988 resultados para Plantation Forestry


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Los carbonales son un tipo de bosque secundario originados por el abandono de un sistema de producción silvopastoril. Estos parches de bosque ocupan una superficie importante de la zona de amortiguamiento de la Reserva Natural del Tisey-La Estanzuela, área del bioma más amenazado del mundo, el Bosque Seco Tropical. La principal especie que compone esta comunidad vegetal es la Acacia pennatula, conocida comúnmente como carbón. Actualmente no hay muchos estudios sobre los carbonales, por lo que el presente proyecto pretende caracterizar la estructura y composición de la comunidad y describir algunos índices ecológicos básicos, en dos estadios diferentes. El análisis de los datos proporciona información de las principales diferencias en cuanto a estructura y composición que tienen lugar en los carbonales. La disminución natural de la densidad de individuos de A. pennatula con los años, parece tener un efecto positivo sobre la diversidad, composición y estructura de la comunidad. En base a estos datos, se ha diseñado un protocolo para realizar un estudio experimental de estas comunidades en el CIEA “El Limón”. En el protocolo, mediante diferentes tratamientos de tala en estadios tempranos, se obtendrán áreas de estudio que presenten un gradiente en la variable densidad de individuos de A. pennatula. El objetivo principal es describir y comparar la estructura, composición y dinámica del carbonal a lo largo del tiempo, y determinar que efecto tiene sobre la comunidad modificar esta variable. Los resultados obtenidos en el protocolo pueden utilizarse como base para desarrollar un plan de manejo para los carbonales que facilite la restauración del Bosque Tropical Seco y el aprovechamiento forestal.

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Forty-six species of Lutzomyia and one species of Brumptomyia were identified among 20,008 sand flies collected in central Amapá. L. squamiventris maripaensis, L. infraspinosa, L. umbratilis and L. ubiquitalis accounted for 66% of the specimens caught in light traps, and L. umbratilis was the commonest of the 16 species found on tree bases. Seven species of Lutzomyia including L. umbratilis were collected in a plantation of Caribbean pine. Sixty out of 511 female sand flies dissected were positive for flagellates. Among the sand flies from which Leishmania was isolated, promastigotes were observed in the salivary glands and foregut of 13 out of 21 females scored as having very heavy infections in the remainder of the gut, reinforcing the idea that salivary gland invasion may be part of the normal life cycle of Leishmania in nature. Salivary gland infections were detected in specimens of L. umbratilis, L. whitmani and L. spathotrichia. Parasites isolated from L. umbratilis, L. whitmani and also from one specimen of L. dendrophyla containing the remains of a bloodmeal, were compatible with Le. guyanensis by morphology and behaviour in hamsters.

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Transmission of Leishmania was studied in 27 coffee plantations in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. Eighteen females and six males (11.6% of the people tested), aged between 7-65 gave a positive response to the Montenegro skin test. Awareness of sand flies based on the ability of respondents to identify the insects using up to seven predetermined characteristics was significantly greater among inhabitants of houses occupied by at least one Mn+ve individual. Five species of phlebotomine sand fly, including three suspected Leishmania vectors, were collected within plantations under three different cultivation systems. Four of these species i.e., Lu. fischeri (Pinto 1926), Lu. migonei (França 1920), Lu. misionensis (Castro 1959) and Lutzomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho 1939) were collected in an organic plantation and the last of these was also present in the other two plantation types. The remaining species, Lu. intermedia (Lutz & Neiva 1912), was collected in plantations under both the "adensado" and "convencional" systems. The results of this study indicate that transmission of Leishmania to man in coffee-growing areas of Minas Gerais may involve phlebotomine sand flies that inhabit plantations.

