湖北省近500年区域干湿序列重建及其比较分析

在历史旱涝记载资料可靠性检验的基础上,重建了湖北省3个区域近500年来的干湿气候变化序列,并比较分析了各区域干湿气候变化的趋势特征、准周期性及跃变现象。结果表明:在3个区域中,鄂东区1570~1770、1890~1950年两个时段偏湿,1470~1520、1790~1830年则偏干;鄂北区偏湿时期主要在1470~1530、1710~1750、1850~1910年三个时段,1470~1530、1770~1830年则偏干;鄂西南区有1550~1610、1650~1710、1830~1890、1930~1990

Ethylene polymerization by self-immobilized neutral nickel catalysts bearing allyl groups

[Ni(Ph)(PPh3)(N,O)] complexes containing phenyliminophenolato ligands (N,O) (1: N,O = A; 2: N,O = B; 3: N,O = Q 4: N,O = D; 5: N,O = E) have been synthesized and characterized. The molecular structure of 4 was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. Complexes 2-5 bearing allyl groups have been investigated as self-immobilized catalysts for ethylene polymerization without the use of co-catalysts. The high ethylene polymerization activities of ca. 10(5) g.PE mol(-1) Ni.h(-1) and high molecular weight (M-w approximate to 10(5)) of polyethylene could be accomplished by changing the ligand structures and reaction conditions. The self-immobilization of catalysts brings about a dramatic increase in the catalytic activities of ethylene polymerization.

Spatially-confined crystallization of poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Nanometre-sized poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) particle domains in a confined space were obtained by blending PVDF with excess poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). When these particles were small enough they showed beta -form structure, which was different from the structure of bigger particles or PVDF bulk. However, the beta -form was thermodynamically metastable because it could eventually be transformed to a more stable phase by annealing at a certain temperature. Larger particle domains were of identical phase to the bulk, indicating that small size favours the formation of the beta -form. (C) 2000 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effects of molecular weight and interaction parameter on the glass transition temperature of polystyrene mixtures and its blends with polystyrene/poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide)

The glass transition temperature (T-g) of mixtures of polystyrene (PS) with different molecular weight and of blends of poly(2,6-dimethyl-p-phenylene oxide) (PPO) and polystyrene with different molecular weight (DMWPS) was studied by a DSC method. For the whole range of composition, the curves of T-g vs composition obtained by experiment were compared with predictions from the Fox, Gordon-Taylor, Couchman and Lu-Weiss, equations. It was found that the experimental results were not in agreement with those from the Fox, Gordon-TayIor and Couchman equations for the binary mixtures of DMWPS, where the interaction parameter chi was approximately zero. However, for the blends PPO/DMWPS (chi < 0), with an increase of molecular weight of PS, it was shown that the experimental results fitted well with those obtained from the Couchman, Gordon-Taylor and Fox equations, respectively. Furthermore, the Gordon-Taylor equation was nearly identical to the Lu-Weiss equation when \chi\ was not very large. Further, the dependence of the change of heat capacity associated with the glass transition (Delta C-p) on the molecular weight of PS was investigated and an empirical equation was presented. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.

STRUCTURE OF THIAMINE BROMIDE SESQUIHYDRATE

3-[(4-Amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)-methyl]-5-hydroxyethyl-4-methylthiazolium bromide sesquihydrate, C12H17N4OS+.Br-.1.5H2O, M(r) = 372.28, monoclinic, P2(1)/a, a = 11.676 (2), b = 24.819(7), c = 12.344 (3) angstrom, beta = 113.74(2)-degrees, V= 3274 (1) angstrom3 , Z = 8, D(x) = 1.51 g cm-3 (Mo Kalpha) = 0.71069 angstrom, mu = 26.2 cm-1, F(000) = 1528, T 293 K, R = 0.062 for 2720 observed reflections. Both the independent thiamine molecules A and B in the asymmetric unit adopt the common F conformation. A bromide anion is held by four neighbouring thiamine molecules through C(2)-H...Br hydrogen bonds and Br ... thiazolium-ring electrostatic interactions. Another bromide anion (or a water molecule) bridges the pyrimidine and thiazolium moieties of molecule A (or B) through a hydrogen bond with the amino group and an electrostatic interaction with the thiazolium ring.

