978 resultados para Normalization constraint
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In anurans, changes in ambient temperature influence body temperature and, therefore, energy consumption. These changes ultimately affect energy supply and, consequently, heart rate (HR). Typically, anurans living in different thermal environments have different thermal sensitivities, and these cannot be distinguished by changes in HR. We hypothesized that Rhinella jimi (a toad from a xeric environment that lives in a wide range of temperatures) would have a lower thermal sensitivity regarding cardiac control than R. icterica (originally from a tropical forest environment with a more restricted range of ambient temperatures). Thermal sensitivity was assessed by comparing animals housed at 15° and 25°C. Cardiac control was estimated by heart rate variability (HRV) and heart rate complexity (HRC). Differences in HRV between the two temperatures were not significant (P=0.214 for R. icterica and P=0.328 for R. jimi), whereas HRC differences were. All specimens but one R. jimi had a lower HRC at 15°C (all P<0.01). These results indicate that R. jimi has a lower thermal sensitivity and that cardiac control is not completely dependent on the thermal environment because HRC was not consistently different between temperatures in all R. jimi specimens. This result indicates a lack of evolutive trade-offs among temperatures given that heart rate control at 25°C is potentially not a constraint to heart rate control at 15°C.
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The parasympathetic nervous system is important for β-cell secretion and mass regulation. Here, we characterized involvement of the vagus nerve in pancreatic β-cell morphofunctional regulation and body nutrient homeostasis in 90-day-old monosodium glutamate (MSG)-obese rats. Male newborn Wistar rats received MSG (4 g/kg body weight) or saline [control (CTL) group] during the first 5 days of life. At 30 days of age, both groups of rats were submitted to sham-surgery (CTL and MSG groups) or subdiaphragmatic vagotomy (Cvag and Mvag groups). The 90-day-old MSG rats presented obesity, hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and hypertriglyceridemia. Their pancreatic islets hypersecreted insulin in response to glucose but did not increase insulin release upon carbachol (Cch) stimulus, despite a higher intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. Furthermore, while the pancreas weight was 34% lower in MSG rats, no alteration in islet and β-cell mass was observed. However, in the MSG pancreas, increases of 51% and 55% were observed in the total islet and β-cell area/pancreas section, respectively. Also, the β-cell number per β-cell area was 19% higher in MSG rat pancreas than in CTL pancreas. Vagotomy prevented obesity, reducing 25% of body fat stores and ameliorated glucose homeostasis in Mvag rats. Mvag islets demonstrated partially reduced insulin secretion in response to 11.1 mM glucose and presented normalization of Cch-induced Ca2+ mobilization and insulin release. All morphometric parameters were similar among Mvag and CTL rat pancreases. Therefore, the higher insulin release in MSG rats was associated with greater β-cell/islet numbers and not due to hypertrophy. Vagotomy improved whole body nutrient homeostasis and endocrine pancreatic morphofunction in Mvag rats.
