleo de coco

Stimulus encouraging the production and consumption of biodiesel favors the policy of pre-serving the environment, contributing to the reduction of greenhouse gas reducing climate change. The current trend of research in this field focuses on improving these processes with the use of heterogeneous catalysts, seeing has significant advantages such as: low contamination of products, ease of separation of the catalyst from the reaction medium, possibili-ty of reuse of the catalyst, decreased corrosion problems. The objective of this research was to optimize the synthesis of AlSBA-15 for the production of biodiesel through transesterification process via ethyl route. For the optimization of hydrothermal synthesis of type AlSBA-15 catalyst has assembled a 23 factorial experimental matrix with eleven trials. The stoichiometric amounts of starting materials were varied according to different ratios Si / Al which is a factor in the experimental design, in addition to the time and temperature of aging of the synthesis gel. The material showed the best results of characterization (SBET = 591.7 (m2 / g), Vp = 0.83 (cm3 / g), Dp = 5.59 (nm), w = 6.48 (nm) was synthesized at 100 ° C for 24 hours, with a ratio Si / Al = 10.This material was applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the reaction of ethyl transesterification as raw coconut oil in natura. Coconut oil presented suitable for obtaining biodiesel via ethyl route.The visual aspects and physical-chemical characteristics of the reaction products show that AlSBA-15 catalyst favored the reaction. According to physical-chemical analysis the order of oxidative stability of the product of the transesterification reaction was: catalytic reaction at 1500 ° C> non-catalytic reaction at 100 ° C> 100 ° C catalytic> catalytic reaction at 200 ° C Reaction. The results of oxidative stability and kinematic viscosity shows that the biodiesel produced in the catalytic sandblasting held at 150 ° C which was maintained within the ABNT NBR 7148, ABNT NBR 10441 and EN 14112.

Quintosana e seus derivados conjugados com ácido gálico: avaliação de seu potencial antioxidante e de interferência na formação de cristais de oxalato de cálcio

Chitin is the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature and its derivative chitosan has been widely studied due to its unique chemical and pharmacological properties. However, studies show that when this molecule is used as food, drug, etc. it tends to accumulate in renal tissue and promotes an increase in calcium excretion. Nevertheless, the effect of chitosan on the formation of calcium oxalate (OxCa) crystals has never been evaluated. The formation of kidney stones (urolithiasis) is the disease that most often affects the kidneys and the urinary system. In addition, this is a disease with high prevalence and recurrence. Many molecules with antioxidant activity have been shown to decrease the potential for in vitro OxCa crystals formation. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of low molecular weight chitosan and its derivatives conjugated to gallic acid (AG) as antioxidant and inhibitor of OxCa crystals formation. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed the identity of chitosan. This molecule was subjected to five antioxidant tests and showed an excellent copper chelating activity. However, chitosan did not show other significant antioxidant activity. When chitosan was subjected to in vitro crystal formation tests, it increased the number of OxCa monohydrate crystals, modified the morphology of the crystals, modified the proportions between populations of crystals in solution and increased the zeta potential of these crystals formed. Four molecules of chitosan conjugated with GA were obtained. The physico-chemical analysis confirmed that chitosan and AG were covalently bonded. However, the amount of GA liked to chitosan did not increase even when 10 times more GA was used in experiment. When these derivatives were subjected to antioxidant tests, all chitosan conjugates showed higher antioxidant potential than their precursors. However, they showed different activity between them, which indicating that the position where AG is conjugated is an important factor for chitosan-GA activity. When conjugated chitosans were submitted to in vitro crystal formation tests, a reduction in the crystals number was observed when compared with those formed in the presence of unconjugated chitosan. Chitosan has a strong capacity for inducing OxCa monohydrate crystal formation, as well as modify their morphology and zeta potential. Over all, the process of conjugating AG to chitosan led to an increase in antioxidant potential of this molecule and was also able to decrease its capacity of inducing in vitro crystal formation

Síntese e caracterização de catalisadores baseados em vermiculita modificada com ferro: aplicação em processos do tipo foto-fenton

