Fundamental studies of the application of wheat for malting and brewing

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has a long tradition as a raw material for the production of malt and beer. While breeding and cultivation efforts for barley have been highly successful in creating agronomically and brew- technical optimal specialty cultivars that have become well established as brewing barley varieties, the picture is completely different for brewing wheat. An increasing wheat beer demand results in a rising amount of raw material. Wheat has been - and still is – grown almost exclusively for the baking industry. It is this high demand that defines most of the wheat breeding objectives; and these objectives are generally not favourable in brewing industry. It is of major interest to screen wheat varieties for brewing processability and to give more focus to wheat as a brewing cereal. To obtain fast and reliable predications about the suitability of wheat cultivars a new mathematical method was developed in this work. The method allows a selection based on generally accepted quality characteristics. As selection criteria the parameters raw protein, soluble nitrogen, Kolbach index, extract and viscosity were chosen. During a triannual cultivation series, wheat varieties were evaluated on their suitability for brewing as well as stability to environmental conditions. To gain a fundamental understanding of the complex malting process, microstructural changes were evaluated and visualized by confocal laser scanning and scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, changes observed in the micrographs were verified and endorsed by metabolic changes using established malt attributes. The degradation and formation of proteins during malting is essential for the final beer quality. To visualise fundamental protein changes taking place during malting, samples of each single process step were analysed and fractioned according their solubility. Protein fractions were analysed using a Lab-on-a-chip technique as well as OFFgel analysis. In general, a different protein distribution of wheat compared to barley or oat could be confirmed. During the malting process a degradation of proteins to small peptides and amino acids could be observed in all four Osborn fractions. Furthermore, in this study a protein profiling was performed to evaluate changes during the mashing process as well as the influence of grist composition. Differences in specific protein peaks and profile were detected for all samples during mashing. This study investigated the suitability of wheat for malting and brewing industry and closed the scientifical gap of amylolytic, cytolytic and proteolytic changes during malting and mashing.

Obtenção de concentrado proteico do farelo de arroz e avaliação das propriedades químicas e funcionais

Esta dissertação é composta por 5 artigos.

La place de la chimiothérapie dans le traitement du cancer broncho pulmonaire

Single agent chemotherapy of advanced lung cancer is still unsatisfactory. The most encouraging results have been obtained with high dose intermittent treatment with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate or adriamycin. Combination chemotherapy is probably more efficacious than single agent chemotherapy, especially in oat cell carcinoma. The best treatment schedules give a response rate of approximately 80%. The value of adjuvant chemotherapy is not yet established, but new controlled clinical trials are indicated considering the poor results achieved by surgery and radiotherapy.

Qualidade física e matéria orgânica do solo em sistema de integração lavoura - pecuária submetido a doses de nitrogênio

The animal trampling favors the soil compaction process in sheep raising and crop production integrated systems. This compression has negative effects, hindering the development of roots, the availability of nutrients, water and aeration, causing production losses, making it essential for the assessment of soil physical attributes for monitoring soil quality. Soil organic matter can be used to assess the quality of the soil, due to its relationship with the chemical, physical and biological soil properties. Conservation management system with tillage, along with systems integration between crops and livestock are being used to maintain and even increase the levels of soil organic matter. For that, a field experiment was carried out over a Oxisol clayey Alic in Guarapuava, PR, from de 2006 one. experiment sheep raising and crop production integrated systems The climate classified as Cfb .. The study was to evaluate the soil physical properties and quantify the stock of soil organic carbon and its compartmentalization in system integration crop - livestock with sheep under four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg ha-1) in the winter pasture, formed by the consortium oat (Avena strigosa) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) and the effect of grazing (with and without). The soil samples blades density evaluations, total porosity, macro and micro, aggregation and carbon stocks were held in two phases: Phase livestock (after removal of the animals of the area) and phase crop (after maize cultivation). The collection of soil samples were carried out in layers of 0-0.5, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20 and m. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and the hypotheses tested by the F test (p <0.05). For the quantitative effect data regression and the qualitative effect used the test medium. In non-significant regressions used the average and standard deviation treatments. The animal trampling caused an increase in bulk density in the 0.10-0.20 m layer. The dose of 225 kg N ha-1 in winter pasture increased total soil porosity at 8% compared to dose 0 kg N ha-1 in the crop stage. The grazing had no effect on soil macroporosity. GMD of aggregates in the phase after grazing the surface layer was damaged by grazing. Nitrogen rates used in the winter pasture and grazing not influence the total organic carbon stocks. The TOC is not influenced by nitrogen fertilization on grassland. The grazing increases the stock of POC in the 0.10-0.20 m layer livestock phase and cause the stock of POC in the 0-0.5 m layer in the crop stage. The MAC is not influenced by N rates applied in the pasture or by grazing.

