Impact of microzooplankton and Calanus sinicus (Brodsky, 1962) on phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea during early summer

Dilution incubations and Calanus sinicus addition incubations were simultaneously conducted at five stations in the Yellow Sea in June of 2004 to evaluate the impact of microzooplankton and Calanus sinicus on phytoplankton based on the Chlorophyll a (Chl-a) levels. The Chl-a growth rates (k) ranged from 0.60-1.67 d(-1), while microzooplankton grazed the Chl-a at rates (g) of 0.29-0.62 d(t-1). The addition of C. sinicus enhanced the Chl-a growth rate (Z) by 0.004-0.037 d(-1) ind.(-1) L. C. sinicus abundance ranged from 84.1-160.9 ind. m(-3), which occupied 90.7%-99.1% of the copepod (> 500 mu m) population. The in-situ increase in phytoplankton by C. sinicus community was estimated to be 0.000 4-0.005 9 d(-1). These results showed that microzooplankton were the main grazers of phytoplankton, while C. sinicus induced a slight increase in the levels of phytoplankton.

Impact of microzooplankton and copepods on the growth of phytoplankton in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea

Dilution and copepod addition incubations were conducted in the Yellow Sea (June) and the East China Sea (September) in 2003. Microzooplankton grazing rates were in the range of 0.37-0.83 d(-1) stopin most of the experiments (except at Station A3). Correspondingly, 31-50% of the chlorophyll a (Chl a) stock and 81-179% of the Chl a production was grazed by microzooplankton. At the end of 24 h copepod addition incubations, Chl a concentrations were higher in the copepod-added bottles than in the control bottles. The Chl a growth rate in the bottles showed good linear relationship with added copepod abundance. The presence of copepods could enhance the Chl a growth at a rate (Z) of 0.03-0.25 (on average 0.0691) d(-1) ind(-1) l. This study, therefore parallels many others, which show that microzooplankton are the main grazers of primary production in the sea, whereas copepods appear to have little direct role in controlling phytoplankton.

Feeding and growth on bivalve biodeposits by the deposit feeder Stichopus japonicus Selenka (Echinodennata : Holothuroidea) co-cultured in lantern nets

Suspension aquaculture of filter-feeding bivalves has been developing rapidly in coastal waters in the world, especially in China. Previous studies have demonstrated that dense populations of filter-feeding bivalves in shallow water can produce a large amount of faeces and pseudofaeces (biodeposits) that may lead to negative impacts on the benthic environment. To determine whether the deposit feeder Stichopus (Apostichopus) japonicus Selenka can feed on bivalve biodeposits and whether the sea cucumber can be co-cultured with bivalves in suspended lantern nets, three experiments were conducted, two in tanks in the laboratory and one in the field. In a 3-month flow-through experiment, results showed that sea cucumbers grew well with specific growth rate (SGR) reaching 1.38% d(-1), when cultured in the bottom of tanks (10 m(3) water volume) where scallops were cultured in suspension in lantern nets. Moreover, results of another laboratory experiment demonstrated that sea cucumbers could survive well on bivalve biodeposits, with a feeding rate of 1.82 +/- 0.13 g dry biodeposits ind(-1) d(-1), absorption efficiency of organic matter in biodeposits of 17.2% +/- 5.5%, and average SGR of 1.60% d(-1). Our longer-term field experiments in two coastal bays (Sishili Bay and Jiaozhou Bay, northern China) showed that S. japonicus co-cultured with bivalves also grew well at growth rates (0.09-0.31 g wet weight ind(-1) d(-1)) depending on individual size. The results suggest that bivalve lantern nets can provide a good habitat for sea cucumbers; and the co-culture of bivalve molluscs with sea cucumbers may provide an additional valuable crop with no additional inputs. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Influence of filtering and biodeposition by the cultured scallop Chlamys farreri on benthic-pelagic coupling in a eutrophic bay in China

In coastal ecosystems, suspension-cultured bivalve filter feeders may exert a strong impact on phytoplankton and other suspended particulate matter and induce strong pelagic-benthic coupling via intense filtering and biodeposition. We designed an in situ method to determine spatial variations in the filtering-biodeposition process by intensively suspension-cultured scallops Chlamys farreri in summer in a eutrophic bay (Sishili Bay, China), using cylindrical biodeposition traps directly suspended from longlines under ambient environmental conditions. Results showed that bivalve filtering-biodeposition could substantially enhance the deposition of total suspended material and the flux of C, N and P to the benthos, indicating that the suspended filter feeders could strongly enhance pelagic-benthic coupling and exert basin-scale impacts in the Sishili Bay ecosystem. The biodeposition rates of 1-yr-old scallops varied markedly among culture sites (33.8 to 133.0 mg dry material ind.(-1) d(-1)), and were positively correlated with seston concentrations. Mean C, N and P biodeposition rates were 4.00, 0.51, 0.11 mg ind.-1 d-1, respectively. The biodeposition rates of 2-yr-old scallops were almost double these values. Sedimentation rates at scallop culture sites averaged 2.46 times that at the reference site. Theoretically, the total water column of the bay could be filtered by the cultured scallops in 12 d, with daily seston removal amounting to 64%. This study indicated that filtering-biodeposition by suspension-cultured scallops could exert long-lasting top-down control on phytoplankton biomass and other suspended material in the Sishili Bay ecosystem. In coastal waters subject to anthropogenic N and P inputs, suspended bivalve aquaculture could be advantageous, not only economically, but also ecologically, by functioning as a biofilter and potentially mitigating eutrophication pressures. Compared with distribution-restricted wild bivalves, suspension-cultured bivalves in deeper coastal bays may be more efficient in processing seston on a basin scale.

