Molecular diversity of Brazilian strains of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2)

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) is associated with a broad range of syndromes. In this study, eight pig tissue samples from two Brazilian states were analyzed using six PCR primer pairs amplifying a 1705-bp fragment of the PCV-2 genome. The NJ distance-based method was used for the phylogenetic analysis with the eight field strains herein, 15 GenBank sequences and using PCV-1 as an out-group. This yielded two major clusters (A and B) for this viral species, with the Brazilian strains segregating with European and Asian sequences. Nucleotide identity was 99.7 to 100% among the sequences. This information can be used in further studies of pathogenesis related to PCV-2 in Brazil. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Linking policies for biodiversity conservation with advances in behavioural economics

Global biodiversity loss and its consequences for human welfare and sustainable development have become major concerns. Economists have, therefore, given increasing attention to the policy issues involved in the management of genetic resources. To do so, they often apply empirical methods developed in behavioral and experimental economics to estimate economic values placed on genetic resources. This trend away from almost exclusive dependence on axiomatic methods is welcomed. However, major valuation methods used in behavioral economics raise new scientific challenges. Possibly the most important of these include deficiencies in the knowledge of the public (and researchers) about genetic resources, implications for the formation of values of supplying information to focal individuals, and limits to rationality. These issues are explored for stated-preference techniques of valuation (e.g., contingent valuation) as well as revealed preference techniques, especially the travel cost method. They are illustrated by Australian and Asian examples. Taking into account behavioral and psychological models and empirical evidence, particular attention is given to how elicitation of preferences, and supply of information to individuals, influences their preferences about biodiversity. Policy consequences are outlined.

Influence of endodontic sealers on the bond strength of carbon fiber posts

Objective: The aim of this study was to verify the influence of endodontic sealers on the bond strength of an adhesive system and a resin cement used for carbon posts cementation. Methods: Thirty extracted human premolars were instrumented and randomly divided into three groups according to the tested sealer: EndoFill, Sealapex, or EndoREZ. Specimens were stored at 37 degrees C. After 48 h, half of specimens were prepared to receive the post and the others after 7 days. The posts were cemented with Adper Single Bond/Rely X ARC and stored in distilled water at 37 degrees C for 7 days. After this period, the specimens were sectioned in three slices (coronal, middle, and apical). The push-out test was performed in a universal machine and the debonded area was examined in a stereomicroscope. Results: Data were submitted ANOVA and Tukey test (alpha = 0.05). The EndoFill showed lower bond strength than other sealers (p < 0.01). The EndoREZ sealer was statistically greater than other groups for coronal and middle portions and similar for apical portion (P > 0.05). Coronal and middle portions showed the best results for all groups, mainly when the canal preparation was performed after 48 h (p < 0.01). Mixed failure occurs with more frequency (55.6%) followed by failure in adhesive-dentin interface (34.4%) and adhesive-post interface (10.0%). Conclusion: The use of EndoREZ sealer promoted higher bond strength in root coronal and middle portions when carbon post was fixed with a resin cement. (C) 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Design of a polyepitope construct for the induction of HLA-A0201-restricted HIV 1-specific CTL responses using HLA-A*0201 transgenic, H-2 class IKO mice

HLA-A*0201 transgenic, H-2D(b)/mouse beta2-microglobulin double-knockout mice were used to compare and optimize the immunogenic potential of 17HIV 1-derived, HLA-A0201-restricted epitopic peptides. A tyrosine substitution in position 1 of the epitopic peptides, which increases both their affinity for and their HLA-A0201 molecule stabilizing capacity, was introduced in a significant proportion, having verified that such modifications enhance their immunogenicity in respect of their natural antigenicity. Based on these results, a 13-polyepitope construct was inserted in the pre-S2 segment of the hepatitis B middle glycoprotein and used for DNA immunization. Long-lasting CTL responses against most of the inserted epitopes could be elicited simultaneously in a single animal with cross-recognition in several cases of their most common natural variants.