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Es presenten unes reflexions sobre els boscos mediterranis i el foc des d’una perspectiva biogeogràfica que posa en relació la vegetació, els factors ambientals i l’acció humana

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Aquest treball és un resum de la Memòria de Llicenciatura El Bosc, element clau d’un paisatge i d’una comunitat. La seva percepció per part dels pagesos de l’Alta Garrotxa. Assaig metodològic, llegida el 18 de desembre de 1981 a la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

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India was affected by a major outbreak of chikungunya fever caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) during 2006-2007. Kerala was the worst affected state during 2007 with a contribution of 55.8% suspected cases in the country. However, except for clinically reported case records, no systematic information is available on infection status of CHIKV in the region. Hence, we carried out a post-epidemic survey to estimate seroprevalence status [immunoglobulin G (IgG)] in the community using commercially available indirect immunofluorescence test. This methodology had been reported to be highly specific and sensitive for CHIKV infection. The study area selected was the worst affected mid-highlands region of Kerala which harbour vast area of rubber plantations. The study evidenced 68% of the population to be seropositive for CHIKV IgG. Males were found more affected than females (χ2 = 9.86; p = 0.002). Among males, prevalence was significantly higher in the age classes 21-30 (χ2 = 5.46; p = 0.019) and 31-40 (χ2 = 5.84; p = 0.016) years. This may be due to high occupational risk of the male population engaged in plantation activities exposed to infective bites of Aedes albopictus. The current study provides an insight into the magnitude of CHIKV outbreak in Kerala.

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Les zones europees d’alta muntanya, concretament les mediterrànies, han estat utilitzades des de temps remots per l’ésser humà, a través de l’aprofitament de boscos i prats mitjançant activitats com l’agricultura, la ramaderia, la silvicultura i la metal·lúrgia. Però, des de fa temps, amb l’abandonament de les àrees rurals, estem davant d’una falta de gestió dels boscos, degut a la pèrdua de les activitats tradicionals. L’objectiu d’aquest treball és el de determinar l’impacte provocat per les societats antigues sobre els boscos, amb la utilització del foc com a eina de gestió, així com l’anàlisi dels processos d’antropització de les zones de muntanya que utilitzaven aquest recurs. En aquest treball l’anàlisi de l’evolució del paisatge es fa mitjançant l’estudi de les comunitats vegetals històriques i la dinàmica d’incendis, a través de dues metodologies basades en testimonis sedimentaris: l’anàlisi de carbons i l’anàlisi del pol·len. El testimoni sedimentari ha estat extret de la torbera ombrotròfica de Montarenyo, situada a la vessant sud dels Pirineus, a la Vall de Cardós, al Pallars Sobirà. Aquestes dues disciplines han permès indagar en la geohistòria ambiental, per tal d’establir les relacions entre l’ambient i la societat. Els resultats mostren que el foc ha estat utilitzat per nombroses activitats, creant unes dinàmiques forestals característiques. El paisatge actual és conseqüència de les pressions que va haver de patir el bosc durant anys, unes pressions que, amb major o menor mesura han gestionat les masses forestals. Cal doncs conèixer quina ha estat la gestió històrica del bosc per entendre’n el seu estat actual i poder escollir la gestió més adequada per conservar-lo.

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Chagas disease is one of the most important yet neglected parasitic diseases in Mexico and is transmitted by Triatominae. Nineteen of the 31 Mexican triatomine species have been consistently found to invade human houses and all have been found to be naturally infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. The present paper aims to produce a state-of-knowledge atlas of Mexican triatomines and analyse their geographic associations with T. cruzi, human demographics and landscape modification. Ecological niche models (ENMs) were constructed for the 19 species with more than 10 records in North America, as well as for T. cruzi. The 2010 Mexican national census and the 2007 National Forestry Inventory were used to analyse overlap patterns with ENMs. Niche breadth was greatest in species from the semiarid Nearctic Region, whereas species richness was associated with topographic heterogeneity in the Neotropical Region, particularly along the Pacific Coast. Three species,Triatoma longipennis, Triatoma mexicana and Triatoma barberi, overlapped with the greatest numbers of human communities, but these communities had the lowest rural/urban population ratios. Triatomine vectors have urbanised in most regions, demonstrating a high tolerance to human-modified habitats and broadened historical ranges, exposing more than 88% of the Mexican population and leaving few areas in Mexico without the potential for T. cruzitransmission.