Destino no ambiente e comportamento agronômico de atrazina em resposta a doses e níveis de palha de espécies de cobertura de solo

The use of cover crops is a fundamental strategy to the weed management in Southern Brazil. In highly infested areas, the herbicides use is increasing, which increases the costs of the crops production as well as the environmental contamination. Oat and velvet bean plants havecontrasting characteristics regarding to residues decomposition speed and the capacity to immobilize Nitrogen in the soil, providing distinct results of weeds suppression throughout the time, and therefore, requiring distinct management strategies before, during, and after the corn crop establishment. The general objective of the experiment was to evaluate the environmental dynamics of the herbicide atrazine, the corn grain yield, and the efficiency of the weed control, considering areas with distinct history regarding the use of mulching, levels of straw and rates of atrazine. For this, the experiment was carried out in two parts: in the first part, two trials with the corn crop were established, one using oat and the other using velvet bean as cover crops. The experimental design used for both field trials was randomized complete blocks arrangement with four replications. The factor A was constituted by four levels of straw (0; 0.75x; 1.5x; 3x) and the factor B was constituted by four rates of the herbicide atrazine (0; 2100; 4200; 8400 g a i. ha-1). Soil samples were collected for greenhouse trialsto determine the persistence. Atrazine leaching evaluation was performed by chromatography using samples collected over the soil profile.In the field, the weed density, the fresh and dry weight and the yield of the corn were evaluated. In the greenhouse trials, the main variables evaluated were plant height and injury caused by the herbicide toxicity. In the second part, soils with distinct covering history were sampled, and the mineralization and sorption studies, both with 14C-atrazine, were conducted in the laboratory. The experimental design was randomized complete blocks arrangement with four replications. The results from the field experiment show that the high levels of straw above ground, isolated, were not efficient to control completely the weeds, and that high levels of velvet bean`s straw decreased the corn potential yield. The greenhouse trials showed that high levels of oat straw prevent the scape of atrazine to soil, this effect of oat straw upon the herbicide availability on soil was detected up to 12 days after spraying. The half-life of atrazine sprayed over oat straw varied from 7 to 14 days after spraying, while the half-life of atrazine sprayed over velvet bean varied from 5 to 14 days after spraying. Increasing oat straw levels presents the capacity to reduce the lixiviation of atrazine in the soil profile, however, this effect was not verified when using velvet bean straw, because the herbicide was not detected in the soil profile, at 21 days after spraying. The chromatographic analysis indicate thatthe atrazine concentrates closer to the soil surface regardless of amount of straw, not being detected deeper than 8 cm in the soil. The accumulated mineralization of 14C-arazine sprayed over V. sativa is superior if compared to soils with S. cereale or non-covered soils. The sorption coefficient of atrazine is superior when sprayed over straw than over the soil.