Genetic variability in cultivated common bean beyond the two major gene pools

It is generally accepted that two major gene pools exist in cultivated common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), a Middle American and an Andean one. Some evidence, based on unique phaseolin morphotypes and AFLP analysis, suggests that at least one more gene pool exists in cultivated common bean. To investigate this hypothesis, 1072 accessions from a common bean core collection from the primary centres of origin, held at CIAT, were investigated. Various agronomic and morphological attributes (14 categorical and 11 quantitative) were measured. Multivariate analyses, consisting of homogeneity analysis and clustering for categorical data, clustering and ordination techniques for quantitative data and nonlinear principal component analysis for mixed data, were undertaken. The results of most analyses supported the existence of the two major gene pools. However, the analysis of categorical data of protein types showed an additional minor gene pool. The minor gene pool is designated North Andean and includes phaseolin types CH, S and T; lectin types 312, Pr, B and K; and mostly A5, A6 and A4 types alpha-amylase inhibitor. Analysis of the combined categorical data of protein types and some plant categorical data also suggested that some other germplasm with C type phaseolin are distinguished from the major gene pools.

Capital social: conceitos e contribui????es ??s pol??ticas p??blicas

Por meio da discuss??o cr??tica dos principais conceitos, o texto explora as contribui????es que a operacionaliza????o de capital social poderia aportar ??s pol??ticas p??blicas. H?? uma rede que pode ser fortalecida ou mesmo criada visando ao empoderamento das pessoas para que possam interferir nas decis??es p??blicas, melhorar a qualidade de vida e otimizar os efeitos das pol??ticas p??blicas. Esse potencial vem sendo ressaltado em ??reas como desenvolvimento social, mercado de trabalho, integra????o de imigrantes, multiculturalismo e diversidade, juventude, preven????o de crimes, sa??de, comunidades ind??genas e participa????o c??vica.

O ter e o ser : representações sociais da adolescência entre adolescentes de inserção urbana e rural

Fundamentando-se na Teoria das Representações Sociais este trabalho analisa como adolescentes de diferentes inserções sociais representam a adolescência e dão sentido ao período em que vivem. Participaram desse estudo 360 adolescentes entre as idades de 14 e 23 anos: 180 (90 do sexo feminino e 90 do sexo masculino) residentes em região urbana, estudantes de escola particular, localizada em bairro considerado de classe média alta e alta, e 180 (90 do sexo feminino e 90 do sexo masculino) residentes em uma região rural e que estudam em escola agrotécnica pública. Os resultados indicaram que a adolescência para os dois grupos está ancorada na percepção tradicional da adolescência como fase universal e transitória. Ocorre, entretanto, uma diferenciação de acordo com os elementos culturais presentes nos grupos. Dessa forma, verificamos formas diferentes de vivenciar a adolescência, corroborando assim, a tendência mais recente que propõe a adolescência como uma condição construída historicamente.

Estratégias de enfrentamento do cotidiano conjugal

Este estudo analisa estratégias de enfrentamento para a manutenção do casamento, utilizadas por mulheres casadas há mais de 15 anos e pertencentes a estratos econômicos médio e alto, para superação ou minimização de conflitos do cotidiano conjugal. Foram entrevistadas 20 mulheres utilizando roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada. As entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas utilizando-se a análise do discurso. Neste artigo analisaram-se as estratégias de ação referida pelas entrevistadas. Entre as mulheres prevaleceu o uso de estratégias diretas (oito), indiretas (quatro mulheres) ou o uso combinado de estratégias diretas e indiretas (oito mulheres). Entre seus maridos, as entrevistadas indicaram o uso de estratégias diretas (treze homens) ou uso combinado de estratégias diretas e indiretas (duas). Em cinco casos enfatizou-se o uso de estratégia indireta, principalmente o silêncio ou o adiamento da busca de solução dos problemas. A estratégia caracterizou-se como uma esperança projectual dessas mulheres de atingirem a superação da condição distópica na direção utópica. A desistência desse jogo implica a adoção de estratégias que assegurem um padrão de comunicação paradoxal no qual os cônjuges ao mesmo tempo que comunicam, evitam comunicar.