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Ohjelmistotestauksen merkitys on kasvanut sen mukaan mitä enemmän ohjelmisto-tuotteet vaikuttavat jokapäiväisesseen elämämme. Tämän vuoksi yritysten investointien ja laadunvarmentamisen yhteys on ilmeinen. Organisaatiot panostavat yhä enemmän ei–funktionaaliseen testaukseen, kuten turvallisuuden, suorituskyvyn ja käytettävyyden testaamiseen. Tämän työn tarkoituksena on tutkia ohjelmistotestauksen nykytilannetta Suomessa. Syy tähän on uudistaa ja parantaa ohjelmistotestauksen kurssitarjontaa Turun yliopistossa vastaamaan parhaalla mahdollisella tavalla yritysten tarvetta. Opinnäyte on toteutettu replikaatio-tutkimuksena. Pääosa kyselystä sisältää kysymyksiä ohjelmistotestauksen menetelmistä ja työkaluista testausprosessin toimintojen aikana. Lisäksi on yleisiä kysymyksiä yrityksistä ja niiden ohjelmistotestausympäristöistä. Kyselyssä otetaan myös kantaa yritysten käyttämiin monenlaisiin testaus-tasoihin, -tyyppeihin ja testauksessa kohdattuihin haasteisiin. Tämä opinnäyte perustuu testausprosessistandardeihin. Ohjelmistotestausstandardit ovat keskeisessä asemassa tässä työssä, vaikka ne ovat olleet viime aikoina vahvan kritiikin kohteena. Epäilys standardien välttämättömyyteen on syntynyt muutoksista ohjelmistokehityksessä. Tämä työ esittelee tulokset ohjelmistotestauksen käytännöistä. Tuloksia on verrattu aiheeseen liittyvän aiemman kyselyn (Lee, Kang, & Lee, 2011) tuloksiin. Ajanpuutteen havaitaan olevan suuri haaste ohjelmistotestauksessa. Ketterä ohjelmistokehitys on saavuttanut suosiota kaikissa vastaajien yrityksissä. Testauksen menetelmät ja työkalut testauksen arviointiin, suunnitteluun ja raportointiin ovat hyvin vähäisessä käytössä. Toisaalta testauksen menetelmien ja työkalujen käyttö automaattiseen testauksen toteuttamiseen ja virheiden hallintaan on lisääntynyt. Järjestelmä-, hyväksyntä-, yksikkö- ja integraatiotestaus ovat käytössä kaikkien vastaajien edustamissa yrityksissä. Kaikkien vastaajien mielestä regressio- sekä tutkiva- ja ei-funktionaalinen testaus ovat tärkeitä tekniikoita.
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A previously healthy 19 year-old male presented to the hospital with anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Laboratory studies were significant for hypercalcemia (peak calcium value of 14.8 mg/dL) and acute kidney injury (peak serum creatinine of 2.88 mg/dL). He admitted to using a parenteral formulation of vitamins A, D and E restricted for veterinary use containing 20,000,000 IU of vitamin A; 5,000,000 IU of vitamin D3; and 6,800 IU of vitamin E per 100 mL vial. The patient stated to have used close to 300 mL of the product over the preceding year. Interestingly, the young man was not interested in the massive amounts of vitamins that the product contained; he was only after the local effects of the oily vehicle. The swelling produced by the injection resulted in a silicone-like effect, which gave the impression of bigger muscles. Nevertheless, the product was absorbed and caused hypervitaminosis. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was clearly elevated at 150 ng/mL (reference range from 30 to 60 ng/mL), but in most published cases of vitamin D toxicity, serum levels have been well above 200 ng/mL. His PTH level was undetectable and other potential causes of hypercalcemia were excluded. Therefore, we posit that the severity of the hypercalcemia observed in this case was the result of a synergistic effect of vitamins A and D. The patient was treated with normal saline, furosemide and zolendronic acid, with rapid normalization of calcium levels and renal function.
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IoT consists of essentially thousands of tiny sensor nodes interconnected to the internet, each one of which executes the programmed functions under memory and power limita- tions. The sensor nodes are distributed mainly for gathering data in various situations. IoT envisions the future technologies such as e-health, smart city, auto-mobiles automa- tion, construction sites automation, and smart home. Secure communication of data under memory and energy constraints is major challenge in IoT. Authentication is the first and important phase of secure communication. This study presents a protocol to authenticate resource constraint devices in physical proximity by solely using the shared wireless communication interfaces. This model of authentication only relies on the abundance of ambient radio signals to authenticate in less than a second. To evaluate the designed protocol, SkyMotes are emulated in a network environment simulated by Contiki/COOJA. Results presented during this study proves that this approach is immune against passive and active attacks. An adversary located as near as two meters can be identified in less than a second with minimal expense of energy. Since, only radio device is used as required hardware for the authentication, this technique is scalable and interoperable to heterogeneous nature of IoT.
