Divergences in the Long Run Trends in the Price of Energy and of Energy Services

32 p.

The theory of long distance electron transfer reactions

The rate of electron transport between distant sites was studied. The rate depends crucially on the chemical details of the donor, acceptor, and surrounding medium. These reactions involve electron tunneling through the intervening medium and are, therefore, profoundly influenced by the geometry and energetics of the intervening molecules. The dependence of rate on distance was considered for several rigid donor-acceptor "linkers" of experimental importance. Interpretation of existing experiments and predictions for new experiments were made.

The electronic and nuclear motion in molecules is correlated. A Born-Oppenheimer separation is usually employed in quantum chemistry to separate this motion. Long distance electron transfer rate calculations require the total donor wave function when the electron is very far from its binding nuclei. The Born-Oppenheimer wave functions at large electronic distance are shown to be qualitatively wrong. A model which correctly treats the coupling was proposed. The distance and energy dependence of the electron transfer rate was determined for such a model.

Long Run Trends in Energy-Related External Costs

30 p.

The Long Run Demand for Lighting: Elasticities and Rebound Effects in Different Phases of Economic Development

25 p.

Long Run Demand for Energy Services: the Role of Economic and Technological Development

36 p.

Theory of s-d exchange scattering in dilute magnetic alloys

The problem of s-d exchange scattering of conduction electrons off localized magnetic moments in dilute magnetic alloys is considered employing formal methods of quantum field theoretical scattering. It is shown that such a treatment not only allows for the first time, the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states in single particle scattering equations but also results in extremely simple and straight forward mathematical analysis. These equations are proved to be exact in the thermodynamic limit. A self-consistent integral equation for electron self energy is derived and approximately solved. The ground state and physical parameters of dilute magnetic alloys are discussed in terms of the theoretical results. Within the approximation of single particle intermediate states our results reduce to earlier versions. The following additional features are found as a consequence of the inclusion of multiparticle intermediate states;

(i) A non analytic binding energy is pre sent for both, antiferromagnetic (J < o) and ferromagnetic (J > o) couplings of the electron plus impurity system.

(ii) The correct behavior of the energy difference of the conduction electron plus impurity system and the free electron system is found which is free of unphysical singularities present in earlier versions of the theories.

(iii) The ground state of the conduction electron plus impurity system is shown to be a many-body condensate state for J < o and J > o, both. However, a distinction is made between the usual terminology of "Singlet" and "Triplet" ground states and nature of our ground state.

(iv) It is shown that a long range ordering, leading to an ordering of the magnetic moments can result from a contact interaction such as the s-d exchange interaction.

(v) The explicit dependence of the excess specific heat of the Kondo systems is obtained and found to be linear in temperatures as T→ o and T ℓnT for 0.3 T_K ≤ T ≤ 0.6 T_K. A rise in (ΔC/T) for temperatures in the region 0 < T ≤ 0.1 T_K is predicted. These results are found to be in excellent agreement with experiments.

(vi) The existence of a critical temperature for Ferromagnetic coupling (J > o) is shown. On the basis of this the apparent contradiction of the simultaneous existence of giant moments and Kondo effect is resolved.

Some statistical aspects of the long-term gill net monitoring programme for pike Esox lucius in Windermere (English Lake District)

For more than 55 years, data have been collected on the population of pike Esox lucius in Windermere, first by the Freshwater Biological Association (FBA) and, since 1989, by the Institute of Freshwater Ecology (IFE) of the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology. The aim of this article is to explore some methodological and statistical issues associated with the precision of pike gill net catches and catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data, further to those examined by Bagenal (1972) and especially in the light of the current deployment within the Windermere long-term sampling programme. Specifically, consideration is given to the precision of catch estimates from gill netting, including the effects of sampling different locations, the effectiveness of sampling for distinguishing between years, and the effects of changing fishing effort.

Ausência de correlação entre a penetração do cimento AH Plus nos túbulos dentinários e a qualidade do selamento