牙鲆生长相关性状遗传力估计

遗传力是数量遗传学的重要参数，对鱼类良种选育具有重要意义。可靠的遗传力估计值可以为合理制定育种计划提供宝贵信息，同时可以预测选择反应。本文按照10×3因子设计方法，10尾雄鱼与3尾雌鱼两两授精，产生10个父系半同胞、3个母系半同胞及30个全同胞家系，以微卫星分子标记为家系鉴定手段，对40日龄牙鲆生长相关性状遗传力进行了估计；同时，初步探讨了因子交配设计及人工控制条件下，亲本对子代遗传贡献率差异及有效群体大小。主要结论包括：1.初步筛选的14个微卫星位点中，有9个（Po91、Po1、Po56、Po20、Poli23、Po89、Poli121、Po42、Po13）在亲本中呈现中、高度多态性：平均等位基因9.4个；平均亲本特异性等位基因4个。用5个位点（Po91、Po1、Po56、Po20、Poli23）为346个子代中的227个个体找到所属家系；继续用另外4个位点（Po89、Poli121、Po42、Po13）分型，成功鉴定72个个体。鉴定率约86%，其中，亲本特异性等位基因的存在使鉴定效率大大提高。以上9个位点可为该群体良种选育工作提供技术支持。2. 发生降解的DNA与完整的DNA，在相同引物、相同PCR体系、相同模板浓度下扩增的带型一致。该结果证实了微卫星分型对降解的DNA同样稳定。3. 亲本对子代的遗传贡献率存在差异。雄亲的贡献率为5.8—14.3%，除3号、9号子代数较少，5号、6号子代数较多外，其它父本基本一致；母本对子代的贡献率差异较大（18.5%—50.6%），这与人工授精前雌亲发育状况、卵子质量检测结果基本一致，在一定程度上说明，母本尤其是卵子质量对鱼类早期存活具有较大影响。4. 家系内子代数目的不平衡导致实际有效群体大小下降。Ne=7.44，比理论有效群体大小（9.23）下降约19%。但与自然交配相比（有效群体下降可达75%），人工控制下的交配在一定程度上可有效限制遗传多样性的下降。5. 基于父本方差组分，40日龄生长相关性状遗传力估计值（h2s±S.E.）为（0.157±0.052）－（0.440±0.137）。加性遗传方差在表型方差中所占的比例，在一定程度上表明该牙鲆群体生长性状具有一定的选择力度。