Adubação de sistemas: antecipação de adubação nitrogenada para a cultura do milho em integração lavoura-pecuária

Traditionally in no-tillage systems, fertilization is done to the catch crop. In general nutrient cycling in crop systems has not been treated as an important tool in the process of nutrient supplying for plants. The type and the condition in which vegetable residuesis decomposed can affect the efficiency of nutrient cycling.This study assessed the effect of anticipated nitrogen fertilization in crop-livestock systems on cultivated cornproduction, rate ofnutrient release from plant residue, and theN-minerallevels of soil. The study was carried out in the city Abelardo Luz (SC) in a Clayey Oxisol. The experimental design was a randomized block design with three replications. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. The first factor was N Fertilization Time: in the N-Pasture level, nitrogen (200 kg ha-1 N) and N-Grains level, no nitrogen was applied. The second factor was the Grazing Height, characterized by two sward heights of oat at 15 cm (Low Height Pasture) and at 30 cm (High Height Pasture). Corn hybrid ‘Máximus’ was sowed in 10thOctober, 31 days after the removal of animals. In the twelve resulting plots from the combination of treatments on pasture phase (N Fertilization Time x Grazing Height) rates of N-fertilizer (0, 100, 200 e 300 Kg ha-1 of N) as urea were allocated in the split plot.We conclude that anticipated N fertilization of winter cover crop pasture to provide high-quality forage and carry-over N to the subsequent corn crop and may eventually replace side drees nitrogen fertilization on corn and can improve overall N fertilizer efficiency use in integrated crop-livestock systems.The rate of K release from plant residues is very fast, releasing large quantities in the first days after plant desiccation.Despite of considerably high nitrogen dose used in both the pasture and at the grain crop it was not observed nitrate leaching risks during the study period.

Sistemas de produção de milho sob adubação nitrogenada e plantas de cobertura do solo

The no-tillage system is the predominant model in the agricultural scenario of southern Brazil. Thus, the use of cover crops is significant due to the addition of biomass to protect the soil surface, and contribute to the cycling and/or fixing of nutrients, and in particular nitrogen (N) with liberation for the subsequent culture. Among the cool season species, it was found predominant use of oat to obtain straw to system. Though large quantities input of residue is not the preferred species to precede the corn, cereal with relevant importance in the Paraná Southwest region. It was aimed to evaluate the productivity capacity of corn in no-tillage, in the absence or presence of nitrogen fertilization, on waste of winter cover crops on soil and climatic conditions of the Paraná Southwest region. The installation of no-tillage was held in 2010 in the experimental area belonging to UTFPR, Campus Dois Vizinhos, on a Red Latosol. For the present study, we used data relating to three agricultural years (2012/2013, 2013/2014 and 2014/2015). The experimental design was randomized block design with split plots with three replications. The main plots consisted of systems composed by cover crops (black oat, ryegrass, rye, turnip, vetch, white lupine, aot+vetch consortium and oat+vetch+turnip), preceding corn. In the subplots were used two doses of nitrogen fertilization (0 and 180 kg ha N) coverage in maize.The biggest coverage rates occurred in the consortium with 95% at 62 days after sowing. The residual effect of 180 kg ha cool season plants following year. The residual effect of 180 kg ha systems, reduced in 21% the C/N ratio of poaceae. The common vetch accumulated 32 kg N per ton of MS added. The oat and rye keeps more than 50% waste to the land cover, after 120 days, while the ryegrass and vetch provide low soil protection. Consortium oat+vetch+turnip, vetch and white lupine, released the largest amounts of N, between 52 and 59 kg ha brassica and consortia positively influencing the diameter and length of cobs, number of kernels per row and, total number of grains per ear of corn, in the absence of mineral N. The weight of a thousand grains was increased by 12.4% by the addition of 180 kg ha increase in productivity of grain by the addition of 180 kg ha N, was 2.1 Mg ha 5.6 Mg ha 6.4 Mg ha components when cultivated on vetch. Systems containing fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, predating the corn, in the absence of mineral N, provided similar grain yelds inrelation to the systems with the addition of 180 kg ha Keywords: Cover crops. No-tillage. Grain yield. Zea mays - 1 -1 N, increased 4.8% coverage rate in the of N in corn/cover crops -1 -1 . Fabaceae, -1 N mineral. The average N, in relation to dose 0 kg ha corn kernels on fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, and poaceae the grains in succession. The consortium added amount between 4.0 the DM in the years of study. There was no effect of mineral N rate for corn yield components when cultivated on vetch. Systems containing fabaceae, brassica and consortium oat+vetch+turnip, predating the corn, in the absence of mineral N, provided similar grain yelds inrelation to the systems with the addition of 180 kg ha-1 N.

