Predicting the effects of climate change on sea turtle nesting habitat in Florida

Rising global temperatures threaten the survival of many plant and animal species. Having already risen at an unprecedented rate in the past century, temperatures are predicted to rise between 0.3 and 7.5C in North America over the next 100 years (Hawkes et al. 2007). Studies have documented the effects of climate warming on phenology (timing of seasonal activities), with observations of early arrival at breeding grounds, earlier ends to the reproductive season, and delayed autumnal migrations (Pike et al. 2006). In addition, for species not suited to the physiological demands of cold winter temperatures, increasing temperatures could shift tolerable habitats to higher latitudes (Hawkes et al. 2007). More directly, climate warming will impact thermally sensitive species like sea turtles, who exhibit temperature-dependent sexual determination. Temperatures in the middle third of the incubation period determine the sex of sea turtle offspring, with higher temperatures resulting in a greater abundance of female offspring. Consequently, increasing temperatures from climate warming would drastically change the offspring sex ratio (Hawkes et al. 2007). Of the seven extant species of sea turtles, three (leatherback, Kemp’s ridley, and hawksbill) are critically endangered, two (olive ridley and green) are endangered, and one (loggerhead) is threatened. Considering the predicted scenarios of climate warming and the already tenuous status of sea turtle populations, it is essential that efforts are made to understand how increasing temperatures may affect sea turtle populations and how these species might adapt in the face of such changes. In this analysis, I seek to identify the impact of changing climate conditions over the next 50 years on the availability of sea turtle nesting habitat in Florida given predicted changes in temperature and precipitation. I predict that future conditions in Florida will be less suitable for sea turtle nesting during the historic nesting season. This may imply that sea turtles will nest at a different time of year, in more northern latitudes, to a lesser extent, or possibly not at all. It seems likely that changes in temperature and precipitation patterns will alter the distribution of sea turtle nesting locations worldwide, provided that beaches where the conditions are suitable for nesting still exist. Hijmans and Graham (2006) evaluate a range of climate envelope models in terms of their ability to predict species distributions under climate change scenarios. Their results suggested that the choice of species distribution model is dependent on the specifics of each individual study. Fuller et al. (2008) used a maximum entropy approach to model the potential distribution of 11 species in the Arctic Coastal Plain of Alaska under a series of projected climate scenarios. Recently, Pike (in press) developed Maxent models to investigate the impacts of climate change on green sea turtle nest distribution and timing. In each of these studies, a set of environmental predictor variables (including climate variables), for which ‘current’ conditions are available and ‘future’ conditions have been projected, is used in conjunction with species occurrence data to map potential species distribution under the projected conditions. In this study, I will take a similar approach in mapping the potential sea turtle nesting habitat in Florida by developing a Maxent model based on environmental and climate data and projecting the model for future climate data. (PDF contains 5 pages)

Food security and poverty alleviation under the National Special Programme for Food Security: a preliminary socio-economic assessment of Yamama Lake, Kebbi state, Nigeria

The World Food Summit in its meeting in Rome in 1999 estimated that 790 million people in the developing world do not have enough food to eat. This is more than the total populations of North America and Europe combined. Nigeria is one of the developing countries affected by hunger, deprivation and abject poverty by its citizenry inspite of its enormous natural and human resources. To reduce poverty and increase food supplies to the masses the Federal Government of Nigeria embarked on a programmed-tagged National Special Programme for Food Security (NSPFS) in the year 2002. The programme's broad objectives are to attain food security in the broadest sense and alleviate rural poverty in Nigeria. One of the areas of the programme's intervention is in the aquaculture and inland fisheries development because Nigeria imported 681mt of fish in 2003 with a total cost of about N50 million. The paper assesses the socio-economic conditions of one of the selected water bodies (Yamama Lake) with a view to introducing community-based fisheries management plan for the rational exploitation and management of the fishery and other aquatic resources of the water body thereby increasing fish supply and improving the living standard of the fisherfolk in the area. Data were collected using Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) tools and questionnaire administration

Seismic structure above and below the core-mantle boundary

Seismic structure above and below the core-mantle boundary (CMB) has been studied through use of travel time and waveform analyses of several different seismic wave groups. Anomalous systematic trends in observables document mantle heterogeneity on both large and small scales. Analog and digital data has been utilized, and in many cases the analog data has been optically scanned and digitized prior to analysis.