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L’inventari forestal és una eina molt important per obtenir la informació necessària, sobre una massa arbrada, respecte a la seva situació actual i la seva possible evolució en el temps, a fi i efecte de poder prendre les decisions necessàries sobre la seva planificació i gestió. Amb aquest treball s’ha volgut avaluar la possible millora que es pot obtenir aplicant les noves tecnologies en la realització dels inventaris forestals, com la tecnologia LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging). El mètode tradicional de realitzar un inventari forestal, consisteix en anar a camp i prendre dades d’unes mostres representatives, de les variables dasomètriques que caracteritzen una massa forestal. La tecnologia LiDAR és un sistema de teledetecció que calcula distàncies a partir de, la mesura del temps entre l’emissió d’un làser polsat i el seu retorn desprès de la seva reflexió en tocar terra. El resultat és un núvol de punts a diferents alçades, amb el qual s’aconsegueix un Model Digital del Terreny (MDT) i un Model Digital de Superfície (MDS). De la resta d’aquests dos models s’obté una imatge de l’estructura vertical de la vegetació, a partir de la qual es poden deduir dades bàsiques del bosc amb mesures per tot el territori. L’àrea d’estudi on es va dur a terme el present treball, és una finca del terme municipal de Benifallet, al Baix Ebre, província de Tarragona. L’estudi ha consistit en la comparació dels dos mètodes, tradicional i LiDAR, a l’hora d’obtenir les variables de densitat, alçada i fracció de cabuda coberta (FCC). El mètode tradicional consisteix en mesurar les variables en 24 parcel•les representatives i posteriorment, en extrapolar-les als estrats, que són les unitats en que es divideix la part de la finca on es realitza l’inventari. En el mètode utilitzant la tecnologia LiDAR, s’utilitzen dos tipus de resolucions (8 píxels i 24 píxels) a l’hora de treballar amb les dades

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El projecte ha assolit la majoria d’objectius, ajustats a la reducció d'una quarta part de l'import concedit: 1) caracteritzar la transformació del paisatge agro-forestal i urbà a dos municipis de la vall del Congost, La Garriga i Figaró-Montmany, reconstruint amb SIG els mapes d'ús del sòl de 1854, 1949, 1956 i 2005, obtenint per intersecció de cobertes les matrius dels canvis d'ús; i 2) avaluar amb l’índex de connectivitat ecològica l'impacte ambiental d'aquells canvis des del punt de vista de la biodiversitat i la resiliència del paisatges, amb un especial èmfasi en la reforestació induïda per l'abandonament rural i la pèrdua de paisatges en mosaic, en un àmbit més gran pel període 1956-1993-2005. Aquests resultats han permès preparar varis articles per publicar en co-autoría a revistes com Landscape History, Environment and History o Landscape and Urban Planning. Ja és a punt de poder-se lliurar el primer amb el títol de "Looking backwards into a Mediterranean edge environment: Landscape changes and ecological connectivity in El Congost Valley (province of Barcelona, Catalonia) 1850-2005", incloent dos objectius esmentats a la memòria: identificar les principals forces motores d'aquells canvis en el paisatge relacionant els usos del sòl amb les formes d'ordenació del territori, caracteritzar-ne les forces rectores econòmico-socials i el paper jugat per la protecció del Parc Natural del Montseny i els Cingles de Bertí. Els resultats també permetran abordar en el futur altres aspectes, com per exemple estimar el potencial energètic de la biomassa local tot cercant que el seu aprofitament generi sinèrgies territorials positives per a l'ecologia del paisatge amb la recuperació d’una ramaderia extensiva i una agricultura ecològica que facin possible la restauració dels paisatges en mosaic. L'estudi ha pogut incorporar un aspecte inicialment no previst, el cens d'orquídies mediterrànies a Figaró-Montmany elaborat pel naturalista Paul Wilcox