Otimização da produção biotecnológica de lipases e correlação com a produção de biossurfactantes

As lipases e os biossurfactantes são compostos produzidos por microrganismos através de fermentações em estado sólido (FES) ou sumberso (FSm), os quais são aplicáveis nas indústrias alimentícia e farmacêutica, na bioenergia e na biorremediação, entre outras. O objetivo geral deste trabalho foi otimizar a produção de lipases através de fermentação em estado sólido e fermentação submersa. Os fungos foram selecionados quanto à habilidade de produção de lipases através de FES e FSm e aqueles que apresentaram as maiores atividades lipolíticas foram utilizados na seleção de variáveis significativas e na otimização da produção de lipases nos dois modos de cultivo. Foram empregadas técnicas seqüenciais de planejamento experimental, incluindo planejamentos fracionários, completos e a metodologia de superfície de resposta para a otimização da produção de lipases. As variáveis estudadas na FES foram o pH, o tipo de farelo como fonte de carbono, a fonte de nitrogênio, o indutor, a concentração da fonte de nitrogênio, a concentração do indutor e a cepa do fungo. Na FSm, além das variáveis estudadas na FES, estudaram-se as variáveis concentração inicial de inóculo e agitação. As enzimas produzidas foram caracterizadas quanto à temperatura e pH ótimos e quanto à estabilidade a temperatura e pH. Nas condições otimizadas de produção de lipases, foi avaliada a correlação entre a produção de lipases e bioemulsificantes. Inicialmente foram isolados 28 fungos. Os fungos Aspergillus O- 4 e Aspergillus E-6 foram selecionados como bons produtores de lipases no processo de fermentação em estado sólido e os fungos Penicillium E-3, Trichoderma E-19 e Aspergillus O-8 como bons produtores de lipases através da fermentação submersa. As condições otimizadas para a produção de lipases através de fermentação em estado sólido foram obtidas utilizando-se o fungo Aspergillus O-4, farelo de soja, 2% de nitrato de sódio, 2% de azeite de oliva e pHs inferiores a 5, obtendo-se atividades lipolíticas máximas de 57 U. As condições otimizadas para a produção de lipases na fermentação submersa foram obtidas utilizando-se o fungo Aspergillus O-8, farelo de trigo, 4,5% de extrato de levedura, 2% de óleo de soja e pH 7,15. A máxima atividade obtida durante a etapa de otimização foi 6 U. As lipases obtidas por FES apresentaram atividades máximas a 35ºC e pH 6,0, enquanto que as obtidas por FSm apresentaram ótimos a 37ºC e pH 7,2. A estabilidade térmica das lipases produzidas via FSm foi superior a das lipases obtidas via FES, com atividades residuais de 72% e 26,8% após 1h de exposição a 90ºC e 60ºC, respectivamente. As lipases obtidas via FES foram mais estáveis em pH´s alcalinos, com atividades residuais superiores a 60% após 24 h de exposição, enquanto as lipases produzidas via FSm foram mais estáveis em pH´s ácidos, com 80% de atividade residual na faixa de pH entre 3,5 e 6,5. Na fermentação submersa a correlação entre a produção de lipases e a atividade emulsificante óleo em água (O/A) e água em óleo (A/O) dos extratos foi 95,4% e 86,8%, respectivamente, obtendo-se atividades emulsificantes máximas O/A e A/O de 2,95 UE e 42,7 UE. Embora a maior produção de lipases tenha sido obtida na fermentação em estado sólido, não houve produção concomitante de biossurfactantes. Os extratos da fermentação submersa apresentaram redução da tensão superficial de 50 mN m -1 para 28 mN m -1 e atividade antimicrobiana frente ao microrganismo S. aureus ATCC 25923, com potenciais antimicrobianos de 36 a 43% nos três primeiros dias de fermentação. A fermentação submersa foi a técnica que apresentou os melhores resultados de otimização da produção de lipases, bem como de produção simultânea de biossurfactantes.