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In any manufacturing system, there are many factors that are affecting and limiting the capacity of the entire system. This thesis addressed a study on how to improve the production capacity in a Finnish company (Viljavuuspalvelu Oy) through different methods like bottleneck analysis, Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE), and Just in Time production. Four analyzing methods have been studied in order to detect the bottleneck machine in Viljavuuspalvelu Oy. The results shows that the bottleneck machine in the industrial area that constraint the production is the grinding machine while the bottleneck machine in the laboratory section is the photometry machine. In addition, the Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) of the entire system of the studied case was calculated and it has been found that the OEE of the Viljavuuspalvelu Oy is 35.75%. Moreover, two methods on how to increase the OEE were studied and it was shown that either the total output of the company should be 1254 samples/shift in order to have an OEE around 85% which is considered as a world class or the Ideal run rate should be 1.45 pieces/minute. In addition, some realistic methods are applied based on the finding in this thesis to increase the OEE factor in the company and in one realistic method the % OEE has increase to 62.59%. Finally, an explanation on how to implement the Just in Time production in Viljavuuspalvelu Oy has been studied.
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Economic growth and foreign liquidity in Brazil after 1970. This paper assesses the relationship between the capital account and the Brazilian economic growth according to balance-of-payments constraint approach. The Thirlwall (1979)'s simple rule is extended to take into consideration capital account and several empirical evidence using time series analysis are shown. Conversely to the simple rule when fitted rates of balance-of-payment equilibrium economic growth average bellow the observed ones, fitted rates of growth using the rule extended to international liquidity are consistently greater than the observed ones. It is fair to conclude that, first, the Brazilian economy grows better during abundant international liquidity and, second, the economy sub utilizes such advantage growing far less than it could grow.
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This paper investigates a topic of the agenda about growth models, emphasizing the elaboration of an external constrained model with endogenous elasticity, with an emphasis on real exchange rate level as main tool for the economic development. The model is anchored in Kaldor, Thirlwall and Barbosa Filho's models and it will demonstrate that external constraint changes in the course of time.
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This dissertation describes an approach for developing a real-time simulation for working mobile vehicles based on multibody modeling. The use of multibody modeling allows comprehensive description of the constrained motion of the mechanical systems involved and permits real-time solving of the equations of motion. By carefully selecting the multibody formulation method to be used, it is possible to increase the accuracy of the multibody model while at the same time solving equations of motion in real-time. In this study, a multibody procedure based on semi-recursive and augmented Lagrangian methods for real-time dynamic simulation application is studied in detail. In the semirecursive approach, a velocity transformation matrix is introduced to describe the dependent coordinates into relative (joint) coordinates, which reduces the size of the generalized coordinates. The augmented Lagrangian method is based on usage of global coordinates and, in that method, constraints are accounted using an iterative process. A multibody system can be modelled as either rigid or flexible bodies. When using flexible bodies, the system can be described using a floating frame of reference formulation. In this method, the deformation mode needed can be obtained from the finite element model. As the finite element model typically involves large number of degrees of freedom, reduced number of deformation modes can be obtained by employing model order reduction method such as Guyan reduction, Craig-Bampton method and Krylov subspace as shown in this study The constrained motion of the working mobile vehicles is actuated by the force from the hydraulic actuator. In this study, the hydraulic system is modeled using lumped fluid theory, in which the hydraulic circuit is divided into volumes. In this approach, the pressure wave propagation in the hoses and pipes is neglected. The contact modeling is divided into two stages: contact detection and contact response. Contact detection determines when and where the contact occurs, and contact response provides the force acting at the collision point. The friction between tire and ground is modelled using the LuGre friction model, which describes the frictional force between two surfaces. Typically, the equations of motion are solved in the full matrices format, where the sparsity of the matrices is not considered. Increasing the number of bodies and constraint equations leads to the system matrices becoming large and sparse in structure. To increase the computational efficiency, a technique for solution of sparse matrices is proposed in this dissertation and its implementation demonstrated. To assess the computing efficiency, augmented Lagrangian and semi-recursive methods are implemented employing a sparse matrix technique. From the numerical example, the results show that the proposed approach is applicable and produced appropriate results within the real-time period.