Summertime community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago, Shandong Province, China

The community structure of intertidal macrobenthos in Changdao Archipelago (north of Shandong Peninsula, between Bohai Bay and the northern Yellow Sea) was examined based on samples collected from 14 stations in five transects in June 2007. Three stations corresponding to high, medium and low tidal areas were set up for each transect. A total of 68 macrobenthic species were found in the research region, most of which belonged to Mollusca and Crustacea. The average abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos was 1383 ind./m(2) and 372.41 g/m(2), respectively. The use of an arbitrary similarity level of 20% resulted in identification of five groups among the 14 stations in the research region. There were remarkable differences in the biomass, abundance and Shannon-Wiener diversity index of the different sediments. Specifically, the order of biomass was rocky shores > gravel > mud-sand > coarse sand > stiff mud, while the order of abundance was rocky shores > coarse sand > mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud, and that of the diversity index was mud-sand > gravel > stiff mud > rocky shores > coarse sand. The above results revealed that the sediment type was the most important factor affecting the structure of the macrobenthic community of the intertidal zone.

Macrobenthic community structure in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer

On the basis of data collected in the summer of 2006 from 27 sampling stations in the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent waters, the ecological characteristics of macrobenthos and the relationship between the macrobenthos and the environmental factors were studied using hierarchical cluster and non-metric multidimensional scaling ( MDS). The biomass, abundance, Shannon - Wiener's and Margalef' s indices of the macrobenthos were presented. The results showed that a total of 253 maerobenthic species were found in the research region, and most. of them belong to mollusks and polychaetes. The dominant species were Cossurella dimorpha, Eocylichna cylindrella, Episiphon kiaochowwanense, Nassarius semiplicatus, Ocstergrenia variabilis and Sternaspis scutata. The average abundance of the macrobenthos was (313.15 +/- 233.4) ind. / m(2), and the average biomass was (15.2 +/- 11.2) g/ m(2). The distribution patterns of the abundance and biomass of the macrobenthos were similar. The abundance and biomass in the area close to the estuary were lower than those from the area more distant to the estuary; the central part of the research region had higher abundance and biomass than other parts of the research region. In accordance with the results, four macrobenthic communities with distinct spatial differences were identified. The low abundance and biomass in the area close to the estuary should be caused by the high sedimentation rate. The statistical analysis indicated that the depth is the most important factor affecting the distribution of macrobenthos.

La economía solidaria como movimiento social: el caso de REAS-Navarra

El estudio determina las características de la Economía Solidaria, desde la perspectiva de los movimientos sociales, en el marco del análisis de las auditorías de REASNavarra. Se contextualizan mediante revisión bibliográfica las características, tanto de la Economía Social y Solidaria (ESS) como de la Economía Social, y se contrasta con el caso particular de Navarra (España). Para el análisis de dichas auditorías se utilizó un enfoque metodológico longitudinal, resultando del mismo una “foto” representativa del comportamiento de las empresas de REAS-Navarra a lo largo de los años (2009, 2011 y 2013). El estudio concluye que REAS-Navarra, si bien cumple con criterios defendidos desde la Economía Solidaria, presenta debilidades en cuanto a la metodología utilizada para auditar sus empresas, y de los resultados del análisis de las auditorías sociales se desprenden dudas respecto al nivel de autonomía y democracia en estas empresas, lo que puede significar un riesgo para su continuidad.

Informe de capacitación en el oficio de la joyería en diseño y elaboración de productos para la comercialización en mercados nacionales e internacionales en la cadena minería joyería comercialización del departamento de Antioquia.

253 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.

Informe de capacitación en el oficio de la joyería en diseño, y elaboración de productos para la comercialización en mercados nacionales e internacionales, de la cadena de minería joyería comercialización del departamento de Antioquia municipio de Segovia.

15 hojas : ilustraciones.

Informe de capacitación en el oficio de la joyería en diseño y elaboración de productos para la comercialización en mercados nacionales e internacionales de la cadena minería joyería comercialización del departamento de Antioquia.

25 hojas : ilustraciones.

Informe de capacitación en el oficio de la joyería en diseño y elaboración de productos para la comercialización en mercados nacionales e internacionales en la cadena minería joyería comercialización del departamento de Antioquia.

26 hojas : ilustraciones.

A mission theology. Translated by Albert J. LaMothe, Jr.

http://www.archive.org/details/missiontheology013095mbp

A case-control study of airways obstruction among construction workers.