O presente estudo objetivou testar experimentalmente a existência da possível correlação entre a penetração de cimento nos túbulos dentinários e a qualidade do selamento. Foram utilizados 60 incisivos centrais superiores humanos que formaram um único grupo experimental. Após a eliminação das porções coronárias, as raízes foram padronizadas em 13 mm de comprimento. A instrumentação dos canais foi realizada no sentido coroa-ápice, e o comprimento de trabalho estabelecido a 1 mm aquém do forame apical. Como solução irrigadora foi empregado o NaOCl a 5,25% e ao final, EDTA a 17%. Em seguida, todos os canais foram obturados com guta-percha e cimento AH Plus marcado com um corante fluorescente. Para determinar a qualidade do selamento das obturações endodônticas, as amostras foram submetidas ao modelo de infiltração de glicose sob pressão. As raízes foram montadas em um dispositivo de dupla-câmara selada para permitir a infiltração da glicose. Como controle negativo foram utilizados 4 dentes hígidos, e como controle positivo, 2 dentes instrumentados porém, não obturados. Foram utilizados 0,75 mL de solução de glicose a 1 mol/L na câmara superior e 0,75 mL de água deionizada na câmara inferior. Os dispositivos foram conectados a um sistema de distribuição de pressão desenvolvido com o objetivo de permitir a infiltração de 32 amostras em uma mesma etapa. A solução de glicose foi forçada apicalmente sob uma pressão de 15 psi durante 1 hora. Uma alíquota de 50 L foi coletada da câmara inferior para quantificar a glicose infiltrada. A concentração de glicose foi determinada através de um método enzimático com o auxílio do Kit Glucose HK e de um espectrofotômetro em um comprimento de onda de 340 nm. Na sequência, as amostras foram desacopladas dos corpos de prova, embutidas em resina epóxi e cortadas em 3 secções transversais. Uma sequência de preparação metalográfica padrão foi realizada para permitir a observação da penetração de cimento nos túbulos dentinários por meio de microscopia confocal e óptica. Os dados obtidos nos 2 experimentos foram cruzados pelo teste de correlação de Spearman, o qual revelou a inexistência de qualquer possibilidade de correlação (r = 0,12). Com base nesses resultados, o presente trabalho concluiu que, dentro das condições experimentais usadas, a quantidade de cimento presente dentro dos túbulos dentinários não teve relação com a qualidade do selamento produzido.

Design of antenna-coupled lumped-element titanium nitride KIDs for long-wavelength multi-band continuum imaging

Many applications in cosmology and astrophysics at millimeter wavelengths including CMB polarization, studies of galaxy clusters using the Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect (SZE), and studies of star formation at high redshift and in our local universe and our galaxy, require large-format arrays of millimeter-wave detectors. Feedhorn and phased-array antenna architectures for receiving mm-wave light present numerous advantages for control of systematics, for simultaneous coverage of both polarizations and/or multiple spectral bands, and for preserving the coherent nature of the incoming light. This enables the application of many traditional "RF" structures such as hybrids, switches, and lumped-element or microstrip band-defining filters.

Simultaneously, kinetic inductance detectors (KIDs) using high-resistivity materials like titanium nitride are an attractive sensor option for large-format arrays because they are highly multiplexable and because they can have sensitivities reaching the condition of background-limited detection. A KID is a LC resonator. Its inductance includes the geometric inductance and kinetic inductance of the inductor in the superconducting phase. A photon absorbed by the superconductor breaks a Cooper pair into normal-state electrons and perturbs its kinetic inductance, rendering it a detector of light. The responsivity of KID is given by the fractional frequency shift of the LC resonator per unit optical power.

However, coupling these types of optical reception elements to KIDs is a challenge because of the impedance mismatch between the microstrip transmission line exiting these architectures and the high resistivity of titanium nitride. Mitigating direct absorption of light through free space coupling to the inductor of KID is another challenge. We present a detailed titanium nitride KID design that addresses these challenges. The KID inductor is capacitively coupled to the microstrip in such a way as to form a lossy termination without creating an impedance mismatch. A parallel plate capacitor design mitigates direct absorption, uses hydrogenated amorphous silicon, and yields acceptable noise. We show that the optimized design can yield expected sensitivities very close to the fundamental limit for a long wavelength imager (LWCam) that covers six spectral bands from 90 to 400 GHz for SZE studies.

Excess phase (frequency) noise has been observed in KID and is very likely caused by two-level systems (TLS) in dielectric materials. The TLS hypothesis is supported by the measured dependence of the noise on resonator internal power and temperature. However, there is still a lack of a unified microscopic theory which can quantitatively model the properties of the TLS noise. In this thesis we derive the noise power spectral density due to the coupling of TLS with phonon bath based on an existing model and compare the theoretical predictions about power and temperature dependences with experimental data. We discuss the limitation of such a model and propose the direction for future study.

Investigations of certain eco-physiological characteristics of the broad and long-pincered crayfish in connection with their interspecific relationships. [Translation from: Lietuvas TSR Mokslu Akademijos Darbai, C Serija 2(40), 279-286, 1966.]