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The aim of this master's thesis is to develop a two-dimensional drift-di usion model, which describes charge transport in organic solar cells. The main bene t of a two-dimensional model compared to a one-dimensional one is the inclusion of the nanoscale morphology of the active layer of a bulk heterojunction solar cell. The developed model was used to study recombination dynamics at the donor-acceptor interface. In some cases, it was possible to determine e ective parameters, which reproduce the results of the two-dimensional model in the one-dimensional case. A summary of the theory of charge transport in semiconductors was presented and discussed in the context of organic materials. Additionally, the normalization and discretization procedures required to nd a numerical solution to the charge transport problem were outlined. The charge transport problem was solved by implementing an iterative scheme called successive over-relaxation. The obtained solution is given as position-dependent electric potential, free charge carrier concentrations and current densities in the active layer. An interfacial layer, separating the pure phases, was introduced in order to describe charge dynamics occurring at the interface between the donor and acceptor. For simplicity, an e ective generation of free charge carriers in the interfacial layer was implemented. The pure phases simply act as transport layers for the photogenerated charges. Langevin recombination was assumed in the two-dimensional model and an analysis of the apparent recombination rate in the one-dimensional case is presented. The recombination rate in a two-dimensional model is seen to e ectively look like reduced Langevin recombination at open circuit. Replicating the J-U curves obtained in the two-dimensional model is, however, not possible by introducing a constant reduction factor in the Langevin recombination rate. The impact of an acceptor domain in the pure donor phase was investigated. Two cases were considered, one where the acceptor domain is isolated and another where it is connected to the bulk of the acceptor. A comparison to the case where no isolated domains exist was done in order to quantify the observed reduction in the photocurrent. The results show that all charges generated at the isolated domain are lost to recombination, but the domain does not have a major impact on charge transport. Trap-assisted recombination at interfacial trap states was investigated, as well as the surface dipole caused by the trapped charges. A theoretical expression for the ideality factor n_id as a function of generation was derived and shown to agree with simulation data. When the theoretical expression was fitted to simulation data, no interface dipole was observed.
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Contient : 1 Ordonnance de « PHELIPPE » LE BEL, concernant les gages de bataille. 1306 ; 2 Vidimus donné, le 25 octobre 1372, de lettres de « CHARLES » V (« 25 avril 1369 ») et de « MARGUERIETE DE FLANDRES, duchesse de Bourgogne » ( « 27 mars 1368 »), concernant la châtellenie de Lille ; 3 Avis envoyé par le duc de Bourgogne (PHILIPPE LE BON) au roi d'Angleterre (Henri V), sur la conduite à tenir pendant la guerre contre la France ; 4 Avis adressés au duc de Bourgogne (Philippe Le Bon) sur « ce qu'il a à faire pour se maintenir avec le roy et monseigneur le Daulphin ». Trois rédactions différentes ; 5 « Instruction touchant la paix de France et d'Engleterre », datée de Gand, « 10 septembre 1435 » ; 6 Autres Avis sur les précautions à prendre contre les Anglais, après la