Retórica periodística para un golpe de estado: del derrocamiento de Jamil Mahuad al de Abdalá Bucaram

Los derrocamientos de Abdalá Bucaram (febrero 1997) y Jamil Mahuad (enero 2000) son los primeros acontecimientos políticos en Ecuador que trascienden como sucesos mediáticos. Sin embargo, los tiempos, productos y funciones desarrollados por los mass-media revelan diferencias en esos dos acontecimientos políticos. ¿A qué obedece la distinta manera en que los mass-media socializaron ambos acontecimientos? ¿Por qué una movilización popular fue aclamada en 1997 y otra semejante es estigmatizada en 2000? ¿Por qué los media reaccionaron con formas opuestas a los mandatos de Mahuad y Bucaram? En búsqueda de respuestas, esta investigación se centra en cuatro tipos de retóricas periodísticas. La agenda mediática, analizada en el primer capítulo desde el discurso informativo, da cuenta de la (de )construcción de las imágenes presidenciales. La dramatización de la noticia, estudiada en el segundo capítulo a partir del discurso simbólico, abre camino para observar los factores que generaron climas de opinión favorables a las movilizaciones que auspiciaron ambos derrocamientos, al tiempo que propendieron a limitar la presencia del pueblo y sus demandas. Desde la retórica política-policial, el tercer capítulo ubica los efectos del ritmo informativo sustentado en la transmisión en vivo y en directo, que redujo movilizaciones y golpes de Estado a espectáculos mediáticos. En el cuarto capítulo, los reportajes y recopilaciones realizados en los días posteriores a cada golpe, permiten describir los efectos del discurso académico y precisar cómo se entretejieron los recuerdos y amnesias requeridos por la dominación. La investigación arriba a la conclusión de que los mass-media cumplen funciones que rebasan el campo de la información, incursionando en espacios que se suponían privativos del sistema de partidos políticos.

La revolución tecnológica en los medios de comunicación y los desafíos del derecho y la democracia (Tema Central)

El presente artículo aborda el impacto de la transformación tecnológica y los nuevos instrumentos de la teleinformática en los medios de comunicación masiva. La forma como se han estructurado las transnacionales mediáticas a partir del uso de instrumentos como la web, el software o el podcasting y los riesgos que su exceso conlleva respecto de la democracia al imponer sus intereses económicos y culturales por encima del interés del individuo, el interés público, la intimidad y el honor. Todo lo cual plantea nuevos desafíos al derecho y la protección de los derechos del individuo.

Bestsellers pornográficos: hábitos lectores, arquetipo literario y representación del cuerpo en la obra literaria de Hernán Hoyos

Esta tesis investiga la obra pornográfica del escritor colombiano Hernán Hoyos que, a grandes rasgos, se trata de una serie de crónicas, reportajes, novelas, testimonios y anecdotarios que versan sobre el acto sexual. Su obra literaria se inscribe en el espacio urbano de la ciudad de Cali, durante el periodo de 1962 a 1995. Debido a la prolijidad de sus personajes, de los referentes y los modos de vida que allí se recrean su obra resulta, entre otras razones, una lectura clave para la comprensión de la cultura popular de esa temporalidad. El primer capítulo está dedicado a reflexionar sobre la noción del arquetipo en, tal vez, el libro más reconocido del autor El Tumbalocas(1972). En este apartado se posibilita un análisis sobre el tipo de recreación que se hace del arquetipo del seductor sin descanso: ‘Don Juan’. De allí que se dé importancia a los valores, expectativas e imaginarios que circularon en la novela a través de este arquetipo literario. El segundo capítulo, por otro lado, parte de una reflexión sobre la vida cotidiana y un acercamiento a lo que hemos denominado ‘los espacios para el placer’ en la década de 1960. Esto con la finalidad de comprender no solo el contexto en el que se desenvuelven los libros pornográficos de Hoyos sino, también, para entender el clima de permisividad que comportó la sociedad caleña de la época. En este capítulo se hace una incursión al tipo de representación del cuerpo en la obra del escritor, de allí que, más adelante, se realice una lectura desde la noción del ‘carnaval’ propuesta por Mijail Bajtin. Por último, el tercer capítulo brinda un acercamiento a los avatares culturales de la ciudad de Cali, su tecnificación, los mass media y, en general, los nuevos ritmos que empezaron a cargar de significados y nuevas expectativas a la sociedad de la época. Como extensión de la cultura urbana predominante, se realiza una reflexión sobre los hábitos lectores que incitaron los libros pornográficos.

Lo público y lo estatal en la comunicación de masas

Los estudios sobre mass-media tienden a suponer que un medio de comunicación estatal es o debe ser, por su determinación de propiedad, un medio público y, bajo esta segunda denominación, acumulan características que parten de distintas definiciones de lo público y también de diferentes conceptos de Estado. Este ensayo explora cuatro elementos distintos en la forma como los medios de comunicación de propiedad estatal se articulan a los procesos de control ideológico que posibilitan la reproducción de las relaciones de poder y que suponen formas específicas de concebir al Estado y a lo público: medios con administración gubernamental, servicio o bienes públicos, espacios de participación ciudadana, productos de la globalización. Se concluye en que la construcción de lo público no tiene vínculo directo con la propiedad del medio. La determinación no está en la discrepancia entre lo privado y lo público, como tampoco debe buscársela entre lo privado y lo estatal, sino en la naturaleza de clase que conduce al Estado y sus formas de reproducción ideológica.