The results are described of eco-physiological investigations of the broad-pincered (Astacus astacus L.J.) crayfish and the long-pincered (Astacus astacus Esch.) crayfish, conducted in 1963—64 in the Institute of Zoology and Parasitology of the Academy of Science of the Lithuanian SSR, for the purpose of studying the interspecific relationship of these two species. In the course of the investigation were determined: the influence of the temperature of the environment on the consumption of oxygen by full grown individuals of both species and on the respiratory movements of the scaphognathites, the threshold temperatures and the saturation of the water by oxygen, the diel activity in the winter period.

Temperature and stress tuning characteristics of long-period gratings imprinted in Panda fiber

Temperature and stress tunabilities of long-period Bragg gratings imprinted in Panda fiber are presented in this letter. It is shown that the temperature and strain response of the resonance peaks for fast and slow axes are different not only in their magnitudes but also in the signs of the slope. Furthermore, the characteristics for different order modes are different both in magnitudes and signs. The complicated phenomena are discussed by using a simplified model.

A new method of measuring the waveguide dispersion factor and the thermo-optic coefficient of long-period fiber gratings

Based on the Mach-Zehnder effect between the core mode and the cladding modes, the interference fringes are formed by a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings (CLPFGs). Theoretical analyses show that the spectral spacing and the wavelength of these fringes are functions of the waveguide dispersion factor gamma, which is a characterizing parameter to LPFG and with theoretical and applicational significance. By measuring the characteristics of the transmission spectra of CLPFGs, the absolute value of gamma can be obtained. At the same time, the thermo-optic coefficient of effective refractive index difference between core and cladding modes, p, can also be obtained by measured the temperature sensitivity of these fringes. In the experiments, \gamma\ and mu were measured by this method to be 0.874 and 4.08 x 10(-5) degreesC(-1), respectively, for LPFGs with period of 450 mum and with a HE14 resonant peak at 1554 nm. (C) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Meu nome não é ninguém: narrativa sobre excluídos na Literatura Brasileira Contemporânea: Cidade de Deus e Meu nome não é Johnny

O tema da exclusão social sempre esteve presente na Literatura Brasileira, porém, na virada do século XX para o XXI, ele ganha ainda mais relevo, através de narrativas realistas, chocantes, exacerbadas de violência e até anomia, que enfatizam a imagem dos excluídos. Cidade de Deus (Paulo Lins: 1997) e Meu nome não é Johnny (Guilherme Fiuza: 2004) focalizam a exclusão dos envolvidos com o narcotráfico. A despeito das diferenças entre as duas narrativas, os seus protagonistas entram em ação a partir da marginalidade; ganham autonomia, no cenário urbano, através da criminalidade, e se tornam ameaçadoramente visíveis, depois de uma histórica invisibilidade. O estudo das complexidades concernentes ao tratamento ficcional do tema se distribuiu, nessa dissertação, em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, as obras foram estudadas individualmente, em função da organização dos relatos no espaço narrativo. O segundo capítulo abordou a correlação entre geografia cultural e teoria da literatura, em suas considerações sobre a proeminência da categoria do espaço para o trabalho narratológico. Nessa perspectiva interdisciplinar, foram analisadas as paisagens ficcionais de ambos os romances e, em seguida, articulou-se o roteiro ficcional de cada romance com o pensamento de Foucault sobre os lugares heterotópicos. No terceiro capítulo, intertextualizando o binômio disciplinar geografia cultural e literatura com a filosofia, retroagiu-se aos filósofos idealistas alemães que teorizaram sobre o trágico e intuíram que a tragicidade não se manifesta apenas na tragédia, mas também em obras que lidam com a experiência do irrepresentável, da representação negativa e, em termos estéticos, do sublime. Conjugando as idéias de Hölderlin sobre o vislumbre do divino, de Schopenhauer sobre a metafísica da música, e de Nietzsche sobre a correlação entre o apolíneo e o dionisíaco, tragédia e música, chegou-se à conclusão de que ambas as narrativas incorporam produtivamente ao projeto ficcional duas metáforas absolutas (Hans Blumenberg) que dizem respeito à exclusão/inclusão: a cidade e o hipocorístico (Johnny), dois espaços um material, outro alegórico interativos, em ambos os romances. Em Meu nome não é Johnny, o percurso simbólico do protagonista o leva do sofrimento à redenção social e à inclusão (grandemente graças à atividade musical); em Cidade de Deus, a brutalização progressiva das relações humanas leva à erradicação de qualquer manifestação da sensibilidade, a uma cidade sem música e à permanência da exclusão