paix d'Arras ; 7 Autres Avis qui sont la reproduction partielle de ceux déjà indiqués au fol. 16 ; 8 « Advertissemens à correction des choses qui sont necessairement à faire et executer pour le bien du roy et de son royaume de France », écrits en vue du congrès d'Auxerre, en 1432 ; 9 « Advertissement » au duc de Bourgogne, pour le pousser à la guerre contre le roi de France ; 10 Avis au duc de Bourgogne, sur ce qu'il aura « à faire et pourveoir, se Dieux lui donne la grace et volenté de aller à puissance d'armes... sur les desloyaulx incredulles, ou royaulme de Behaigne, que l'en appelle Housses » ; 11 Disposition à prendre pour la bataille à livrer devant « Barsailles » le 17 septembre ; 12 « Instructions des choses que veult qu'on face le roy regent, dont il fault parler à monseigneur le maistre des arbalestriers », suite de questions relatives au service de l'artillerie ; la réponse à chacune de ces questions est en marge ; 13 Compte de fournitures d'artillerie ; 14 Harangue adressée au duc de Bourgogne par un ambassadeur d'Édouard IV, roi d'Angleterre ; 15 Note sur les tailles que le duc de Bourgogne pourrait imposer à ses sujets ; 16 État des secours en hommes et en armes que le duc de Bourgogne peut tirer de ses États de Flandre et d'Artois. — Projet de lettres circulaires pour convoquer les chevaliers, écuyers et hommes d'armes des mêmes pays, et pour demander aux villes des arbalètes et autres engins de guerre ; 17 État des choses nécessaires « pour le secours de la flotte estant presentement à La Rochelle » ; 18 Lettres de sauf-conduit octroyées par PHILIPPE LE BON à Hugues de Launoy, seigneur de Sanctes. « 3 avril 1443 » ; 19 « Lettres de retenue données par le duc JEHAN en faveur de Hugues de Launoy. 15 septembre 1418 » ; 20 Lettres de « PHELIPPE, duc de Bourgoigne », accordant à Antoine, seigneur de Croy, et à Hugues de Launoy, certaines sommes en récompense de leurs services. « 16 avril 1428 » ; 21 Lettres de PHILIPPE, duc de Bourgogne, portant remboursement d'une somme de sept cent nobles, en faveur de Hugues de Launoy. 15 juin 1438. En flamand ; 22 « Mandement par lequel monseigneur le duc JEHAN mande que ung officier soit deporté de son office et constraint à soy mettre avec les hommes de fiefz, ses pers, pour porter bon et loyal tesmoingnage et jugement. 22 mars 1418 » ; 23 « Lettres d'armes » de « JEHAN DE LUXEMBOURG, bastart de St Pol » ; 24 Formule de « Lettres closes envoyées par messeigneurs du conseil, en Flandres, à messeigneurs du grant conseil » ; 25 Formule de requête adressée au duc de Bourgogne par le receveur d'une de ses châtellenies ; 26 Lettres de retenue octroyées par « PHELIPPE, duc de Bourgoigne », à « Regnauldin Loyset, chevaucheur de l'escuirie ». 2 juillet 1430 ; 27 Mandement du même au même. 31 juillet 1430 ; 28 « L'Ordonnance de l'ayde de Zeellande, pour monseigneur de Santes et autres, en flameng ». 27 avril 1439 ; 29 « Mandement par lequel monseigneur le duc a renouvellé les gaiges de monseigneur de Santes comme chief du conseil de Hollande, Zeellande et Frise ». 10 juin 1434 ; 30 Quittance donnée par « ANTOINE DE CROY » à Hugues de Launoy. 26 décembre 1430 ; 31 Lettres de sauf-conduit données par « JAQUES DE HARECOURT,... lieutenant general pour le roy monseigneur le regent ou pays de Picardie », à « Jehan de Harecourt, evesque d'Amiens ». 14 juin 1422 ; 32 Lettres de créance données par JACQUELINE, « comtesse DE HAYNNAUT, HOLLANDE », à Collart Haymin, pour le seigneur de Santes. 20 juillet ; 33 Traité pour la reddition de Melun. 18 novembre 1408 ; 34 Traité pour la reddition de Meaux. 