潮间带纤毛虫原生动物和小型底栖动物生态学研究

微型和小型底栖动物是底栖微/小食物网的重要构成。相对浮游生态系统, 迄今国际间对底栖食物网的认知极为欠缺。这一方面是由于微型生物形态和功能上的复杂性和多样性, 另一方面原因在于研究方法的障碍—主要是微型和小型底栖动物的定量提取和定性分析。本研究首先进行了方法学改良, 并应用新方法对底栖微食物网的重要功能类群—纤毛虫原生动物和小型底栖动物进行了不同生境的周年按月采样, 定性及定量研究的同时, 联系环境因子对微型和小型底栖生物的环境监测进行了探讨。 微型和小型底栖生物的定量研究首先涉及到目标生物在沉积物中的有效提取, 目前硅胶液提取是普遍使用的方法, 其中Ludox液主要应用于小型生物, 它不但价格便宜而且比重合适, 因此在常规生态研究中被广为接受。不过, Ludox易与于海水中的阳离子产生凝结而无法直接用于微型生物; 目前唯一直接应用于微型生物提取的是Percoll硅胶液, 但其昂贵的价格使其在常规生态研究中受到极大限制。本研究以价格低廉的Ludox 硅胶液结合定量蛋白银染色 (QPS) 技术开发了一种新的方法, 即Ludox-QPS法。主要流程为: 样品采集与固定、淘洗/稀释降盐、Ludox密度梯度离心、过滤浓缩和琼脂包埋, QPS染色、永久封片及鉴定计数。添加已知数量的纤毛虫至无生物底泥的重获实验表明, 该密度梯度离心的提取率大于94%; 该方法对自然沉积物中纤毛虫的提取率达97.6%, 对沙质、泥沙质和泥质中海洋线虫的提取率分别达97%、96.9% 和97.8%。对比实验表明, 经QPS制片获得的小型动物的丰度和类群数量与传统方法相当或更高, 尤其当小个体虫体占优势时, 该法显示出较传统方法 (导致数量低估) 更为明显的定量优越性。该方法除用于纤毛虫和小型动物的定量分析外, 还具有较高的分类分辨率, 染色后的纤毛虫原生动物大多类群可鉴定到属, 部分可鉴定到种, 以此可在群落水平上研究其生态作用。 根据新开发的Ludox-QPS技术, 在大沽河潮间带依据盐度梯度选定2个站位 (IIQ和营海) 进行了周年按月采样, 对底栖纤毛虫和小型底栖动物进行了定量研究。纤毛虫原生动物在IIQ和营海的年平均丰度分别为2236 inds./10 cm2 和935 inds./10 cm2 (28 inds./ml 和12 inds./ml), 平均生物量分别为119.1 gC/10 cm2和54.2 gC/10 cm2 (1.5 gC /ml 0.7 gC/ml)。丰度的季节变化趋势为: 春天 > 秋天 > 夏天 > 冬天。垂直分布上, 在营海分布于表层0-0.5 cm 的比例为57.1%, 分布于0.5-2 cm、2-4 cm和4-8 cm比例分别为23.1%、11.4% 和8.5%; 13个月中除12月份外, 4-8 cm均有一定数量的纤毛虫分布; 而在IIQ, 97% 的纤毛虫分布在0-0.5 cm, 分布在0.5-2 cm、2-4 cm和4-8 cm比例分别为2.4%、0.4%和0.2%, 4-8 cm的分布只发生在春季和秋季。纤毛虫的多样性季节变化明显, 春秋季物种丰富, 两个站点每毫升沉积物的平均物种数分别为18和6。Two-Way Crossed ANOSIM 分析表明纤毛虫群落在月份间和站点间的差异极其显著。Pseudochilodonopsis sp., Chilodontopsis sp., Euplotes sp.及Prorodon sp.是表征两个生镜中纤毛虫群落的主要类群。 