Altura do pasto e adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção de forragem e eficiência no uso de nutrientes em sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária

The proper use of management strategies, such as grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization are primordial to the success of integrated crop-livestock system. Several studies have demonstrated the influence of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on dynamics of forage production and nutrient cycling. However, most this researches studying these strategies in isolation and little is known about the interaction of these factors in the management of an integrated crop-livestock system. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine the best management strategy involving sward height and nitrogen fertilization, permitting greater forage production and improved efficiency in the use of nitrogen soil by a black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture in integrated crop-livestock system. The experiment was realized in Abelardo Luz – SC, in an area of 14 ha, where has been conducted an experiment in long term with integrated crop-livestock system under no-tillage since 2012. The experimental design is a randomized block design with three replications in a factorial design (2x2), the first factor was the grazing intensity (high and low), characterized by two sward height management (10 and 25 cm), and the second included the time factor application of N in the system: N applied on pasture (N-pasture) and N applied on the culture of grain (N-grain), at dose of 200 kg N ha stocking and variable stocking rate. The previous crop to pasture was corn. The nitrogen fertilization of pasture increased tiller density, forage density, participation of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and percentage of ryegrass leaves in forage mass. Forage mass was less at low sward height on average, however the percentage of ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ and rye leaves was greater and dead material was lower in this treatment. With nitrogen fertilization of pasture it was possible to double the amount of forage accumulated in periods with further development of ryegrass, furthermore, the total production of DM was increased in 38.4% and the shoot N concentration in 28.6%. When the nitrogen fertilization is applied in pasture, it is possible to keep black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture with an average sward height of 11 cm. The residual effect of N applied at corn was not sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of pasture and the forage production was affected by periods with N deficiency, while a single application of 200 kg N ha was sufficient to meet the N requirements throughout the forage accumulation period. The black oat ‘BRS 139’ plus ryegrass ‘Barjumbo’ pasture is efficient in use and recovery of the nitrogen applied in both treatments of sward height.