2 mai 1422 ; 35 « Lettres de PHILIPPE, fils du duc de Bourgogne, touchant le nombre des maistres de ses comptes à Lille... 20 février 1414 » ; 36 « Lettres de provision de l'office de maistre des comptes à Toussains Bajart ». 1er septembre 1417 ; 37 Fragment de chronique traitant principalement des faits et gestes du duc de Bourgogne, Jean sans Peur, du 29 avril 1417 au mois d'octobre de la même année ; 38 « Lettres de paix entre monseigneur le Daulphin et le duc Jean de Bourgogne, au Ponceau pres Melun, 11 juillet 1419 » ; 39 « Traictié fait par les commis et deputés de tres haulx... princes le roy de France, et son beau filz, le roy d'Engleterre, heritier et regent de France, avec les commis et deputés de par... les habitans de la ville de Compigne ». 16 mai 1422 ; 40 « Lettres du roy HENRY d'Angleterre sur la plainte à luy faicte par le duc de Bourgogne de quelques navires arrestés... 17 mars 1435 » ; 41 « Plaincte des officiers du duc de Bourgogne pour le retranchement de leurs gages en Hollande... 2 mars 1437 » ; 42 « Du Secours que le duc de Bourgogne envoya à l'empereur de Constantinople à Rhodes. 1440 » ; 43 Lettre de « BERTHELEMY DE JENNES », ministre général de l'ordre des Frères Mineurs « es parties d'Orient », au prieur de St-Jean de Jérusalem, sur les « maulx que les Turcs font aulx chrestiens, et des moyens d'y remedier... Constantinoble, le IIIe de frevier, l'an.MCCCC. et.XLII » ; 44 « Lettres du duc DE BOURGOGNE, par lesquelles il exempte de la loy de justice de l'Escluse, les capitaines et soldats du chasteau. 27 janvier 1439 » ; 45 « Nouvelles de Constantinople et des victoires du blanc vayvode de Hongrie contre les Turcs. 7 déc. 1448 » ; 46 « Narration pour encommenchier et faire unes lettres d'armes. 1449 » ; 47 « Lettres de Frere JEAN DE CAPISTRANO, Cordelier, au duc de Bourgogne », pour l'engager à reconquérir la Terre sainte. « 19 mars 1453 » ; 48 « Instruction de HUE DE LAUNOY, seigneur DE SANTES, sur le mariage d'Adolf de Cleves à la damoyselle de Coymbre, touchant la terre de Ziericxée en Zelande » ; 49 « Instruction pour entreprendre la guerre contre les Hons » ; 50 « Instruction pour combattre les Turs » ; 51 « Instruction pour entreprendre la guerre contre les hereticques de Behaigne » ; 52 Récit des préliminaires du traité de paix entre le duc Philippe de Bourgogne et les Gantois à Gavre; suivi dudit traité. Août 1453 ; 53 « Proposition de l'empereur pour une armée contre les Turcs, avec la response du duc de Bourgogne. 1454 » ; 54 « Lettre du voyage du duc de Bourgogne en Allemagne. 6 juin 1454 » ; 55 « Arrest contre le duc d'Alençon. Octobre 1458 » ; 56 Traduction d'une bulle de PIE II, qui appelle les princes chrétiens à la croisade contre les Turcs. 22 octobre 1463 ; 57 Lettre de « CHARLES DE BOURBON » au duc de Bourgogne sur la guerre du Bien Public. « 15 mars 1465 » ; 58 Lettre du roi « LOYS » XI au duc de Bourbon, pour le prier de venir auprès de lui ; 59 Réponse du duc « DE BOURBON. 24 mars 1464, avant Pasques » ; 60 Récit de la bataille de Montlhéry. 16 juillet 1465 ; 61 « Accors et appointemens faiz par le roy [Louis XI] aux princes. 2 octobre 1465 » ; 62 Lettre du roi « LOYS » XI aux Liégeois, par laquelle il leur fait part dudit accord. 21 octobre 1465 ; 63 « Lettre de deffiance » envoyée par « le gouverneur de Liege au duc de Bourgogne. 28 août 1465 » ; 64 Lettre du « comte DE CHAROLOIS » contre le seigneur de Groy. « 19 mars 1464 » ; 65 Ambassade du roi Louis XI vers le duc de Bourgogne, pour se faire rendre des prisonniers. 6 novembre 1464 ; 66 Lettres déjà citées aux nos 57, 58, 59 ; 67 Traité entre le roi Louis XI et les princes, à St-Maur des Fossés. 