同时, 发现了14个小型生物类群, 其中线虫在IIQ和营海的丰度优势度分别为97.4% 和78.6%。小型动物在IIQ和营海的年平均丰度分别为4793 inds./10 cm2和8915 inds./10 cm2 (60 inds./ml和111 inds./ml), 其生物量分别为1068.8 gC /10 cm2和1790 gC /10 cm2 (13.4 gC/ml和22.4 gC/ml)。小型底栖动物的丰度在IIQ的季节变化为: 夏季 (7888 inds./10cm2) > 秋季 (5447 inds./10cm2) > 春季 (3731 inds./10cm2) > 冬季 (2780 inds./10cm2); 在营海则完全相反: 冬季 (15579 inds./10cm2) > 春季 (10691 inds./10cm2) > 秋季 (6611 inds./10cm2) > 夏季 (4667 inds./10cm2)。小型底栖动物和纤毛虫的相对重要性存在明显的区域和季节差异。 纤毛虫原生动物、小型动物及环境因子的相关分析表明, 纤毛虫的丰度和多样性与温度和盐度及有机质含量显著相关, 与小型动物没有显著相关性; 群落结构分析表明, 温度、有机质和小型动物的丰度的组合与纤毛虫群落丰度的相关系数为0.345; 盐度、脱镁叶绿素、有机质和小型动物生物量的组合与纤毛虫群落多样性的相关系数为0.403。依据海洋线虫和桡足类的比值 (N/C) 推测, IIQ 可能存在严重的有机污染, 营海则存在明显的季节波动, 8月和9月及2月可能是污染最严重的季节, 这种状况在纤毛虫群落结构的CLUSTER聚类中得到验证。虽然目前尚没有形成有关微型底栖生物-纤毛虫原生动物的污染检测的直接依据, 但本研究说明纤毛虫群落的确对环境污染具有一定的感应度, 而且这种感应和利用小型生物的主要类群估算的污染检测 (N/C) 存在一定程度的关联。 90年代早期有关青岛湾有机污染带的研究表明, 经彻底截污后, 其环境状况向良性发展。进一步了解该湾的健康状况, 2006.5-2007.5月对该湾沙质和泥沙质的小型动物进行周年按月采样。小型动物在泥沙质和砂质沉积物中的年平均丰度分别为4853 ± 1292 inds./10 cm2和1528 ± 569 inds./10 cm2; 年平均总生物量分别为1434.1 ± 897.0 gC /10cm2和720.7 ± 353.8 gC/10cm2。沙质底小型生物的丰度季节波动明显, 6月份和12月份最高, 3月份和9月份最低; 泥沙质季节波动不明显, 6月份最高。两个站点均有48%的小型动物分布在0-0.5 cm 表层, 海洋线虫在表层的分布比例分别为48% (泥沙质) 和34% (砂质)。共检获14个小型动物类群, 其中线虫在泥沙质和砂质沉积物中的年平均丰度分别4619 ± 1255 inds./10cm2和1014 ± 376 inds./10cm2, 其丰度优势度分别为95.2%和66.4%。其它在丰度上占优势的类群, 泥沙质依次为多毛类 (1.5%)、甲壳幼体 (1.5%) 和桡足类 (0.7%); 沙质依次为: 甲壳类幼体 (12.6%)、腹毛类 (8.3%) 和 桡足类 (6.2%)。CLUSTER聚类分析表明, 泥沙质和和砂质中小型生物的丰度组成具有64%的相似性。BIOENV分析表明, 温度、盐度、中值粒径和粘土粉砂含量的组合最能解释不同月份之间和不同站位间的差异, 其相关系数为0.614。依据小型生物的丰度和类群组成, 表明泥沙质底尚存一定的有机污染。