Redução dos níveis de Ocratoxina A por ação da enzima peroxidase

A ocratoxina A é um composto formado a partir do metabolismo secundário de fungos dos gêneros Aspergillus e Penicillium. Uma vez que a presença dessa micotoxina nos alimentos causa sérios danos à saúde humana e animal, surge o interesse pelo desenvolvimento de métodos que visem a redução dos seus níveis em diferentes matrizes. Diversos processos de descontaminação têm sido propostos, sendo que os métodos de redução biológica tem recebido destaque. Esses métodos consistem na aplicação de micro-organismos ou de suas enzimas, o que gera a biotransformação ou degradação da toxina produzindo metabólitos com menor ou nenhuma toxicidade. Diante disso, o objetivo geral do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da peroxidase na redução dos níveis de ocratoxina A. As enzimas peroxidases testadas foram a comercial e a obtida do farelo de arroz. Para a extração enzimática foram utilizadas as frações granulométricas do farelo de arroz de 48 a 100 mesh, sendo estas frações caracterizadas quimicamente. A peroxidase foi extraída do farelo de arroz em tampão 10 mM pH 5,0 e purificada por partição trifásica, obtendo 77,1% de recuperação e 9,2 para o fator de purificação. O método utilizado para a extração da ocratoxina A do sistema aquoso foi por partição líquido-líquido utilizando como solvente o clorofórmio, sendo esse método validado segundo os parâmetros de linearidade (0,1 a 20 ng mL-1), coeficientes de correlação (0,9997) e de determinação (0,9994), e limites de detecção (0,02) e quantificação (0,03). A afinidade entre as peroxidases e a ocratoxina A foi verificada segundo os parâmetros de KM e Vmáx, resultando em 0,00027 mM e 0,000015 mM min-1, respectivamente, para a peroxidase comercial, e 0,0065 mM e 0,000031 mM min-1 para a obtida do farelo de arroz. Com relação aos percentuais de redução de ocratoxina A, foram avaliadas 3 proporções enzima:substrato (1:10, 1:5 e 8:1 para a comercial e 1:10, 1:5 e a com atividade de 0,063 U mL-1 para a do farelo), sendo que as proporções que forneceram maior redução foi a de 8:1 para a enzima comercial (0,063 U mL-1) e a correspondente a 0,063 U mL-1 para a enzima obtida do farelo. Os percentuais de redução de ocratoxina A foram de 59% para a peroxidase comercial em 300 min e 41% para a peroxidase do farelo de arroz em 1440 min. O efeito de adsorção da ocratoxina A pela enzima peroxidase foi descartado uma vez que foi realizada a sua hidrólise com a enzima pepsina e verificado um percentual de 2,7% de adsorção, demonstrando que a redução foi por ação enzimática. A enzima obtida de farelo de arroz com atividade de 0,063 U mL-1 foi aplicada em suco de uva tinto e branco. Observou-se que para o primeiro não houve redução significativa, enquanto que para o segundo a redução foi de 17%. Neste trabalho, então, foi possível verificar a capacidade de redução dos níveis da ocratoxina A pela enzima peroxidase, tanto em sistema aquoso como no suco de uva integral branco.

Nitrogênio mineral em um latossolo em função de sistemas de manejo do solo e de culturas de cobertura de inverno

The increasing advancement of agriculture makes providing adequate conditions for the growth and development of plants is the primary purpose of soil management systems. Much of the success of PD is attributed to cultural remains left by cover crops that do not require high nitrogen inputs and can thus be used to reduce nitrogen input in the agro- ecosystem. The nitrogen is one of the elements applied in agriculture, it is absorbed in higher quantities and limiting the yield of grain crops such as corn. Thus, there has been the influence of the no-till and conventional tillage combined with different crops of winter cover and bare soil when in succession to corn, on mineral nitrogen content. The experimental work was made at the experimental station of the Agronomic Institute of Paraná - Iapar. The implemented design was blocks at random split plot with three replications in factorial 6 x 2 x 3 x 5. The main plots were as treatment, beyond the bare soil, 5 winter species (ryegrass, vetch, vetch + oat, oat and radish), while in the subplots were used two tillage systems (No-till and conventional tillage). Three collections made were (before management, the urea before and after the urea), these being held in 5 depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm). So a layer 0-5 cm and a que presents increased amount to NH4 + ion. The use of associated PD system in the presence of winter cover crops decreased as NO3 - losses in soil profile.

Sprawy gospodarcze w Lidze Narodow w latach 20.

Bez redakcji; Opracowanie wstępne

Adubação nitrogenada no milho em sucessão à plantas de cobertura sob sistemas de cultivo do solo