28 octobre 1465 ; 68 Autre Traité avec le comte de Charolais, à la suite de la guerre du Bien Public. 5 octobre 1465 ; 69 Déclaration du roi « LOYS » XI, qui adjoint trois prévôtés au bailliage d'Amiens, en faveur du duc de Bourgogne. 13 octobre 1465 ; 70 « Nouvelles du pays de Levant et des Turcs » ; 71 Lettre d'« ANTHOINE DU PAIAGE » sur les Turcs et sur le tribut de quatre mille ducats qu'ils demandent par an au grand maître de Rhodes. « 9 février 1466 » ; 72 Accord entre le duc de Bourgogne et les habitants de Saint-Trond. 2 novembre 1467 ; 73 Récit de ce qui se passa à Péronne entre le roi Louis XI et Charles, duc de Bourgogne. 9 octobre 1468 ; 74 « Prenosticacions pour l'an mil quatre cens soixante neuf » ; 75 « Comment le... roy de Portingal prist et assault la ville de Arzille au paiis d'Aufrique, l'an mil.IIII. C. LXXI » ; 76 Autre pièce relative au même sujet ; 77 Déclaration du duc « CHARLES » DE BOURGOGNE, envoyée à toutes les bonnes villes de France, sur la guerre qu'il entreprend contre le roi Louis XI, pour venger la mort du duc de Guyenne. Juillet 1472 ; 78 Trève entre le roi Louis XI et le duc de Bourgogne. 1472 ; 79 Institution de parlement à Malines par le duc « CHARLES » DE BOURGOGNE. Décembre 1473 ; 80 « La Maniere du siege de la ville de Nuys » par le duc Charles de Bourgogne. Mai 1475 ; 81 Trêve pour neuf ans entre le roi Louis XI et le duc « Charles » de Bourgogne. 13 septembre 1475 ; 82 Manifeste et supplication du « conte DE LINEY » au duc de Bourgogne ; 83 « Relation du seigneur DE GRIBOVAL au roy, de ce qu'il a faict et negotié vers le duc de Bourgogne pour le faict dudict comte de Ligny,... 25 dec » ; 84 « Traicté d'abolition accordé par le comte de Nassau, lieutenant du roy des Romains, aux habitants de la ville de Bruges. 6 dec. 1490 » ; 85 « Protestations contre les ennemis d'enfer, compilées par J. AUBERT » ; 86 « Le Fachon des figures du livre... de Teaudelet » ; 87 Ordonnance de la ville de Lille « sur le fait des sayettes » ; 88 Lettre d'« ANTHONNE DE LA SALLE » à un nouveau religieux ; 89 Autre de « PHILIPPE POT » au même
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Herodotus' logos represents many examples ofthe relationship between political and paradigmatic authority, and the synthesis ofthese examples in a community characterized by free and equal speech. Herodotus' walkabout narrator sets forth an inquiry into knowledge-seeking he extends the isegoria principle from Athenian politics to the broader world. The History demonstrates (a) various modes of constructing meaning, (b) interacting notions ofhow people have lived and living questions as to how we ought to live, and (c) an investigation ofthe nature and limits ofhuman knowledge. Representing diverse wisdom, publicly and privately discovered and presented, Herodotus sets forth Solon's wise advice and law-making, the capital punishment of the learned Anacharsis, the investigative outrages of Cambyses and Psammetichus' more pious experiments. Their stories challenge and complement their communities' characters - the relative constraint under which the Egyptians and Persians make their investigations, the Scythians' qualified openness and the relative fearlessness and freedom in which the Greeks set forth their inquiries. Setting forth the investigator-storykeeper as a poetic historian, Herodotus shows that history as poetry thwarts natural decay by allowing custom to be reformed in an open milieu, and thus win through and survive. Despite the potential dangers that openness shares with tyranny, Herodotus' inquiry sets up a contest ofworld-views in which it is mutability that openness affords a community that ensures its survival.