Differential travel times of S - SKS are shown to be an excellent diagnostic of anomalous lower mantle shear velocity (V s) structure. Wavepath geometries beneath the central Pacific exhibit large S- SKS travel time residuals (up to 10 sec), and are consistent with a large scale 0(1000 km) slower than average V_s region (≥3%). S - SKS times for paths traversing this region exhibit smaller scale patterns and trends 0(100 km) indicating V_s perturbations on many scale lengths. These times are compared to predictions of three tomographically derived aspherical models: MDLSH of Tanimoto [1990], model SH12_WM13 of Suet al. [1992], and model SH.10c.17 of Masters et al. [1992]. Qualitative agreement between the tomographic model predictions and observations is encouraging, varying from fair to good. However, inconsistencies are present and suggest anomalies in the lower mantle of scale length smaller than the present 2000+ km scale resolution of tomographic models. 2-D wave propagation experiments show the importance of inhomogeneous raypaths when considering lateral heterogeneities in the lowermost mantle.

A dataset of waveforms and differential travel times of S, ScS, and the arrival from the D" layer, Scd, provides evidence for a laterally varying V_s velocity discontinuity at the base of the mantle. Two different localized D" regions beneath the central Pacific have been investigated. Predictions from a model having a V_s discontinuity 180 km above the CMB agree well with observations for an eastern mid-Pacific CMB region. This thickness differs from V_s discontinuity thicknesses found in other regions, such as a localized region beneath the western Pacific, which average near 280 km. The "sharpness" of the V_s jump at the top of D", i.e., the depth range over which the V_s increase occurs, is not resolved by our data, and our data can in fact may be modeled equally well by a lower mantle with the increase in V_s at the top of D" occurring over a 100 krn depth range. It is difficult at present to correlate D" thicknesses from this study to overall lower mantle heterogeneity, due to uncertainties in the 3-D models, as well as poor coverage in maps of D" discontinuity thicknesses.

P-wave velocity structure (V_p) at the base of the mantle is explored using the seismic phases SKS and SPdKS. SPdKS is formed when SKS waves at distances around 107° are incident upon the CMB with a slowness that allows for coupling with diffracted P-waves at the base of the mantle. The P-wave diffraction occurs at both the SKS entrance and exit locations of the outer core. SP_dKS arrives slightly later in time than SKS, having a wave path through the mantle and core very close to SKS. The difference time between SKS and SP_dKS strongly depends on V_p at the base of the mantle near SK Score entrance and exit points. Observations from deep focus Fiji-Tonga events recorded by North American stations, and South American events recorded by European and Eurasian stations exhibit anomalously large SP_dKS - SKS difference times. SKS and the later arriving SP_dKS phase are separated by several seconds more than predictions made by 1-D reference models, such as the global average PREM [Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981] model. Models having a pronounced low-velocity zone (5%) in V_p in the bottom 50-100 km of the mantle predict the size of the observed SP_dK S-SKS anomalies. Raypath perturbations from lower mantle V_s structure may also be contributing to the observed anomalies.

Outer core structure is investigated using the family of SmKS (m=2,3,4) seismic waves. SmKS are waves that travel as S-waves in the mantle, P-waves in the core, and reflect (m-1) times on the underside of the CMB, and are well-suited for constraining outermost core V_p structure. This is due to closeness of the mantle paths and also the shallow depth range these waves travel in the outermost core. S3KS - S2KS and S4KS - S3KS differential travel times were measured using the cross-correlation method and compared to those from reflectivity synthetics created from core models of past studies. High quality recordings from a deep focus Java Sea event which sample the outer core beneath the northern Pacific, the Arctic, and northwestern North America (spanning 1/8th of the core's surface area), have SmKS wavepaths that traverse regions where lower mantle heterogeneity is pre- dieted small, and are well-modeled by the PREM core model, with possibly a small V_p decrease (1.5%) in the outermost 50 km of the core. Such a reduction implies chemical stratification in this 50 km zone, though this model feature is not uniquely resolved. Data having wave paths through areas of known D" heterogeneity (±2% and greater), such as the source-side of SmKS lower mantle paths from Fiji-Tonga to Eurasia and Africa, exhibit systematic SmKS differential time anomalies of up to several seconds. 2-D wave propagation experiments demonstrate how large scale lower mantle velocity perturbations can explain long wavelength behavior of such anomalous SmKS times. When improperly accounted for, lower mantle heterogeneity maps directly into core structure. Raypaths departing from homogeneity play an important role in producing SmKS anomalies. The existence of outermost core heterogeneity is difficult to resolve at present due to uncertainties in global lower mantle structure. Resolving a one-dimensional chemically stratified outermost core also remains difficult due to the same uncertainties. Restricting study to higher multiples of SmKS (m=2,3,4) can help reduce the affect of mantle heterogeneity due to the closeness of the mantle legs of the wavepaths. SmKS waves are ideal in providing additional information on the details of lower mantle heterogeneity.