Clays are materials with specific properties that make them promising for various studies. In this work we used the vermiculite clay as support for iron compounds, in order to obtain promising materials for application in the heterogeneous type photo-Fenton process. In all, the study included six solid, starting from the vermiculite (V0) was obtained calcined vermiculite (V0-C), the mixed material (V0/β-FeOOH) formed by vermiculite more akaganeite, exchanged vermiculite (v0t-C), vermiculite impregnated Wet (V0u-C) and V0u-CL that is the solid obtained by impregnating with a back washing. The solids of the study had their physical and chemical characteristics investigated by the following characterization techniques: X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Infrared Spectroscopy (IR), Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF), UV-Vis by Diffuse Reflectance (DR UV-Vis), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The V0 material showed three distinct phases, which are the very vermiculite, hidrobiotite and biotite, the last two phases are part of the geological of formation process vermiculite. The solids obtained after the modification showed an increase in the amount of iron present in the clay, these being quantities important for application in photocatalysis. The micrographs and EDS data, show that after treatment of addition of the metal , the iron was intercalary in structure of vermiculite for solid V0t-C and V0u-C, however, this did not occur with mixed material. In the photoFenton process, was observed a maximum removal of 88.8% of the dye methylene blue coloring for the catalyst V0/β-FeOOH, while for the other solids was obtained values between 76.8 and 62.6%, compared to 37.8% of discoloration without the presence of catalyst. Therefore, it is concluded that the vermiculite clay presents as a good catalyst and iron support for the, beyond of presenting a low cost because of its high abundance.

Estudo da incorporação de cinza e chamote gerado pela cerâmica vermelha ao próprio processo industrial

The ceramics industry generates waste at various stages of that process, defective products, waste from burning solid fuels, among others. This waste is dumped in landfills, garbage dumps or directly on roads, which has a negative environmental impact. This paper presents a study to incorporate the waste of algaroba wood and chamote (scrap pieces of ceramic already sintered), in to the ceramic material for making sealing blocks. The methodological procedures consist in the characterization of chemical and mineralogical residues, raw materials, and physical-mechanical of the formulations of mixes with clay, silt and waste. By pressing test pieces were produced using a pressure of 200 kgf/cm², varying compositions in the range of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of residue. The sintering was performed in a muffle furnace, with the temperature levels of 850 ° C, 900 ° C, 950 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: Water Absorption, Linear Shrinkage Burning, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density and Mechanical Resistance to Flexion. Analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces of the specimens. Evaluation of linear shrinkage property drying and firing , water absorption and mechanical resistance to compression of the sealing blocks 5% wood ash residue, sintered at 900 °C hold temperature in the laboratory the products manufactured on an industrial scale. The main results, it was found on the viability of using the residues of algaroba wood and to confer refractory properties of the ceramic product. The main results, it was concluded feasibility of using the ash residues algaroba wood to impart refractory properties to the ceramic product and the residue of chamote, being derived from the own ceramic product not interfere with the properties, when used in a percentage of up to 5%.Since the residue of chamote being derived from the ceramic product itself had no effect on the properties. Studies in the laboratory have shown that the incorporation of up to 5% of these residues may be adopted as an alternative technology to reduce the environmental impact caused by the industrial sector, without compromising the final properties of the material, since the results on an industrial scale showed absorption values 11.66 and 11.74 of water and waste products respectively, within the parameters of NBR - 15,270, since the mechanical strength was 1.25 MPa and 0.94 MPa respectively for products with and without residue, lower than the minimum required by the technical standard that is 1.5 MPa.

Estudo da incorporação de cinza e chamote gerado pela cerâmica vermelha ao próprio processo industrial