To achieve high yields the corn crop is dependent on nitrogen. Systems of cover crops preceding corn and form of land cultivation are essential for the best use of nitrogen by corn. This study aimed to evaluate the use or not of nitrogen fertilization in corn in succession to cover crops, planted in three cropping systems. The experimental design was randomized blocks with sub-divided portion where the main plots consisted of three cultivation systems (tillage, conventional tillage and minimum tillage), the subplots by four plant cover in monocrop (oat, hairy vetch, field peas and turnip) and sub-subplots by nitrogen fertilization (0 and 160 kg ha-1 N). Evaluations were performed, the cover crops, soil cover rate, dry matter, content and accumulation of nutrients. In corn we evaluated yield components, yield, chlorophyll and nutrient levels in leaves. Among the species coverage studied the oat showed hardiness in the experiment, covering ground faster and showing more dry matter, however vetch hairy showed higher concentrations of N, P and K and higher accumulation of N ha-1. The soil tillage system influenced the K leaf content. The interaction cultivation x coverage showed significance for the total chlorophyll of corn. In the absence of N, N content and chlorophyll were higher where the corn was sown on the pea and hairy vetch. The corn production, despite a higher average in the presence of nitrogen fertilization, did not differ significantly when used the pea and hairy vetch as a cover crop.

Isolado protéico de farelo de arroz: obtenção, propriedades funcionais e aplicação

O arroz é o segundo cereal mais produzido no mundo e para que ele seja consumido é necessário o processo de beneficiamento, onde é retirada a casca, e com o polimento, o farelo. O farelo, após a retirada do óleo, é utilizado para alimentação animal, mas como corresponde a 8% do grão, são necessárias novas alternativas para o uso do mesmo, uma vez que contém em torno de 17% de proteína. As proteínas do farelo de arroz são consideradas de alta qualidade, hipoalergênicas e anticancerígenas. Devido ao excesso de fibras presentes no farelo, este não é utilizado diretamente na alimentação humana, podendo ser usado como fonte para a obtenção de extratos, concentrados ou isolados. A obtenção do isolado protéico pode ser por via química, que consiste na extração alcalina ou ácida, seguida de precipitação no ponto isoelétrico ou via enzimática, com o uso de enzimas amilolíticas, hemicelulases e carboidrases para a separação das proteínas. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter um isolado protéico a partir de farelo de arroz visando a inclusão deste em produto de panificação. Foi obtido isolado protéico pelo método químico que foi analisado pelo rendimento protéico, pelas propriedades funcionais, perfil aminoacídico, eletroforese e características térmicas. O isolado foi adicionado em bolos em diferentes concentrações sendo avaliado pelas características tecnológicas e sensoriais. O isolado protéico do farelo de arroz (IPFA) que apresentou maior rendimento protéico foi o obtido pelo método químico, com o farelo de granulometria de 42 mesh e desengordurado. Em relação às propriedades funcionais, foi verificado que o IPFA possui maior solubilidade e capacidade de retenção de água em pH 11, alta capacidade emulsificante e alta capacidade de formação de espuma. No aminograma, constatou-se que os aminoácidos encontrados no IPFA atendem as necessidades de bebês e crianças. No perfil eletroforético, o IPFA apresentou 3 grupos de proteínas. Na análise térmica com DSC, o IPFA apresentou alta temperatura de desnaturação e baixo valor de entalpia. Na elaboração dos bolos, à medida que foi adicionado o IPFA, aumentou o teor protéico, o pH e o volume específico e diminuiu o colapso, a luminosidade e a firmeza dos bolos. Na análise sensorial, os bolos com IPFA não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas do bolo controle (sem IPFA). Estes resultados indicam a potencialidade do IPFA em produtos de panificação.

Curas húmedas en dermatitis atópica: nuestra experiencia

En ocasiones, los brotes de dermatitis atópica pueden ser graves y de difícil control, resistentes a los tratamientos habituales. En estos casos podemos recurrir al empleo de curas húmedas, un procedimiento con buenos resultados y escasos efectos secundarios. Presentamos una serie de casos de cinco pacientes con brotes moderados-graves resistentes al tratamiento convencional, tratados mediante curas húmedas con betametasona o propionato de fluticasona diluidos al 10% en la crema hidratante durante un intervalo de tiempo de entre 4-6 días. Se obtuvo la resolución completa del brote en cuatro casos, continuándose en el caso restante las curas de forma domiciliaria durante 2-3 días más, con posterior resolución completa. Ningún paciente presentó efectos adversos.