The home range of the signal crayfish in a British lowland river

The signal crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), a native of north-western North America, is now a common resident in some British fresh waters following its introduction to England in 1976 (Lowery & Holdich 1988). In 1984, signal crayfish were introduced into the River Great Ouse, the major lowland river in southern central England, where they have established a large breeding population. This study examines two sites near Thornborough Weir. For the measurement and description of home range a new eletronic microchip system and a modified capture-mark-recapture method were employed. Signal crayfish were marked or tagged to see if they gradually moved away from their burrows. This method proved to be successful for estimating population densities when a section of river is divided into several equidistant linear ”locations”.

New Insights from Aperiodic Variability of Young Stars

Nearly all young stars are variable, with the variability traditionally divided into two classes: periodic variables and aperiodic or "irregular" variables. Periodic variables have been studied extensively, typically using periodograms, while aperiodic variables have received much less attention due to a lack of standard statistical tools. However, aperiodic variability can serve as a powerful probe of young star accretion physics and inner circumstellar disk structure. For my dissertation, I analyzed data from a large-scale, long-term survey of the nearby North America Nebula complex, using Palomar Transient Factory photometric time series collected on a nightly or every few night cadence over several years. This survey is the most thorough exploration of variability in a sample of thousands of young stars over time baselines of days to years, revealing a rich array of lightcurve shapes, amplitudes, and timescales.

I have constrained the timescale distribution of all young variables, periodic and aperiodic, on timescales from less than a day to ~100 days. I have shown that the distribution of timescales for aperiodic variables peaks at a few days, with relatively few (~15%) sources dominated by variability on tens of days or longer. My constraints on aperiodic timescale distributions are based on two new tools, magnitude- vs. time-difference (Δm-Δt) plots and peak-finding plots, for describing aperiodic lightcurves; this thesis provides simulations of their performance and presents recommendations on how to apply them to aperiodic signals in other time series data sets. In addition, I have measured the error introduced into colors or SEDs from combining photometry of variable sources taken at different epochs. These are the first quantitative results to be presented on the distributions in amplitude and time scale for young aperiodic variables, particularly those varying on timescales of weeks to months.

Comparative studies on the structure of an upland African stream ecosystem

Upland stream systems have been extensively investigated in Europe, North America and Australasia and many of the central ideas concerning their function are based on these systems. One central paradigm, the river continuum concept is ultimately derived from those North American streams whose catchments remain forested with native vegetation. Streams of the tropics may or may not fit the model. They have been little studied. The Amani Nature Reserve in the East Usambara Mountains of north-eastern Tanzania offers an opportunity to bring these naturally forested systems to the attention of the ecological community. This article describes a comparison made between two lengths of the River Dodwe in this area. The work was carried out by a group of postgraduate students from eighteen European and African countries with advice from five staff members, as part of a course organised by the Tropical Biology Association. Rigorous efforts were made to standardise techniques, in a situation where equipment and laboratory facilities were very basic, through a management structure and deliberate allocation of work to specialists in each area.The article offers a summary of invertebrate communities found in the stream and its biomass. Crabs seem to be the key organism in both sections of the streams.

Life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland

Popular articles about the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) usually state that ‘the Atlantic salmon is an anadromous species’, e.g. publications by the Atlantic Salmon Federation (North America), Atlantic Salmon Trust (UK), and WWF (World Wildlife Fund), and the life history is depicted as migration of juveniles from fresh water to the marine environment, with a return to where the fish were born as spawning adults. This article reviews the life history tactics of Atlantic salmon in Newfoundland.