BACKGROUND: While smoking is the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), occupational exposures to vapors, gases, dusts, and fumes (VGDF) increase COPD risk. This case-control study estimated the risk of COPD attributable to occupational exposures among construction workers. METHODS: The study population included 834 cases and 1243 controls participating in a national medical screening program for older construction workers between 1997 and 2013. Qualitative exposure indices were developed based on lifetime work and exposure histories. RESULTS: Approximately 18% (95% CI = 2-24%) of COPD risk can be attributed to construction-related exposures, which are additive to the risk contributed by smoking. A measure of all VGDF exposures combined was a strong predictor of COPD risk. CONCLUSIONS: Construction workers are at increased risk of COPD as a result of broad and complex effects of many exposures acting independently or interactively. Control methods should be implemented to prevent worker exposures, and smoking cessation should be promoted.

Una aproximación a la vulnerabilidad y robustez socio - ecológica de los sistemas ganaderos trashumantes

Desafíos complejos como el desarrollo rural sustentable requieren de la integración de las ciencias sociales y ecológicas, y de un papel activo de las ciencias agropecuarias como interfaz conceptual y metodológica. El objetivo general de la tesis es estudiar la vulnerabilidad y robustez de los sistemas trashumantes en el norte de Neuquén, Argentina, analizando la heterogeneidad de componentes y procesos socio-ecológicos y su relación con factores de disturbio o cambios de contexto, considerando las percepciones de diferentes actores sociales. El estudio incorpora una perspectiva del uso del paisaje basado en el análisis de las redes de movimientos de trashumancia y conectividad entre ambientes a escala regional, en tanto constituye una adaptación a la heterogeneidad espacial y temporal biofísica. Se evaluaron las implicancias de los cambios en la organización y dinámicas sociales promovidos por la urbanización. A su vez, se abordaron las perspectivas sobre amenazas, problemas y oportunidades mediante estudios de las percepciones de los agentes de intervención y los crianceros. La vulnerabilidad y la robustez socio-ecológica en sistemas trashumantes varían espacial y temporalmente, y estuvieron influenciadas por un componente de subjetividad, que dependió del sujeto social indagado. La robustez del sistema trashumante depende de la movilidad como estrategia socio-productiva, y de la flexibilidad y capacidad de adaptación ya no sólo frente a la heterogeneidad biofísica, sino también a cambios de origen social. La dependencia de las redes trashumantes respecto de ciertas zonas o nodos clave y de los servicios ecológicos como principal medio de vida, sugieren una mayor sensibilidad a cambios que afecten dichos nodos. Uno de los principales desafíos a futuro es la construcción de una gobernanza activa y plural y una mayor articulación urbano-rural. Se requieren instituciones flexibles y la gobernanza debiera adaptarse a la dinámica socio-productiva regional, con participación de diferentes actores sociales y perspectivas de acción.

La diversificación de actividades y la asistencia técnica sistemática influyen sobre la estabilidad y productividad de empresas agropecuarias del sudoeste bonaerense

La producción agropecuaria de grandes regiones varía mucho en nivel tecnológico, composición y diversidad de actividades. A su vez, una mayor diversificación podría significar una mayor necesidad de tecnología. Este trabajo propone: - Comparar el impacto de la asistencia técnica sistemática sobre la productividad media y la estabilidad productiva de sistemas de diferente complejidad, lo cual significa determinar la magnitud de la brecha tecnológica. -Determinar la relación entre la estabilidad de la rentabilidad de un conjunto de empresas agropecuarias del sudoeste pampeano y la diversificación y elección de sus actividades. -Estimar las consecuencias físicas y económicas a nivel de Partido Provincial de cerrar la brecha productiva ganadera Se compiló una base de datos físicos y económicos reales de empresas agropecuarias del Sudoeste de la Provincia de Buenos Aires para los años 2000 a 2008, registros de movimientos de ganado vacuno de reparticiones oficiales, estadísticas de producción agropecuaria oficiales y relevamiento del uso de la tierra con sensores remotos. Se encontró que las actividades muy complejas, como la ganadería anidada en sistemas mixtos de General La Madrid (Sudoeste de Buenos Aires) se benefician en mayor medida de la asistencia técnica sistemática que las más simples, como la producción de soja en el mismo distrito y en la Provincia de Santa Fe (96 por ciento versus 8 por ciento y 7 por ciento). Las empresas más diversificadas fueron económicamente más estables. A su vez, aquellas que incluían actividades más estables, como la ganadería, tuvieron mayor estabilidad económica. Si se cerrarra la brecha tecnológioca de la ganadería en General La Madrid se podrían generar nuevos puestos de trabajo en cantidad superior al 5 por ciento de la población económicamente activa. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que algunas actividades y combinaciones de actividades pueden aportar estabilidad económica en el tiempo a las empresas agropecuarias, pero como contrapartida generan una mayor complejidad de los sistemas. Esta complejidad dificulta la adopción tecnológica y causa grandes deficiencias de producción y de empleos. Una estrategia que combine ganadería y diversificación con adecuada asistencia técnica puede brindar seguridad económica con buena rentabilidad a las empresas, y al mismo tiempo mejores consecuencias económicas y sociales para la región.