迟缓爱德华氏菌基因组fosmid文库的构建、opp基因簇的克隆及aroA基因缺失突变株的构建

本研究构建了迟缓爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella tarda)LSE40 基因组fosmid文库，该文库共包含2 500个克隆，插入片段平均大小为33.6kb，文库总容量约84Mb，覆盖E.tarda LSE40基因组（按5Mb计算）超过16倍。随机挑取1 000个fosmid克隆进行双末端测序共得到1 741条高质量的序列，序列平均长度546 bp，全长949 997bp，约为E.tarda基因组的19％。将这些序列提交到KEGG自动注释服务器KAAS对所得序列进行代谢途径分析，得到E.tarda LSE40的KO (KEGG Orthology) 注释。分析结果表明，与代谢途径相关的基因有932条序列，与环境信息处理相关基因283条，与遗传信息处理相关基因220条，与细胞进程和人类疾病相关的基因分别为64条和16条。同时将序列进行BlastX，按照微生物致病性共同主题找到61个毒力相关基因。Fosmid文库的建立和部分基因组序列的生物信息学分析为进一步研究E.tarda LSE40的致病机制、代谢机制和生理生态机制提供了丰富的物质基础。 通过比较基因组的方法，从E.tarda LSE40 fosmid文库克隆到编码寡肽透过酶的opp基因簇，该基因簇全长6 741bp，含有5个ORF，依次编码OppA-B-C-D-F 5个蛋白；位于oppA和oppB的间隔区和oppF之后的非编码区各有一个茎环结构，推测分别为oppA和opp基因簇的转录终止子。以细菌OppA的保守结构域SBP_bac_5构建系统发生树，结果显示E.tarda LSE40与同属细菌E.ictaluri的亲缘关系最近，与肠杆菌科细菌的亲缘关系较近，与革兰氏阳性细菌的亲缘关系较远，表明OppA的SBP_bac_5结构域可作为细菌分类鉴定的依据。 从E.tarda LSE40 fosmid文库克隆aroA基因全序列，该序列全长1 287bp，编码428个氨基酸，与鲶鱼爱德华氏菌(E. ictaluri)氨基酸相似性在94%，与其他肠杆菌科菌如Escherichia coli和Yersinia enterocolitica相似性在73%-74%。通过In-frame deletion构建了E.tarda LSE40 aroA缺失突变株。与野生型相比，aroA突变株的半数致死量LD50提高了62倍。在牙鲆接种~106cfu/ml的E.tarda细菌时，接种野生型细菌的牙鲆在6天内全部死亡，濒死鱼的细菌数达7.97×108cfu/ 100mg；而接种aroA突变株的牙鲆没有出现死亡，28天后检测不到细菌的存在。实验结果为进一步评价aroA突变株作为减毒活疫苗打下了基础。

复杂地质条件下高精度地震勘探技术研究与应用-以泌阳凹陷为例

In order to carry out high-precision three-dimensional "integration" for the characteristics of the secondary seismic exploration for Biyang Depression, in the implementation process, through a combination of scientific research and production, summed up high-precision seismic acquisition, processing and interpretation technologies suitable for the eastern part of the old liberated areas, achieved the following results: 1. high-precision complex three-dimensional seismic exploration technology series suitable for shallow depression Biyang block group. To highlight the shallow seismic signal, apply goal-based observing system design, trail from the small panel to receive and protect the shallow treatment of a range of technologies; to explain the use of three-dimensional visualization and coherent combination of full-body three-dimensional fine interpretation identification of the 50-100 m below the unconformity surface and its formation of about 10 meters of the distribution of small faults and improve the small block and stratigraphic unconformity traps recognition. 2. high-precision series of three-dimensional seismic exploration technology suitable for deep depression Biyang low signal to noise ratio of information. Binding model using forward and lighting technology, wide-angle observation system covering the design, multiple suppression and raise the energy of deep seismic reflection processing and interpretation of detailed, comprehensive reservoir description, such as research and technology, identified a number of different types of traps. 3. high-precision seismic exploration technology series for the southern Biyang Depression high steep three-dimensional structure. The use of new technology of seismic wave scattering theory and high-precision velocity model based on pre-stack time migration and depth migration imaging of seismic data and other high-precision processing technology, in order to identify the southern steep slope of the local structure prediction and analysis of sandstone bedrock surface patterns provide a wealth of information.