Behavior ecology of the Humboldt squid, Dosidicus gigas: insights from an animal-borne video and data logging system

Dosidicus gigas is a large pelagic cephalopod of the eastern Pacific that has recently undergone an unexpected, significant range expansion up the coast of North America. The impact that such a range expansion is expected to have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems has motivated a thorough study of this top predator, a squid whose lifestyle has been quite mysterious until recently. Unfortunately, Dosidicus spends daylight hours at depths prohibitive to making observations without significant artificial interference. Observations of this squid‟s natural behaviors have thus far been considerably limited by the bright illumination and loud noises of remotely-operated-vehicles, or else the presence of humans from boats or with SCUBA. However, recent technological innovations have allowed for observations to take place in the absence of humans, or significant human intrusion, through the use of animal-borne devices such as National Geographic‟s CRITTERCAM. Utilizing the advanced video recording and data logging technology of this device, this study seeks to characterize unknown components of Dosidicus gigas behavior at depth. Data from two successful CRITTERCAM deployments reveal an assortment of new observations concerning Dosidicus lifestyle. Tri-axial accelerometers enable a confident description of Dosidicus orientation during ascents, descents, and depth maintenance behavior - previously not possible with simple depth tags. Video documentation of intraspecific interactions between Dosidicus permits the identification of ten chromatic components, a previously undescribed basal chromatic behavior, and multiple distinct body postures. And finally, based on visualizations of spermatophore release by D. gigas and repetitive behavior patterns between squid pairs, this thesis proposes the existence of a new mating behavior in Dosidicus. This study intends to provide the first glimpse into the natural behavior of Dosidicus, establishing the groundwork for a comprehensive ethogram to be supported with data from future CRITTERCAM deployments. Cataloguing these behaviors will be useful in accounting for Dosidicus‟ current range expansion in the northeast Pacific, as well as to inform public interest in the impacts this expansion will have on local fisheries and marine ecosystems.

Biogeografia e sistemática dos peixes aulopiformes

Os Aulopiformes são peixes marinhos com amplitude temporal do Eocretáceo ao Recente. Os táxons fósseis são encontrados em depósitos sedimentares das Américas do Sul e do Norte, Europa, Ásia e África. Os representantes viventes podem ser encontrados desde águas rasas costeiras, estuários, até profundidades abissais, excedendo 3.000 m. Os limites do grupo, suas intra e inter-relações são objeto de muitos estudos. O objetivo central desta tese é aplicar métodos de Biogeografia Histórica como Panbiogeografia e a Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismos aos peixes Aulopiformes. Adicionalmente, foi realizada a análise filogenética dos Aulopiformes. Como resultado foram obtidos: 21 traços generalizados de Synodontoidei, 28 de Chlorophthalmoidei, 3 de Giganturoidei e 7 de Enchodontoidei. O clado Synodontoidei apresenta um padrão de distribuição primordialmente em águas tropicais e subtropicais, associado à borda de placas tectônicas e ao tipo de substrato. O clado Chlorophthalmoidei apresenta padrões de distribuição associados a cadeias de montanhas submarinas e corais de profundidade. O clado Giganturoidei possui uma distribuição vicariante com a família Giganturidae ocupando águas mais quentes e Bathysauridae as regiões mais frias. O clado Enchodontoidei foi associado a recifes de coral e zonas de ressurgência pretéritos. Adicionalmente, foi analisada uma matriz de dados com 84 táxons e 105 caracteres morfológicos não ordenados e sem pesagem a priori. Como resultado foram obtidas sete árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com 1214 passos, índice de consistência de 0,1129 e índice de retenção de 0,4970. A ordem Aulopiformes não constituiu um grupo monofilético, com as famílias Chlorophthalmidae, Notosudidae, Synodontidae, Paraulopidae, Pseudotrichonotidae e Ipnopidae mais proximamente relacionados ao Myctophidea que aos Alepisauroidei. Assim a partir da combinação dos resultados alcançados conclui-se que a Biogeografia Histórica funcionou como uma ferramenta na identificação dos problemas taxonômicos dos Aulopiformes e a sua análise filogenética permitiu identificar controvérsias sistemáticas, indicando que são necessários maiores estudos sobre a anatomia dos aulopiformes, a fim de esclarecer suas inter-relações.