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The operational sex ratio has long been considered an important constraint on the structure of mating systems. The effects of an experimentally manipulated sex ratio on mating behavior and selection were investigated in a polygynous species, Gryllus pennsylvanicus, where the potential exists for spatial/temporal fluctuations in sex ratio of field populations. Four different sex ratios (males: females, 5:0, 5:2, 5:5, 5:10) were investigated. Observations were conducted in late summer over two field seasons, from 2400 h , to 1000 h EST. Several male characters thought to be associated with male reproduc.tive success were studied: calling duration, searching distance, weight, fighting behavior, courtship frequency, and mating success. Variance in male mating success was used as the indicator for the opportunity for sexual selection. Total selection was estimated as the univariate regression coefficient between relative fitness and the character of interest, while direct selection was estimated as standardized partial regression coefficients generated from a multiple regression of relative fitness on each character. The opportunity for sexual selection was highest at 5:2 and lowest at 5:10. The frequency of fighting behavior was highest at 5:2 and 5:5. Fighting ability (% wins) was determined to be an important correlate of male body weight. Direct selection for increased male body weight was detected at 5:2, while total selection for body weight was seen at 5:5. Selection on male body weight was not detected at 5: 10. Calling duration decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased. Total and direct selection were detected for increased calling at 5:2, only total selection for calling was seen at 5:5, whereas direct selection against calling was detected at 5: 10. Searching distance also decreased as sex ratio became more female-biased, however no form of selection was detected for searching at any of the sex ratios. Data are discussed in terms of sexual selection on male reproductive tactics, the mating system and maintenance of genetic variation in male reproductive behavior.
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The design of a large and reliable DNA codeword library is a key problem in DNA based computing. DNA codes, namely sets of fixed length edit metric codewords over the alphabet {A, C, G, T}, satisfy certain combinatorial constraints with respect to biological and chemical restrictions of DNA strands. The primary constraints that we consider are the reverse--complement constraint and the fixed GC--content constraint, as well as the basic edit distance constraint between codewords. We focus on exploring the theory underlying DNA codes and discuss several approaches to searching for optimal DNA codes. We use Conway's lexicode algorithm and an exhaustive search algorithm to produce provably optimal DNA codes for codes with small parameter values. And a genetic algorithm is proposed to search for some sub--optimal DNA codes with relatively large parameter values, where we can consider their sizes as reasonable lower bounds of DNA codes. Furthermore, we provide tables of bounds on sizes of DNA codes with length from 1 to 9 and minimum distance from 1 to 9.
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The KCube interconnection network was first introduced in 2010 in order to exploit the good characteristics of two well-known interconnection networks, the hypercube and the Kautz graph. KCube links up multiple processors in a communication network with high density for a fixed degree. Since the KCube network is newly proposed, much study is required to demonstrate its potential properties and algorithms that can be designed to solve parallel computation problems. In this thesis we introduce a new methodology to construct the KCube graph. Also, with regard to this new approach, we will prove its Hamiltonicity in the general KC(m; k). Moreover, we will find its connectivity followed by an optimal broadcasting scheme in which a source node containing a message is to communicate it with all other processors. In addition to KCube networks, we have studied a version of the routing problem in the traditional hypercube, investigating this problem: whether there exists a shortest path in a Qn between two nodes 0n and 1n, when the network is experiencing failed components. We first conditionally discuss this problem when there is a constraint on the number of faulty nodes, and subsequently introduce an algorithm to tackle the problem without restrictions on the number of nodes.