水热条件下钾长石碱性分解反应机理的实验研究

It is well known that our country is short of water-soluble potassium, but rich in insoluble potassium ores. Based on the work of the formers, using the orthogonal and monofactor experiments, the author optimized the production technology of micro-porous potassium silicon calcium mineral fertilizer by non-stirring hydrothermal chemical reaction when the alkaline earth booster CaO was available. The influences of temperature、time、reactant ratio and water-solid ratio on the dissolution rate of production’s elements were studied by orthogonal experiments, and the production technology was further optimized by monofactor experiments. By XRD、SEM、EDS and dissolving experiments, it was systematically studied that the effects of the reactant ratio、reaction time and reaction temperature on the properties of the production obtained by the hydrothermal reaction between KAlSi3O8 and CaO. The results showed that：when changing of the reaction condition, the reaction productions included tobermorite、 hibschite、α-C2SH and K2Ca(CO3)2; among which, K2Ca(CO3)2 was not the first production containing potassium, but K2Ca(CO3)2 was synthesized by the reaction among KOH、Ca(OH)2 and CO2. Whether the phase was synthesized was related to not only the reaction condition, but also their physicochemical properties; when the reaction condition was changed, the changes of different phases were different. The results of XRD and dissolution rate experiments explained the dissolution characteristic of every element of hydrothermal productions very well, and the relation between the dissolution rate of element and the phase of productions poured a good illumination on the production technology. The results of SEM and EDS showed that: hydrogarnet looked like spherical, and its surface was covered by some productions including K phase and Ca、Si phase; but the morphology of tobermorite was platy or lamellar or needlelike, and parts of Si in the structure of tobermorite were substituted by Al，and some K+ cations were inserted into the Ca interlayer of tobermorite at the same time. It was the first time that the interface between KAlSi3O8 and Ca(OH)2 was observed directly by SEM and EDS after the hydrothermal reaction, and the mechanism of hydrothermal reaction of KAlSi3O8 and Ca(OH)2 was further discussed. These results indicated that: the Ca-KAlSi3O8 intermediate compound was formed at first, and some K was released into the solution and KOH was produced at the same time; the C-S-H phase appeared before hydrogarnet, and then hydrogarnet was synthesized when the chemical reaction was carried on; if the reaction was carried on furthermore, α-C2SH、tobermorite and other C-S-H phases of different atom ratio appeared. The author found that the structure of KAlSi3O8 would be more drastically destroyed if there were some reactants, such as Ca(OH)2 which reacted with KAlSi3O8 and new phases were formed after the hydrothermal reaction between KAlSi3O8 and alkaline solution of equal ionic strength was finished. With the combination of calcination and hydrothermal reaction methods, the dissolution rate of products were greatly improved when the hydrothermal reaction was carried out after KAlSi3O8 and CaCO3 were calcined. Furthermore, the author has tentatively explored how to evaluate the effects of the differences of the activity of lime on the dissolution properties of hydrothermal products.