Análise cladística de táxons atribuídos aos peixes euteleósteos basais

Os teleósteos são o grupo mais diversificado entre os vertebrados e seu registro mais antigo data do Jurássico. Sua atual classificação inclui quatro clados, dentre os quais Euteleostei é o mais avançado e variado. Apesar de todos os trabalhos a respeito do grupo, ele ainda não possui diagnose, definição e composição precisas. A discordância entre autores é ilustrada pelas nove diferentes propostas filogenéticas elaboradas nos últimos 30 anos. Muitos fósseis do Cretáceo são classificados como euteleósteos basais por falta de conhecimento morfológico, enquanto outros fósseis possuem classificação sistemática controversa ou compartilham aspectos estruturais com euteleósteos basais. Nesse contexto, os objetivos da presente dissertação são avaliar o monofiletismo de euteleósteos basais e recuperar relações filogenéticas de táxons do Nordeste do Brasil, África, Europa, Ásia e América do Norte atribuídos aos euteleósteos basais. Sete táxons brasileiros (i.e., Beurlenichthys ouricuriensis, Britoichthys marizalensis, Clupavus brasiliensis, Santanasalmo elegans, Santanichthys diasii, Scombroclupeoides scutata e novo euteleósteo da Bacia de Pelotas) e 14 táxons de localidades estrangeiras (i.e., Avitosmerus canadensis, Barcarenichthys joneti, Chanoides macropoma, Clupavus maroccanus, Gaudryella gaudryi, Humbertia operta, Kermichthys daguini, Leptolepides spratiiformis, Lusitanichthys characiformis, Nybelinoides brevis, Orthogonikleithrus leichi, Pattersonella formosa, Wenzichthys congolensis e Tchernovichthys exspectatum) foram analisados através de observação direta, fotografias, desenhos e descrições e submetidos a uma análise de Sistemática Filogenética utilizando o princípio da parcimônia. Três espécies recentes (i.e., Elops saurus, Hoplias malabaricus e Salmo trutta) foram usadas como grupo externo. Sessenta e dois caracteres foram selecionados e, como resultado, seis árvores igualmente parcimoniosas foram obtidas com 325 passos, índice de consistência (CI) de 0,2523 e índice de retenção (RI) de 0,4309. O consenso estrito é representado pela seguinte topologia: ((C. marocanus), (C. brasiliensis, (H. malabaricus + S. diasii))) ((G. gaudryi, (C. macropoma + L. characiformis)), (K. daguini), ((A. canadensis, (novo euteleósteo, (S. elegans + W. congolensis), (B. ouricuriensis + B. marizalensis)), (L. spratiiformis, (S. scutata, (N. brevis + P. formosa))), (B. joneti), (O. leichi), (H. operta + T. exspectatum), indicando que euteleósteos basais não formam um grupo monofilético e que as atuais sinapomorfias propostas são insuficientes para suportar o grupo.

Biogeografia Histórica de Mawsoniidae (Sarcopterygii: Actinistia)