Problemas no casamento : uma análise qualitativa

O presente trabalho objetiva identificar e analisar os tipos de problemas vividos no casamento referidos por mulheres casadas há mais de 15 anos e pertencentes a estrato econômico médio e alto residentes na Grande Vitória, Espírito Santo. Foram entrevistadas 20 mulheres utilizando roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturada. As entrevistas, gravadas e transcritas, foram analisadas utilizando-se a análise do discurso. Foram relacionados dois grupos de problemas: os problemas referidos pelas entrevistadas e os problemas identificados pelas pesquisadoras. Os problemas refletem as mudanças ocorridas no cenário social que, ao incidirem sobre o casamento, resultam em alterações nas expectativas sociais quanto ao projeto de relação afetivo-sexual. De um projeto marcado por sua durabilidade assegurada mesmo antes do casamento, as novas formas de conjugalidade apontam para o caráter distópico das relações na qual a premissa de sua durabilidade é contestada mesmo antes do início do relacionamento.

Mapping the Obama administration's response to the Arab Spring

When the Arab Spring broke out, the United States was in a quandary over how to handle the crisis in its attempt to balance its moral obligations and ideals without undercutting its strategic interests and those of its close allies. Flaws in US diplomatic approach have contributed to one of the most serious foreign policy crisis for a US administration to date with consequential upheaval and erosion of the US-built balance of power. The reactions and policy responses of the Obama administration highlight the difficulties in grasping with the new reality in the Middle East and in enunciating a policy platform that could combine American interests and values.

Collecting system percutaneous access using real-time tracking sensors: first pig model in vivo experience

Purpose: Precise needle puncture of the renal collecting system is an essential but challenging step for successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We evaluated the efficiency of a new real-time electromagnetic tracking system for in vivo kidney puncture. Materials and Methods: Six anesthetized female pigs underwent ureterorenoscopy to place a catheter with an electromagnetic tracking sensor into the desired puncture site and ascertain puncture success. A tracked needle with a similar electromagnetic tracking sensor was subsequently navigated into the sensor in the catheter. Four punctures were performed by each of 2 surgeons in each pig, including 1 each in the kidney, middle ureter, and right and left sides. Outcome measurements were the number of attempts and the time needed to evaluate the virtual trajectory and perform percutaneous puncture. Results: A total of 24 punctures were easily performed without complication. Surgeons required more time to evaluate the trajectory during ureteral than kidney puncture (median 15 seconds, range 14 to 18 vs 13, range 11 to 16, p ¼ 0.1). Median renal and ureteral puncture time was 19 (range 14 to 45) and 51 seconds (range 45 to 67), respectively (p ¼ 0.003). Two attempts were needed to achieve a successful ureteral puncture. The technique requires the presence of a renal stone for testing. Conclusions: The proposed electromagnetic tracking solution for renal collecting system puncture proved to be highly accurate, simple and quick. This method might represent a paradigm shift in percutaneous kidney access techniques

Collecting system percutaneous access using real-time tracking sensors: first pig model in vivo experience

Purpose: Precise needle puncture of the renal collecting system is an essential but challenging step for successful percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We evaluated the efficiency of a new real-time electromagnetic tracking system for in vivo kidney puncture. Materials and Methods: Six anesthetized female pigs underwent ureterorenoscopy to place a catheter with an electromagnetic tracking sensor into the desired puncture site and ascertain puncture success. A tracked needle with a similar electromagnetic tracking sensor was subsequently navigated into the sensor in the catheter. Four punctures were performed by each of 2 surgeons in each pig, including 1 each in the kidney, middle ureter, and right and left sides. Outcome measurements were the number of attempts and the time needed to evaluate the virtual trajectory and perform percutaneous puncture. Results: A total of 24 punctures were easily performed without complication. Surgeons required more time to evaluate the trajectory during ureteral than kidney puncture (median 15 seconds, range 14 to 18 vs 13, range 11 to 16, p ¼ 0.1). Median renal and ureteral puncture time was 19 (range 14 to 45) and 51 seconds (range 45 to 67), respectively (p ¼ 0.003). Two attempts were needed to achieve a successful ureteral puncture. The technique requires the presence of a renal stone for testing. Conclusions: The proposed electromagnetic tracking solution for renal collecting system puncture proved to be highly accurate, simple and quick. This method might represent a paradigm shift in percutaneous kidney access techniques.