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Cannabis cultivation in order to produce drugs is forbidden in Switzerland. Thus, law enforcement authorities regularly ask forensic laboratories to determinate cannabis plant's chemotype from seized material in order to ascertain that the plantation is legal or not. As required by the EU official analysis protocol the THC rate of cannabis is measured from the flowers at maturity. When laboratories are confronted to seedlings, they have to lead the plant to maturity, meaning a time consuming and costly procedure. This study investigated the discrimination of fibre type from drug type Cannabis seedlings by analysing the compounds found in their leaves and using chemometrics tools. 11 legal varieties allowed by the Swiss Federal Office for Agriculture and 13 illegal ones were greenhouse grown and analysed using a gas chromatograph interfaced with a mass spectrometer. Compounds that show high discrimination capabilities in the seedlings have been identified and a support vector machines (SVMs) analysis was used to classify the cannabis samples. The overall set of samples shows a classification rate above 99% with false positive rates less than 2%. This model allows then discrimination between fibre and drug type Cannabis at an early stage of growth. Therefore it is not necessary to wait plants' maturity to quantify their amount of THC in order to determine their chemotype. This procedure could be used for the control of legal (fibre type) and illegal (drug type) Cannabis production.

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This paper presents a detailed report of the representative farm analysis (summarized in FAPRI Policy Working Paper #01-00). At the request of several members of the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the U.S. Senate, we have continued to analyze the impacts of the Farmers’ Risk Management Act of 1999 (S. 1666) and the Risk Management for the 21st Century Act (S. 1580). Earlier analysis reported in FAPRI Policy Working Paper #04-99 concentrated on the aggregate net farm income and government outlay impacts. The representative farm analysis is conducted for several types of farms, including both irrigated and non-irrigated cotton farms in Tom Green County, Texas; dryland wheat farms in Morton County, North Dakota and Sumner County, Kansas; and a corn farm in Webster County, Iowa. We consider additional factors that may shed light on the differential impacts of the two plans. 1. Farm-level income impacts under alternative weather scenarios. 2. Additional indirect impacts, such as a change in ability to obtain financing. 3. Implications of within-year price shocks. Our results indicate that farmers who buy crop insurance will increase their coverage levels under S. 1580. Farmers with high yield risk find that the 65 percent coverage level maximizes expected returns, but some who feel that they obtain other benefits from higher coverage will find that the S. 1580 subsidy schedule significantly lowers the cost of obtaining the additional coverage. Farmers with lower yield risk find that the increased indemnities from additional coverage will more than offset the increase in producer premium. In addition, because S. 1580 extends its increased premium subsidy percentages to revenue insurance products, farmers will have an increased incentive to buy revenue insurance. Differences in the ancillary benefits from crop insurance under the baseline and S. 1580 would be driven by the increase in insurance participation and buy-up. Given the same levels of insurance participation and buy-up, the ancillary benefits under the two scenarios would be the same.

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We investigate the interface between trade and invasive species (IS) risk, focusing on the existing tariff escalation in agro-forestry product markets and its implication for IS risk. Tariff escalation in processed agro-forestry products exacerbates the risk of IS by biasing trade flows toward increased trade of primary commodity flows and against processed-product trade. We show that reducing tariff escalation by lowering the tariff on processed goods increases allocative efficiency and reduces the IS externality, a win-win situation. We also identify policy menus for trade reforms involving tariffs on both raw input and processed goods, leading to winwin situations.

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Coherent regulation of landscape as a resource is a major challenge. How can the development interests of some actors (eg cable car operators and property developers) be reconciled with those of others (agriculture, forestry) and with conservation of biodiversity and scenic value? To help understand how the newly introduced Regional Nature Parks (RNPs) can improve the coherence of the regulation regime in Switzerland, we highlight current direct mechanisms for regulation of landscape as a resource (bans, inventories, subsidies) as well as indirect mechanisms (taking place through the regulation of the physical basis of landscapes, eg forest, land, and water planning policies). We show that RNPs are fundamentally innovative because they make it possible to manage and coordinate indirect strategies for appropriate regulation of resources at a landscape scale. In other words, RNPs enable organization of governance of landscape as a resource in a perimeter that is not necessarily restricted to administrative boundaries.