Mawsoniidae é uma família de actinístios fósseis, conhecidos popularmente como celacanto, sendo encontrados em paleoambientes continental e marinho. O táxon foi proposto na década de 1990, apresentando, a partir de então, alguns estudos abordando sua filogenia num contexto cladístico. Trata-se de um grupo monofilético, sendo representado por cinco gêneros inquestionáveis (i. e., Axelrodichthys, Chinlea, Diplurus, Mawsonia e Parnaibaia), além de outros dez que possuem alguma discordância na sistemática (i. e., Alcoveria, Garnbergia, Heptanema, Indocoelacanthus, Libys, Lualabaea, Megalocoelacanthus, Moenkopia, Rhipis e Trachymetopon). Cabe ressaltar que nem todos estes gêneros foram contemplados nas análises cladísticas de Mawsoniidae. Mawsoniidae possui considerável interesse biogeográfico, considerando sua extensa amplitude temporal (Triássico Médio ao Cretáceo Superior) e ampla distribuição geográfica (Américas do Sul e do Norte, África e Europa). Os gêneros restritos à América do Norte (Diplurus e Chinlea) e Europa (Alcoveria) possuem os registros mais antigos (Triássico Médio-Jurássico Inferior). Já os gêneros restritos ao Hemisfério Sul (Mawsonia, Axelrodichthys e Parnaibaia) distribuem-se do Jurássico Superior ao Cretáceo Superior, no Brasil e na África. A presente dissertação propôs analisar a Biogeografia Histórica de todos os gêneros (os válidos e os de posicionamento taxonômico controverso) de Mawsoniidae, aplicando o método panbiogeográfico de análise de traços. A partir desta análise, foram obtidos 11 traços individuais das espécies e três traços generalizados (TGs). O TG1, que foi denominado Newark Nordeste, ocorre nos estratos do Grupo Newark (Triássico Superior); o TG2, que foi denominado Centro-oeste gondwânico, ocorre na Formação Lualaba (Jurássico Superior); e o TG3, que foi denominado Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana, ocorre nas formações Itapecuru-Alcântara-Santana (Cretáceo Inferior). Com base no padrão de distribuição encontrado, sugere-se que a origem do grupo ocorreu a partir do Triássico Médio/Superior na Pangeia Oriental, com subsequente expansão no Jurássico Inferior, corroborada por registros de Indocoelacanthus e Trachymetopon. A expansão do grupo em direção à Gondwana Ocidental ocorreu a partir do Cretáceo Inferior, com registros dos gêneros Mawsonia e Axelrodichthys. A análise panbiogeográfica também foi aplicada para produzir traços individuais para os gêneros em determinados períodos geológicos, os quais mostraram congruência com os traços individuais das espécies. Os resultados aqui obtidos reforçaram o potential do método panbiogeográfico na obtenção dos padrões de distribuição e, consequentemente, nas áreas de endemismo de Mawsoniidae, ao longo de todo o Mesozoico.

Análise de ligações tubulares T com reforço de chapa.

O uso de perfis estruturais tubulares vem aumentando em grande escala no mundo, principalmente devido às vantagens associadas ao comportamento estrutural e estético, levando a uma intensa utilização nos países da Europa, Sudeste Asiático, América do Norte e na Austrália. Países como Canadá, Inglaterra, Alemanha e Holanda fazem uso intensivo dessas estruturas e contam com uma produção corrente, industrializada e contínua com alto grau de desenvolvimento tecnológico. Diante deste fato, no Brasil, o uso desses perfis era bastante limitado, restringindo-se praticamente a coberturas espaciais. A situação do mercado brasileiro começou a se alterar em razão da maior oferta desses perfis proporcionada pelo início da produção pela V&M do BRASIL no ano de 2000. Sendo assim, diante da novidade da tecnologia, impõe-se a necessidade de divulgação e implementação do uso desse tipo de perfil, além de uma ampliação do número de trabalhos de pesquisa para melhor compreensão de seu comportamento estrutural. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise paramétrica de ligação reforçada tipo T, através da determinação da resistência última da ligação obtida pelo critério de deformação limite proposto por diversos pesquisadores, comparando os resultados com as prescrições do Eurocode 3, do Projeto de Norma Brasileira PN 02.125.03-004 e do CIDECT. As ligações objeto deste estudo são compostas por perfil tubular retangular (RHS) no banzo e perfis circulares (CHS) nos montantes. Nestas análises verificou-se a influência do reforço na região de encontro de banzo e montante, bem como a influência do esforços atuantes no banzo no comportamento global das ligações. As não-linearidades físicas e geométricas foram incorporadas aos modelos, a fim de se mobilizar totalmente a capacidade resistente dessa ligação. Os modelos em elementos finitos, foram desenvolvidos no programa Ansys 12.0. Como resultado final deste trabalho é apresentado o comportamento da ligação tipo T com reforço para diversos tipos de perfis (banzo e montante) e diferentes espessuras da chapa de reforço, fazendo comparação com o dimensionamento proposto pelo Projeto de Norma Brasileira PN 02.125.03-004.

Avaliação de ligações K e T entre perfis estruturais tubulares circulares.