The ceramics industry generates waste at various stages of that process, defective products, waste from burning solid fuels, among others. This waste is dumped in landfills, garbage dumps or directly on roads, which has a negative environmental impact. This paper presents a study to incorporate the waste of algaroba wood and chamote (scrap pieces of ceramic already sintered), in to the ceramic material for making sealing blocks. The methodological procedures consist in the characterization of chemical and mineralogical residues, raw materials, and physical-mechanical of the formulations of mixes with clay, silt and waste. By pressing test pieces were produced using a pressure of 200 kgf/cm², varying compositions in the range of 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% by weight of residue. The sintering was performed in a muffle furnace, with the temperature levels of 850 ° C, 900 ° C, 950 ° C, 1000 ° C and 1050 ° C. The evaluated physical and mechanical properties were: Water Absorption, Linear Shrinkage Burning, Apparent Porosity, Apparent Density and Mechanical Resistance to Flexion. Analysis was carried out by Scanning Electron Microscopy on fracture surfaces of the specimens. Evaluation of linear shrinkage property drying and firing , water absorption and mechanical resistance to compression of the sealing blocks 5% wood ash residue, sintered at 900 °C hold temperature in the laboratory the products manufactured on an industrial scale. The main results, it was found on the viability of using the residues of algaroba wood and to confer refractory properties of the ceramic product. The main results, it was concluded feasibility of using the ash residues algaroba wood to impart refractory properties to the ceramic product and the residue of chamote, being derived from the own ceramic product not interfere with the properties, when used in a percentage of up to 5%.Since the residue of chamote being derived from the ceramic product itself had no effect on the properties. Studies in the laboratory have shown that the incorporation of up to 5% of these residues may be adopted as an alternative technology to reduce the environmental impact caused by the industrial sector, without compromising the final properties of the material, since the results on an industrial scale showed absorption values 11.66 and 11.74 of water and waste products respectively, within the parameters of NBR - 15,270, since the mechanical strength was 1.25 MPa and 0.94 MPa respectively for products with and without residue, lower than the minimum required by the technical standard that is 1.5 MPa.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização de filmes a base de isolado protéico de resíduos de corvina (micropogonias furnieri) e óleo de palma

Nas últimas duas décadas, o descarte e o acúmulo de embalagens não biodegradáveis têm agravado os problemas ambientais. Uma das soluções encontradas, particularmente na área de embalagens de alimentos, é o desenvolvimento de filmes a partir de polímeros que possam substituir os materiais sintéticos. Fontes alternativas de proteína, como os resíduos de pescados, tornam-se importante, pois estes representam de 60 a 70% da matéria-prima e são descartados pelas indústrias de filetagem contribuindo com os danos ao meio ambiente. As propriedades funcionais dos filmes biodegradáveis são resultantes das características das macromoléculas utilizadas, das interações entre os constituintes envolvidos na formulação (macromolécula, solvente, plastificante e outros aditivos), dos parâmetros de fabricação (temperatura, tipo de solvente, pH, entre outras), do processo de dispersão da solução filmogênica (pulverização, espalhamento, etc.) e das condições de secagem. Um problema limitante no uso de filmes biodegradáveis a base de proteínas de pescado é a sua susceptibilidade à umidade, devido à hidrofilicidade dos aminoácidos das moléculas de proteína. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar filmes a base de isolado proteico de resídeos de corvina (IPC) e óleo de palma (OP). O desenvolvimento dos filmes foi estudado em duas etapas. Neste estudo utilizou-se resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri) para a obtenção do isolado protéico, glicerol como plastificante e óleo de palma para conferir hidrofobicidade ao filme. Na primeira etapa, o objetivo foi investigar o efeito das concentrações de IPC, de glicerol e do pH sobre as propriedades dos filmes de proteína de resíduos de corvina (Micropogonias furnieri). Os filmes foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de cor, opacidade, propriedades mecânicas, espessura, solubilidade em água, permeabilidade de vapor de água (PVA) e propriedades morfológicas. Como resultado foi observado que a opacidade e a luminosidade dos filmes não foram afetados pelas variáveis do processo. Os filmes de IPC ficaram amarelados e opacos. Apresentaramse mais claros quando elaborados com baixas concentrações de IPC e altas concentrações de glicerol nas soluções filmogênicas. A menor solubilidade em água ocorreu nos filmes com pH baixo e menores concentrações de glicerol. Com relação as propriedades mecânicas, os filmes apresentaram alta elongação e sua resistência à tração aumentou quando utilizadas maiores concentrações de IPC, menores concentrações de glicerol e pHs mais baixos.Os filmes apresentaram superficies ásperas e irregulares. Na segunda etapa foram elaborados filmes biodegradáveis de IPC contendo diferentes concentrações de óleo de palma (OP) (10 e 20 g de OP /100g de IPC) e suas propriedades de barreira, mecânicas, físico-químicas, térmicas e morfológicas foram estudadas. A adição de OP aumentou as espessuras dos filmes com 2 e 4% de IPC, no entanto a solubilidade não foi afetada pela adição do OP. Os filmes com 3 e 4% de IPC ficaram menos permeáveis a água quando incorporado 20% de OP nos mesmos. A opacidade dos filmes aumentou com a adição do OP. A incorporação do OP nos filmes resultou em uma diminuição da resistência à tração e no aumento da elongação dos filmes. Nos filmes com 2% de IPC o aumento na elongação foi significativo apenas quando adicionado 20% de OP. O aparecimento de apenas uma temperatura de fusão nos filmes sugeriu uma homogeneidade dos mesmos. A decomposição térmica dos filmes iniciou em torno de 120 -173ºC. Os filmes apresentaram uma superfície descontínua.