贵州凉风洞石笋的古气侯记录与古生态环境意义

自20世纪60年代以来，探索全球性气候变化规律和环境变迁史的研究工作在世界各国广泛开展。大规模的深海岩芯的研究、中国北方黄土的系统研究、大型湖泊沉积岩芯的研究及对树木年轮、泥炭、珊瑚、冰芯等“自然环境历史档案”开展的研究工作，都为重建古气候和古生态环境提供了大量的资料。洞穴化学沉积物（石笋）由于其特有的微层结构及其内的稳定氧、碳同位素和微量元素所蕴含的古气候与古生态环境信息，并且具有分布广、时间长、信息保存完整等特点，因此，它是研究地球环境变化很好的自然环境历史档案。本论文通过对凉风洞洞穴体系的综合研究和对凉风洞石笋（微层）生长特征及石笋的碳、氧稳定同位素组成的研究，系统探讨了贵州凉风洞石笋的古气候记录和古生态环境意义，得出以下主要结论：1，地表植被的类型及生物量等信息可综合反映于洞穴体系的不同组．分（气样、土样、水样）中。而洞穴的水动力条件也能很好的被洞穴滴水中所含微量（常量）元素记录。根据分析，洞穴综合体系对外界气候与生态环境的响应关系存在一定规律性。通过对比说明，我们所选的凉风洞基岩的溶蚀和缓冲对水体中的信息影响不大，即洞穴滴水较好的继承了土壤水所携带的地表气候与生态环境信息，是理想的研究对象。2．凉风洞石笋具有多个沉积旋回，不同沉积旋回的纹层组合及纹层结构存在一定的差异，指示不同的沉积环境。根据年龄数据判断，旋回①至旋回⑧之间年龄跨度为1570-8000 aBP，以呈缓平顶（柱）对称叠复状的沉积形态组合为主，示洞顶滴水量较大，滴水点相对稳定，且均匀，与全新世较为稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律相一致。旋回⑧以下至底部石葡萄状沉积物之上部分之间年龄跨度为8000-14220 aBP，期间经历末次冰期晚期向全新世大暖期过渡，受诸如新仙女木事件（Younger Dryas）等的影响，气候变化幅度大，且经历多次反复，石笋生长的沉积学特征表现为斜锥（柱）、尖顶锥不对称叠复纹层组合，示洞顶滴水水量较小但变化较大，且洞穴滴水不稳（固）定。与此时间段内不稳定的气候与环境变化的主旋律也相一致。3．凉风洞石笋上段微层具有典型南方石笋微层发育的特性：微层发育较差，层面多弯曲，层间界面模糊等。下段因为沉积间断较多、风化层面厚及受到若干时段内碳酸钙重结晶而导致晶体穿插层位生长的影响，尽管在某些层位有微层发育，但无法对石笋微层作连续观察记录。根据高精度的石笋TIMS、ICP-MS测年数据和在显微镜下所数石笋微层数量的对比，扣除若干个沉积间断及风化层导致的微层缺失，以及显微镜下肉眼对细小微层计数的误差，我们认为，凉风洞石笋微层是年生长层的可能性较大。4，由于部分测年数据仍在测试中，目前无法精确控制石笋中沉积间断的存在导致的信息缺失，因此，我们仅仅根据部分石笋测年数据，建立了凉风洞石笋在不同时段的生长速率。全新世以来石笋的生长速率在22μm／yr-51μm／yr之间，明显高于末次冰期晚期向全新世过渡这一时间段内的石笋生长速率（16μm／yr）。这些数据间接印证了石笋生长响应于外界气候，尤其是降雨的变化。5．通过对洞穴体系的综合分析对比，我们判断凉风洞洞穴综合体系相对完整，洞穴化学沉积物的6先值较为直接的响应了土壤c压的61t值变化，即反映了地表的植被（c3植物和c；植物）的组成状况。贵州地区降雨80％集中在5-10月份，在此期间，基本受西南季风和东亚季风所控制。西南季风盛行时贵州各地的降雨频繁，是一年中雨量最集中的时期，在东亚季风影响时期，贵州多晴少雨，往往形成干早的天气。又西南季风控制区大气降雨创的值的加权平均值明显低于东亚季风控制区大气降雨δ18O值的加权平均值。因此，贵州地区年均降雨量和年均降雨δ18O值主要取决于西南（印度洋）季风的强弱：西南季风加强，降雨量增加，年均降雨剐、值偏负；西南季风减弱，降雨量减少，年均降雨δ18O值偏正。洞穴滴水的6旧O值变化基本继承了大气降水的别勿值变化。因此，对地处我国西南地区贵州南部的凉风洞，源于洞穴滴水的凉风洞石笋的别勺值变化直接响应了外界的大气降雨量的变化和西南季风与东亚季风相互的强弱交替。6．对凉风洞石笋碳、氧同位素组成的时间序列曲线作20点移动平均，发现，特别是进入全新世后，石笋的引3c值和扩、值几乎具有完全一致的同步变化，只是在变化幅度上在某些时段存在差异。说明在凉风洞石笋反映的14220-1570 aBP时间段内，尤其是10500-1570 aBP期间，本区域气候具有雨热（或干冷）同期的气候特征：在气温较高时间段，西南季风增强，气候湿润多雨，更有利于地表。植物的生长。气温降低时，随着东亚季风增强，西南季风减弱，气候干旱少雨，地表C；植物的生长占有一定的比例。据此重建和恢复了本地区14220-1570 aBP期间的古气候和古生态环境：（1）．14220-10500aBP，处于末次冰期晚期，气温较低。凉风洞石笋此时段的司、值都大于-9.8‰，最小值为-9.31‰，最大值达-7.290‰，平均值为-8.552‰。说明凉风洞洞穴地表的生长植被。植物占有一定的组分，石笋的δ18C值受C3植物和C4植物的共同影响。此时段内石笋6、值也存在一定的波动（-5.651‰－6.942‰），考虑到末次冰期晚期先全新世过渡期间气温变幅较大，O'Neil等（1969）所建立的氧同位素平衡分馏方程中的温度变化已不能忽略，并且大气降雨的温度效应作用也比较明显，因此我们对此时段的季风和大气降雨量的变化不作讨论。