O difundido uso de perfis estruturais tubulares, principalmente devido às vantagens associadas ao comportamento estrutural e estético, levou a uma intensa utilização nos países da Europa, Sudeste Asiático, América do Norte e na Austrália. Países como Canadá, Inglaterra, Alemanha e Holanda fazem uso intensivo dessas estruturas e contam com uma produção corrente, industrializada e contínua com alto grau de desenvolvimento tecnológico. O aumento da oferta deste tipo de perfis, aliado a recentes pesquisas nesta área, leva o Brasil a se inserir neste cenário mundial. Entretanto, as normas brasileiras que regem o dimensionamento destes perfis ainda não se encontram atualizadas, principalmente no que tange ao dimensionamento de ligações de perfis tubulares. Considerando esta perspectiva, este trabalho apresenta uma análise de ligações tipo K e T com perfis tubulares circulares (CHS). Propõe-se estabelecer um quadro comparativo entre as formulações analíticas de dimensionamento proposta pelo Eurocode 3 Parte 1.8, 2 edição do guia de projeto de ligações tubulares do CIDECT, projeto de norma brasileira PN 02.125.03-004 e critérios de deformação limite. Para cada um dos tipos de ligações analisadas, desenvolveu-se um modelo em elementos finitos no programa Ansys, calibrado e validado com resultados experimentais e numéricos existentes na literatura. As não-linearidades física e geométrica foram incorporadas aos modelos, a fim de se mobilizar totalmente a capacidade resistente da ligação. A não-linearidade do material foi considerada através do critério de plastificação de Von Mises através de uma lei constitutiva tensão versus deformação bilinear. A não-linearidade geométrica foi introduzida no modelo através da Formulação de Lagrange Atualizado considerando-se a previsão de grandes deformações de forma a permitir a redistribuição de carregamento na ligação após o escoamento inicial. Esta dissertação propõe ainda, a modelagem de uma treliça planar constituída de perfis tubulares, objetivando estabelecer uma comparação entre um nó isolado e um nó da treliça planar.

Biomass and reproduction of Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) off the Pacific northwestern United States, 2003–2005

The Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax) is distributed along the west coast of North America from Baja California to British Columbia. This article presents estimates of biomass, spawning biomass, and related biological parameters based on four trawl-ichthyoplankton surveys conducted during July 2003 –March 2005 off Oregon and Washington. The trawl-based biomass estimates, serving as relative abundance, were 198,600 t (coefficient of variation [CV] = 0.51) in July 2003, 20,100 t (0.8) in March 2004, 77,900 t (0.34) in July 2004, and 30,100 t (0.72) in March 2005 over an area close to 200,000 km2. The biomass estimates, high in July and low in March, are a strong indication of migration in and out of this area. Sardine spawn in July off the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast and none of the sampled fish had spawned in March. The estimated spawning biomass for July 2003 and July 2004 was 39,184 t (0.57) and 84,120 t (0.93), respectively. The average active female sardine in the PNW spawned every 20–40 days compared to every 6–8 days off California. The spawning habitat was located in the southeastern area off the PNW coast, a shift from the northwest area off the PNW coast in the 1990s. Egg production in off the PNW for 2003–04 was lower than that off California and that in the 1990s. Because the biomass of Pacific sardine off the PNW appears to be supported heavily by migratory fish from California, the sustainability of the local PNW population relies on the stability of the population off California, and on local oceanographic conditions for local residence.

Potential use of offshore marine structures in rebuilding an overfished rockfish species, bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis)

Although bocaccio (Sebastes paucispinis) was an economically important rockfish species along the west coast of North America, overfishing has reduced the stock to about 7.4% of its former unfished population. In 2003, using a manned research submersible, we conducted fish surveys around eight oil and gas platforms off southern California as part of an assessment of the potential value of these structures as fish habitat. From these surveys, we estimated that there was a minimum of 430,000 juvenile bocaccio at these eight structures. We determined this number to be about 20% of the average number of juvenile bocaccio that survive annually for the geographic range of the species. When these juveniles become adults, they will contribute about one percent (0.8%) of the additional amount of fish needed to rebuild the Pacific Coast population. By comparison, juvenile bocaccio recruitment to nearshore natural nursery grounds, as determined through regional scuba surveys, was low in the same year. This research demonstrates that a relatively small amount of artificial nursery habitat may be quite valuable in rebuilding an overfished species.