RELAÇÕES SOLO–VEGETAÇÃO EM “ILHAS” FLORESTAIS SAVANAS ADJACENTES, NO NORDESTE DE RORAIMA

Studies on soils of forest islands within the savanna domain are key for understanding processes of landscape formation and evolution. We characterized the morphological, physical and chemical properties of soils at four different forest fragments that occur in the savanna-forest mosaic of northeastern Roraima, north Amazonia. The methodology was based on transects crossing the entire island, from east-west and northsouth direction, digging up five soil profiles for sampling and classification. In addition, the neighboring savannas were also sampled following the same strategy, at 100 m long transects departing from the border, allowing comparisons to be made. Latosols were the dominant soil class in all four islands, followed by Ultisols and Plinthosols. All soils were dystric, with low CEC and acid. Better chemical and physical conditions were observed in forested soils compared with surrounding savannas, in a given soil class. Thus, in spite of no variation on soil class at different phytophysionomies at a given gradient, specific chemical and physical attributes were significantly varied, exerting a positive effect for the establishment of forest vegetation. Despite their occurrence side-by-side in the savanna-forest mosaic, the present-day climate agrees with the existence of savanna in the flat landforms, whereas forest islands are conditioned by subtle, yet significant, soil physico-chemical variations, with no need to invoke any paleoclimate for explaining this relationship. Further in depth studies may contribute for testing the hypothesis that Quaternary shifts of the expansion and contraction of forest may represent paleoclimate relicts isolated within the savanna domain.

Bioprospecção de polissacarídeos sulfatados de macroalgas marinhas do litoral do Rio Grande do Norte: caracterização de uma heterofucana extraída da alga marron Sargassum filipendula que induz apoptose em células HeLa

The coast of Rio Grande do Norte has more than 100 species of seaweed, mostly unexplored regarding their pharmacological potential. The sulfated polysaccharides (PS) are by far the more seaweed compounds studied, these present a range of biological properties, such as anticoagulant activity, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. In this study, we extract sulfated polysaccharide rich-extracts of eleven algae from the coast of Rio Grande do Norte (Dictyota cervicornis; Dictiopterys delicatula; Dictyota menstruallis; Dictyota mertensis; Sargassum filipendula; Spatoglossum schröederi; Gracilaria caudata; Caulerpa cupresoides; Caulerpa prolifera; Caulerpa sertularioides e Codim isthmocladum), and these were evaluated for the potential anticoagulant, antioxidant and antiproliferative. All polysaccharide extracts showed activity for anticoagulant, antioxidant and/or antiproliferative activity, especially D. delicatula and S. filipendula, which showed the most prominent pharmacological potential, thereby being chosen to have their sulfated polysaccharides extracted. By fractionating method were obtained six fractions rich in sulfated polysaccharides to the algae D. delicatula (DD-0,5V, DD-0, 7V, DD-1,0v, DD-1,3v, DD-1,5v and DD-2,0) and five fractions to the alga S. filipendula (SF-0,5V, SF-0,7V, SF-1,0v, SF-1,5v and SF-2,0v). For the anticoagulant assay only the fractions of D. delicatula showed activity, with emphasis on DD-1, 5v that presented the most prominent activity, with APTT ratio similar to clexane® at 0.1 mg/mL. When evaluated the antioxidant potential, all fractions showed potential in all tests (total antioxidant capacity, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals scavenging, ferrous chelation and reducing power), however, the ability to chelate iron ions appears as the main mechanism antioxidant of sulfated polysaccharides from seaweed. In antiproliferative assay, all heterofucanas showed dose-dependent activity for the inhibition of cell proliferation of HeLa, however, with the exception of SF-0,7V, SF- 1,0v and SF-1,5v, all fractions showed antiproliferative activity against MC3T3, a normal cell line. The heterofucana SF-1,5V had its antiproliferative mechanism of action evaluated. This heterofucan induces apoptosis in HeLa cells by a pathway caspase independent, promoting the release of apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) in the cytosol, which in turn induces chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation into 50Kb fragments. These results are significant in that they provide a mechanistic framework for further exploring the use of SF-1.5v as a novel chemotherapeutics against human cervical cancer.

