Functional wiring of hypocretin and LC-NE neurons: implications for arousal.

To survive in a rapidly changing environment, animals must sense their external world and internal physiological state and properly regulate levels of arousal. Levels of arousal that are abnormally high may result in inefficient use of internal energy stores and unfocused attention to salient environmental stimuli. Alternatively, levels of arousal that are abnormally low may result in the inability to properly seek food, water, sexual partners, and other factors necessary for life. In the brain, neurons that express hypocretin neuropeptides may be uniquely posed to sense the external and internal state of the animal and tune arousal state according to behavioral needs. In recent years, we have applied temporally precise optogenetic techniques to study the role of these neurons and their downstream connections in regulating arousal. In particular, we have found that noradrenergic neurons in the brainstem locus coeruleus (LC) are particularly important for mediating the effects of hypocretin neurons on arousal. Here, we discuss our recent results and consider the implications of the anatomical connectivity of these neurons in regulating the arousal state of an organism across various states of sleep and wakefulness.

Mémoire an die hohe Stände-Versammlung des Königreichs Baiern : über verschied'ne gegen die Juden gemachte Anträge ; nebst einigen Wünschen u. Bitten

von Samson Wolf Rosenfeld

Kirjāh ne'emānāh : la cité juive

par Jean de Pavly

Gilgûll nešāmôt sive transmigratio animarum, praesertim secundum Iudaeorum explicationem

Leipzig, Univ., Diss., 1739

Ketavim li-bene ha-neʿurim

Sh. Ben-Tsiyon. Metsuyarim ʿal yede N. Guṭman

Palaeoenvironmental changes in Central Europe (NE Poland) during the last 6200 years reconstructed from a high-resolution multi-proxy peat archive

Peat deposits from an ombrotrophic bog (north-eastern Poland) were analysed to reconstruct peatland development and environmental changes. This paper presents reconstructions of hydrological changes and plant succession over the last 6000 years. The methods included the high-resolution analysis of plant macrofossils, pollen and testate amoebae, supported by radiocarbon dating. Three main phases were identified in the history of the bog and surrounding woodland vegetation: 4000–400 BC, 400 BC–AD 1700 and AD 1700–2011. Except for terrestrialisation and the fen-to-bog transition phase, the development of bog vegetation was mainly dependent on the climate until approximately AD 1700. The dominant taxon in Gązwa bog was Sphagnum fuscum/rubellum. Woodland development was significantly affected by human activity at several time periods. The most visible human activity, manifested by the decline of deciduous species, occurred ca. 350 BC, ca. AD 250, ca. AD 1350 and after AD 1700. These events correspond to phases of human settlement in the area. During 400–300 BC, the decline of deciduous trees, primarily Carpinus, coincided with an increase in indicators of human activity and fire frequency. At ca. AD 200, Carpinus and Tilia abundance decreased, corresponding to an increased importance of cereals (Secale and Triticum). Since ca. AD 1350, the impact of Teutonic settlement is apparent, and after AD 1700, deciduous forests largely disappeared.

Neṭaʿ ha-gefen

Ioannes Plantavitius Pausanus

Ayi͏̈ne Roâh : méthode intuitive et élémentaire de la langue hébraique ; a l'usage des commençants

par S. Hallel

Kiryat sefer o reshimat sefarim neḥmadim ṿe-iḳarim be-ha-ʿizavon shel Shimʿon Bondi

Übers. d. Hauptsacht.: Katalog der von Simon Bondi hinterlassenen Bücher; Vorlage d. Digitalisats: Sammelband, Nr. 2

Sēfer Qav hay-yāšār : ... le-tôʿelet han-nefeš we-gûf û-nešāmā ...

ḥibberô ... Ṣevî Hîrš Ben-... Aharôn Šemû'ēl Qaydanover

Sēfer Qav hay-yāšār : ... le-tôʿelet han-nefeš we-gûf û-nešāmā ...

ḥibberô ... Ṣevî Hîrš Ben-... Aharôn Šemû'ēl Qaydanover

Sēfer Neṭaʿ šaʿašûʿîm : enṭhelṭ zaiṭṭen lehren

ešer ḥibbēr avî ... Hirš ...

Sēfer Qav hay-yāšār : ... le-tôʿelet han-nefeš we-gûf û-nešāmā ...

ḥibbērô ... Ṣevî Hîrš Ben-... Aharôn Šemû'ēl Qaydanover

Mēlîṣ yošer : ... had-devārîm nilqeḥîm mis-sefārîm yeqārîm ... we-neʿetaqā li-lšôn aškenaz

ʿal yedê ... Yaʿaqōv Ben- ... Yiṣḥāq