Hybrid choice model for propensity to travel and tour complexity

During the last years cities around the world have invested important quantities of money in measures for reducing congestion and car-trips. Investments which are nothing but potential solutions for the well-known urban sprawl phenomenon, also called the “development trap” that leads to further congestion and a higher proportion of our time spent in slow moving cars. Over the path of this searching for solutions, the complex relationship between urban environment and travel behaviour has been studied in a number of cases. The main question on discussion is, how to encourage multi-stop tours? Thus, the objective of this paper is to verify whether unobserved factors influence tour complexity. For this purpose, we use a data-base from a survey conducted in 2006-2007 in Madrid, a suitable case study for analyzing urban sprawl due to new urban developments and substantial changes in mobility patterns in the last years. A total of 943 individuals were interviewed from 3 selected neighbourhoods (CBD, urban and suburban). We study the effect of unobserved factors on trip frequency. This paper present the estimation of an hybrid model where the latent variable is called propensity to travel and the discrete choice model is composed by 5 alternatives of tour type. The results show that characteristics of the neighbourhoods in Madrid are important to explain trip frequency. The influence of land use variables on trip generation is clear and in particular the presence of commercial retails. Through estimation of elasticities and forecasting we determine to what extent land-use policy measures modify travel demand. Comparing aggregate elasticities with percentage variations, it can be seen that percentage variations could lead to inconsistent results. The result shows that hybrid models better explain travel behavior than traditional discrete choice models.

Modelling the relationship between urban environment and travel behaviour: policy and indicators

Due to the necessity to undertake activities, every year people increase their standards of travelling (distance and time). Urban sprawl development plays an important role in these "enlargements". Thus, governments invest money in an exhaustiva search for solutions to high levels of congestion and car-trips. The complex relationship between urban environment and travel behaviour has been studied in a number of cases. Thus, the objective of this paper is to answer the important question of which land-use attributes influence which dimensions of travel behaviour, and to verify to what extent specific urban planning measures affect the individual decision process, by exhaustiva statistical and systematic tests. This paper found that a crucial issue in the analysis of the relationship between the built environment and travel behaviour is the definition of indicators. As such, we recommend a feasible list of indicators to analyze this relationship.

Residential self-selection and geographical scales in trip frequency.

Neighbourhood representation and scale used to measure the built environment have been treated in many ways. However, it is anything but clear what representation of neighbourhood is the most feasible in the existing literature. This paper presents an exhaustive analysis of built environment attributes through three spatial scales. For this purpose multiple data sources are integrated, and a set of 943 observations is analysed. This paper simultaneously analyses the influence of two methodological issues in the study of the relationship between built environment and travel behaviour: (1) detailed representation of neighbourhood by testing different spatial scales; (2) the influence of unobserved individual sensitivity to built environment attributes. The results show that different spatial scales of built environment attributes produce different results. Hence, it is important to produce local and regional transport measures, according to geographical scale. Additionally, the results show significant sensitivity to built environment attributes depending on place of residence. This effect, called residential sorting, acquires different magnitudes depending on the geographical scale used to measure the built environment attributes. Spatial scales risk to the stability of model results. Hence, transportation modellers and planners must take into account both effects of self-selection and spatial scales.

Politique étrangère suisse

Début février, le peuple a accepté l'initiative « Contre l'immigration de masse », ce qui a été un des sujets les plus discutés lors des rencontres bilatérales avec les pays voisins et d'autres pays européens. - Lors de sa présidence de l'OSCE, Didier Burkhalter a mis l'accent sur le futur de la jeunesse, mais également sur la promotion de la paix dans l'Europe de l'Est. - Après de nombreuses divergences, les Chambres fédérales ont finalement adopté la nouvelle loi sur les Suisses de l'étranger. - Les compétences du Conseil fédéral en matière de conclusion de traités internationaux ont été restreintes. - Le parlement a voté en faveur de la réintroduction du contrôle aux frontières pour une durée de six mois. - Plusieurs arrêtés fédéraux ont été adoptés en vue d'améliorer et de développer l'acquis Schengen et celui de Dublin/Eurodac. - Après avoir été adopté par les deux chambres, l'accord de libre-échange avec la Chine est entré en vigueur le 1er juillet 2014. - Plusieurs conventions ont été signées en vue d'éviter les doubles impositions.

Actes et discours de m. Ruy Barbosa.

At head of title: Deuxième Conférence de la Paix.

Oeuvres illustrées de Balzac.

Vol.1,4,7,8, pub. 1874; v.2, 1873; v.5-6, 1867, v.3, t.-p. wanting.

Chroniques de J. Froissart,

Vol. 8, pt. II, to vol. 11, edited by Gaston Raynaud; vol. 12- by Léon Mirot.

La Réforme sociale /

Description based on: 4. année, t. 7, 1884.

Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe depuis le Congrès de Berlin jusqu'à nos jours,

"Faisant suite à l'ouvrage du même auteur, Histoire diplomatique de l'Europe depuis l'ouverture du Congrès de Vienne jusqu'à la clôture du Congrès de Berlin (1814-1878)", Paris, 1891.

La Yougoslavie--la France et les Serbes,

At head of title: Pierre de Lanux.

La jeunesse nouvelle.

Deux héros de vingt ans [Camille Violand et René Decluy]--L'âme en paix dans la guerre (lettres du capitaine Belmont à sa famille)--Notre Iphigénie.

Les alliés et la crise orientale ...

Author's name at head of title.

Les guerres sous Louis XV,

Front. accompanied by guard sheet with descriptive letterpress.

L'Instruction populaire en France : débats parlementaires /

Mode of access: Internet.

Nouveaux supplements au recueil de traités et d'autres altes remarquables : servant à la connaissance des relations étrangères des puissances et États...despuis 1761 jusqu`à présent.. /

Mode of access: Internet.