Liberalismo radical en Colombia (1863-1885) y Ecuador (1895-1915)

Con el presente trabajo pretendo revisar el concepto de liberalismo radical como movimiento político en su configuración estatal de Colombia y Ecuador. Ambos países comparten, para su fortuna, vidas políticas paralelas que pudieron confluir en su historia, formación y política. El primer capítulo se ocupa de la noción de radicalismo e función del liberalismo y el conservadurismo; en el capítulo segundo se desarrollan aquellas condiciones necesarias que vieron nacer al liberalismo radical y le propiciaron su oportunidad en el poder; finalmente, el capítulo tercero se concentra en ilustrar las acciones de los gobiernos radicales, sus protagonistas y su coherencia conforme obedecen a una doctrina liberal radical. Pongo de presente no solo las coincidencias políticas que permitieron el surgimiento de una fuerte corriente liberal radical sino que también destacó las consecuencias positivas y negativas que pudieron dejar sus gobiernos en la praxis y la memoria de sus pueblos. Sin duda, su momento histórico funda en cada nación una esperanza social importante y una revolución que marcaría un devenir muy favorable a los estados nacientes y su reformulación de la forma colonial de administración y la política en manos de una fuerte tradición criolla o militarista. Creo que el liberalismo radical, que con sus matices gobernó en Colombia y Ecuador, puso de presente al individuo como protagonista de la historia y a las sociedades que éstos conformaban. También lucha contra las instituciones coloniales que requieren de lo religioso para sobrevivir. Incuba, en la formación y la educación, el proyecto genuino de un hombre moderno, racional y autónomo que puede construir su futuro y autodeterminarse. Lamentablemente, fracasa en su férreo espíritu de combatir de manera compulsiva a la semilla de religión que había sido legada tres siglos antes pero sienta el Estado laico que permitirá la consolidación estatal con un definitivo quiebre de la política colonial y en la aplicación de un igualitarismo que pueda regular la sociedad naciente.

Sleepwalking certainties: agency, aesthetics, and incapacity in W.G. Sebald’s 'Austerlitz' and Hermann Broch’s 'The Sleepwalkers'

When we first encounter the narrator of Austerlitz, he is wandering around the unfamiliar town of Antwerp with, he tells us, “unsicheren Schritten” (1; 9). As well as reflecting the unfamiliarity of the locale, these “uncertain steps” evince a proud modesty characteristic of the classic Sebaldian narrator, a wanderer who discreetly relays the stories of the people and places he is privileged to encounter. Although Sebald does not use the phrase, steps of this sort, unpurposed yet unerring, are made with what is commonly known in German as somnambule Sicherheit: the legendary surefootedness of the sleepwalker. The convergence of sleepwalking and certainty in a single phrase poses an interesting challenge to one of the central tenets of the English-language canonization of Sebald, for his writing has been most highly valued for its ability to move the reader through apparent certainties towards a salutary uncertainty. But somnambule Sicherheit also presents the possibility that the current may be reversed, that narrative may move under cover of uncertainty towards certainty. That Sebald criticism has not been more troubled by this possibility is in no small part due to the fact that it tends to deploy the notion of sleepwalking with a minimum of reflection on its theoretical ramifications. To evoke some of the complexities of this matter, I first offer a brief cultural history of sleepwalking, as well as a brief account of the topic of uncertainty in Sebald criticism. Most of my argument, however, involves an extended comparative analysis of sleepwalking in Sebald's Austerlitz and Hermann Broch's 1933 trilogy The Sleepwalkers. Although these writers have not previously been the object of any sustained comparison, sleepwalking in Broch's novels illuminates much that is left implicit on the topic in Sebald's fiction and points toward some difficult questions regarding the role of aesthetics and agency in Sebald's work.

Missionary children: The French Holy Childhood Association in European context, 1843-c.1914

In the mid-nineteenth century, thousands of children in Europe and beyond were organized into battalions of fundraisers for overseas missions. By the end of the century these juvenile missionary organizations had become a global movement, generating millions of pounds in revenue each year. While the transnational nature of the children’s missions and publications has been well-documented by historians, the focus has tended to be on the connections that were established by encounters between the young western donors, missionaries overseas and the non-western ‘other’ constructed by their work. A full exploration of the European political, social and cultural concerns that produced the juvenile missionaries movement and the trans-European networks that sustained it are currently missing from historical accounts of the phenomenon. This article looks at the largest of these organizations, the Catholic mission for children, the French Holy Childhood Association (L’Œuvre de la sainte enfance), to understand how the principles this mission sought to impose abroad were above all an expression of anxieties at home about the role of religion in the family, childhood and in civil society as western polities were modernizing and secularizing in the nineteenth century.