Variabilidade físico-química da farinha de mandioca do Território da Cidadania do Vale do Juruá, Acre.

A farinha é um derivado da mandioca de grande importância alimentar, porém com pequena padronização, por causa do processo artesanal de fabricação. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a variabilidade da farinha de mandioca artesanal, produzida no Território da Cidadania do Vale do Juruá, Acre, e agrupar os municípios produtores de acordo com suas características físico-químicas, por meio de análises multivariadas, determinando sua influência na qualidade da farinha de mandioca. Foram analisadas 138 amostras de farinhas, coletadas nos municípios de Cruzeiro do Sul, Mâncio Lima, Rodrigues Alves, Porto Walter e Marechal Thaumaturgo, com determinação da umidade, cinzas, proteína total, extrato etéreo, fibra total, carboidratos totais, valor energético, acidez titulável, pH e atividade de água. Os dados foram analisados pela estatística descritiva com comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey e estatística multivariada, de forma complementar entre si; com análises de agrupamento hierárquica, pela distância euclidiana e método de Ward, e, não hierárquica, k-means, análise de componentes principais, pela matriz de correlação, e análise discriminante, pelo método da exclusão progressiva passo a passo. Os resultados mostraram que as farinhas encontram-se dentro das normas de qualidade exigidas em legislação. As diferentes análises multivariadas foram coerentes, indicando que há um padrão de distribuição das características físico-químicas das farinhas, o que sugere padrões no processo de fabricação, distribuídos conforme a localização dos municípios analisados. As características de maior influência na discriminação das farinhas são acidez, pH, atividade de água e umidade, indicando que o modo de fabricação tem grande influência na qualidade da farinha produzida.

Estudo de adsorvente obtido de terras diatomáceas para remoção de metais pesados em águas produzidas: processamento, caracterização e dinâmica em leito fixo

The acceleration of industrial growth in recent decades on all continents aroused the interest of the companies to counter the impacts produced on the environment, spurred primarily by major disasters in the petroleum industry. In this context, the water produced is responsible for the largest volume of effluent from the production and extraction of oil and natural gas. This effluent has in its composition some critical components such as inorganic salts, heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, ), presence of oil and chemicals added in the various production processes. In response to impact, have been triggered by research alternative adsorbent materials for water treatment and water produced, in order to removing oils and acids and heavy metals. Many surveys of diatomaceous earth (diatomite) in Brazil involve studies on the physico-chemical, mineral deposits, extraction, processing and applications. The official estimated Jazi are around 2.5 million tonnes, the main located in the states of Bahia (44%) and Rio Grande do Norte (37,4%). Moreover, these two states appear as large offshore producers, earning a prominent role in research of adsorbents such as diatomite for treatment of water produced. Its main applications are as an agent of filtration, adsorption of oils and greases, industrial load and thermal insulator. The objective of this work was the processing and characterization of diatomite diatomaceous earth obtained from the municipality of Macaíba-RN (known locally as tabatinga) as a low cost regenerative adsorbent for removal of heavy metals in the application of water produced treatment. In this work we adopted a methodology for batch processing, practiced by small businesses located in producing regions of Brazil. The characterization was made by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and specific surface area (BET). Research conducted showed that the improvement process used was effective for small volume production of diatomite concentrated. The diatomite obtained was treated by calcination at temperature of 900 oC for 2 hours, with and without fluxing Na2CO3 (4%), according to optimal results in the literature. Column adsorption experiments were conducted to percolation of the in nature, calcined and calcined fluxing diatomites. Effluent was used as a saline solution containing ions of Cu, Zn, Na, Ca and Mg simulating the composition of produced waters in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The breakthrough curves for simultaneous removal of copper ions and zinc as a result, 84.3% for calcined diatomite and diatomite with 97.3 % for fluxing. The calcined fluxing diatomite was more efficient permeability through the bed and removal of copper and zinc ions. The fresh diatomite had trouble with the permeability through the bed under the conditions tested, compared with the other obtained diatomite. The results are presented as promising for application in the petroleum industry