（2）. 10500-9300 aBP，新仙女木事件结束，进入全新世，气温逐渐回升。凉风洞石笋此时段的扩3c值大都小于-9.8‰，最小值为-10.377‰，最大值为-9.267‰，平均值为-9.910‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被已逐渐由C3植物占主导。此时段石笋δ18C值明显卜降，最小值为-7.420‰，最大值为-6.077‰，平均值为-6.854‰。反映在全新世早期夏季风盛行，降雨量较大，西南季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率大。（3）．9300-8300 aBP，经历一段明显温度波动变化。仟3c值在-9.8‰上下波动，最小值为-10.155‰，最大值为-9.096‰，平均值为-9.712‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被C4植物所占比例存在反复。此时段石笋岁a0值变化幅度不是很大，最小值为-6.796‰，最大值为-6.260‰，平均值为-6.490‰。受冬季风影响，夏季风有一定的减弱，总体降雨量一般，东亚季风对本地区全年降雨贡献率比全新世初期有所增大。（4）．8300-3l000BP，俗称全新世大暖期，此时段全球气温明显回升，石笋δ18C值总体逐渐降低，最小值为-n．926编，平均值为-10.496‰。凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本由C3植物所控制。但在扩飞值总体逐渐降低的趋势一F，也存在若干扩3c值明显增大时段，如7700-6700 aBP时段，61七值最大值达-8.110‰，地表C4植物所占比例已不能忽略。此时段石笋6150值变化幅度较大，最小值为-7.373‰，最大值为-5.047‰，平均值为-6.261‰。反映在全新世大暖期的大背景下西南季风和东亚季风的交替以及大气降雨量的变化存在较大的波动，说明了季风气候的不稳定性。（5）．3100-1570 aBP，在3100aBP前后，凉风洞石笋的δ18C值和δ18O值均急剧上升，标志进入晚全新世。此时段气温变幅很大，δ18C值总体虽然仍偏低，平均值为-10.275‰，但刻畜介于-6.495-12.097‰之间；δ18C值平均值为-6.184‰，变幅介于-4.677-8.65‰之间，均超过以往任何时段。此时段凉风洞洞穴地表植被基本上仍然由C。植物所控制，始于3100 aBP的急速降温事件使得在全新世晚期开始时段C4植物所占比例有一定的上升。此时段内西南季风和东亚季风反复多次交替，大气降雨量存在较大幅度的变化，说明了季风气候在此时段的很不稳定性。对于169于巧70 oBP百年时间段内石笋的δ18C值和司、值巨大幅度的急剧升高，有待进一步研究，也不排除石笋表层长期裸露受外界污染所致。

Preparation and characterization of palladium-based composite membranes by electroless plating and magnetron sputtering

Pd and Pd-Ag (24 wt.%) alloy composite membrane were prepared by electroless plating and magnetron sputtering, respectively. The membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and H-2 permeation measurement. Commercial microfiltration ceramic membrane were coated with gamma-Al2O3-based layer by the sol-gel method and used as substrate of Pd and Pd-Ag alloy film. Both the as-prepared membranes were shown: to be He gas-tight at room temperature with a thickness of <1 mu m. Permeation results showed that H-2 permeation through these composite membranes is mainly dominated by the surface chemistry of H-2 on or/and in the membranes. The membranes exhibited a high permeation rate of H-2 and a H-2/N-2 permselectivity of higher than 60 in the optimized operation conditions. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.