Avaliação da corrosão em dutos por técnica gravimétrica e de resistência elétrica

With the increasing of demand for natural gas and the consequent growth of the pipeline networks, besides the importance of transport and transfer of oil products by pipeline, and when it comes to product quality and integrity of the pipeline there is an important role regarding to the monitoring internal corrosion of the pipe. This study aims to assess corrosion in three pipeline that operate with different products, using gravimetric techniques and electrical resistance. Chemical analysis of residues originated in the pipeline helps to identify the mechanism corrosive process. The internal monitoring of the corrosion in the pipelines was carried out between 2009 and 2010 using coupon weight loss and electrical resistance probe. Physico-chemical techniques of diffraction and fluorescence X-rays were used to characterize the products of corrosion of the pipelines. The corrosion rate by weight loss was analyzed for every pipeline, only those ones that has revealed corrosive attack were analyzed located corrosion rate. The corrosion potential was classified as low to pipeline gas and ranged from low to severe for oil pipelines and the pipeline derivatives. Corrosion products were identified as iron carbonate, iron oxide and iron sulfide

Wheat blast and its effect on technological quality of grain from two sowing dates.

2016

Avaliação do petróleo por termogravimetria para simulação de curva PEV, fator de caracterização e resíduo de carbono

Petroleum evaluation is analyze it using different methodologies, following international standards to know their chemical and physicochemical properties, contaminant levels, composition and especially their ability to generate derivatives. Many of these analyzes consuming a lot of time, large amount of samples , supplies and need an organized transportation logistics, schedule and professionals involved. Looking for alternatives that optimize the evaluation and enable the use of new technologies, seven samples of different centrifuged Brazilian oils previously characterized by Petrobras were analyzed by thermogravimetry in 25-900° C range using heating rates of 05, 10 and 20ºC per minute. With experimental data obtained, characterizations correlations were performed and provided: generation of true boiling point curves (TBP) simulated; comparing fractions generated with appropriate cut standard in temperature ranges; an approach to obtain Watson characterization factor; and compare micro carbon residue formed. The results showed a good chance of reproducing simulated TBP curve from thermogravimetry taking into account the composition, density and other oil properties. Proposed correlations for experimental characterization factor and carbon residue followed Petrobras characterizations, showing that thermogravimetry can be used as a tool on oil evaluation, because your quick analysis, accuracy, and requires a minimum number of samples and consumables

Cultura de café (Coffea arábica L.) com princípios agroecológicos como opção para a agricultura familiar na região de Penápolis/SP.

O município de Penápolis e região, localizados no noroeste do estado de São Paulo, foram desbravados para implantação da cafeicultura e tornaram-se fortes produtores no início do século passado, influenciando no traçado das ferrovias e na dispersão dos imigrantes. Porém, devido a fatores econômicos, climáticos e políticos, essa cultura foi substituída por outras atividades agropecuárias, desenvolvidas para as grandes propriedades, como a cana-de-açúcar e a pastagem, oprimindo assim, a agricultura familiar que se tornou inviável em moldes convencionais de produção, provocando a retirada do agricultor familiar para a cidade em busca de outras fontes de renda. O objetivo desse trabalho é o acompanhamento da formação e manejo de uma lavoura experimental de café em moldes agroecológicos e a definição de indicadores de sustentabilidade, para avaliação e comparação de resultados com outros cultivos de princípios convencionais, orgânico e um fragmento de mata natural, como parâmetros para a análise, avaliação e implementação desse sistema de cultivo na região, em busca de um resgate da tradição local. Neste trabalho, concluiu-se que a cafeicultura em moldes agroecológicos promoveu sensíveis transformações físico-químicas e biológicas no sistema, indicando que, com a utilização de técnicas alternativas de produção aliadas à tradição do cultivo do café e à aptidão do agricultor, é possível viabilizar a cafeicultura como alternativa para a agricultura familiar na região. Palavras-chave: Colonização, cafeicultura, agroecologia, agricultura familiar, sustentabilidade.