La cultura del entretenimiento en la televisión un análisis de caso de la popularidad y la recepción del programa showmatch

El propósito fundamental de este trabajo fue que a través de un análisis de la cultura de entretenimiento en la televisión, se estudió un caso específico relacionado con la popularidad y la recepción del programa Showmatch, conducido por el presentador argentino Marcelo Tinelli, donde se abordaron varios temas que cotidianamente se presentan en dicho programa. Los contenidos del estudio tienen varias aristas, se refieren a la popularidad y la recepción del programa en un sector determinado de la población quiteña. Otro de los tópicos tratados es el entretenimiento y el consumo que producen estos programas televisivos en la gente y como afectan en sus emociones y sensibilidades, logrando identificarse con sus actores y su conductor. Es importante el tratamiento que se da al carisma y popularidad del presentador de televisión, Marcelo Tinelli y su influencia dentro de la sociedad argentina y sus repercusiones en Sudamérica. La investigación tiene dos capítulos, que habla entre otras cosas, del desarrollo cultural, los mass media, la televisión, el consumo, la recepción, el entretenimiento, indicadores de estudio, características del programa en cuestión, etc., todo ello, tomando en cuenta la opinión de varios autores. El objetivo de mostrar una mirada desde el campo académico a los entretelones de un programa de televisión muy popular en Argentina y que tiene una apreciable audiencia en la ciudad de Quito, se cumplió porque se evidencia el comportamiento de la audiencia y sus reacciones ante un producto comunicacional enmarcado dentro de la cultura popular. Productos de este tipo se presentan a diario en los medios de comunicación a nivel nacional e internacional, unos con mejor producción que otros, (Showmatch se caracteriza por una gran producción) aunque los contenidos no varíen demasiado y por eso la importancia del estudio.

Considering the normative, systemic and procedural dimensions in indicator-based sustainability assessments in agriculture

This paper develops a framework for evaluating sustainability assessment methods by separately analyzing their normative, systemic and procedural dimensions as suggested by Wiek and Binder [Wiek, A, Binder, C. Solution spaces for decision-making – a sustainability assessment tool for city-regions. Environ Impact Asses Rev 2005, 25: 589-608.]. The framework is then used to characterize indicator-based sustainability assessment methods in agriculture. For a long time, sustainability assessment in agriculture has focused mostly on environmental and technical issues, thus neglecting the economic and, above all, the social aspects of sustainability, the multifunctionality of agriculture and the applicability of the results. In response to these shortcomings, several integrative sustainability assessment methods have been developed for the agricultural sector. This paper reviews seven of these that represent the diversity of tools developed in this area. The reviewed assessment methods can be categorized into three types: (i) top-down farm assessment methods; (ii) top-down regional assessment methods with some stakeholder participation; (iii) bottom-up, integrated participatory or transdisciplinary methods with stakeholder participation throughout the process. The results readily show the trade-offs encountered when selecting an assessment method. A clear, standardized, top-down procedure allows for potentially benchmarking and comparing results across regions and sites. However, this comes at the cost of system specificity. As the top-down methods often have low stakeholder involvement, the application and implementation of the results might be difficult. Our analysis suggests that to include the aspects mentioned above in agricultural sustainability assessment, the bottomup, integrated participatory or transdisciplinary methods are the most suitable ones.

On the troublesome relationship of feminism and terrorism: representing the female terrorist in contemporary art

This paper analyses tendencies in debates about cultural representations of terrorism to assume that artists make critical interventions, while the mass media circulates stereotypes. Some recent feminist analyses of female terrorist acts have re-instituted essentialist arguments in which violence and terrorism is described as inherently masculine, while women are by nature pacifist, so that femininity is the antithesis of militarism. More progressive analyses mostly tend to expose the circulation of stereotypes and their gender bias, in order to protest the misrepresentation of women in violence. These analyses do not construct alternative accounts. Through an analysis of two works by artists Hito Steyerl and Sharon Hayes, the paper argues that some of the moves to re-image the question of women, violence and agency have already been made in contemporary art practices. Through analysing legacies of terrorism and feminism, it becomes possible to rethink the question of agency, militancy and the nature of political art. The paper appears in an edited interdiscplinary collection arising from a conference at Universität der Bundeswehr in Munich. It relates to wider projects involving collaborations with Birkbeck and Edinburgh on representations of terrorism and on violence and contemporary art.

Ontology modeling for generation of clinical pathways

Purpose: Increasing costs of health care, fuelled by demand for high quality, cost-effective healthcare has drove hospitals to streamline their patient care delivery systems. One such systematic approach is the adaptation of Clinical Pathways (CP) as a tool to increase the quality of healthcare delivery. However, most organizations still rely on are paper-based pathway guidelines or specifications, which have limitations in process management and as a result can influence patient safety outcomes. In this paper, we present a method for generating clinical pathways based on organizational semiotics by capturing knowledge from syntactic, semantic and pragmatic to social level. Design/methodology/approach: The proposed modeling approach to generation of CPs adopts organizational semiotics and enables the generation of semantically rich representation of CP knowledge. Semantic Analysis Method (SAM) is applied to explicitly represent the semantics of the concepts, their relationships and patterns of behavior in terms of an ontology chart. Norm Analysis Method (NAM) is adopted to identify and formally specify patterns of behavior and rules that govern the actions identified on the ontology chart. Information collected during semantic and norm analysis is integrated to guide the generation of CPs using best practice represented in BPMN thus enabling the automation of CP. Findings: This research confirms the necessity of taking into consideration social aspects in designing information systems and automating CP. The complexity of healthcare processes can be best tackled by analyzing stakeholders, which we treat as social agents, their goals and patterns of action within the agent network. Originality/value: The current modeling methods describe CPs from a structural aspect comprising activities, properties and interrelationships. However, these methods lack a mechanism to describe possible patterns of human behavior and the conditions under which the behavior will occur. To overcome this weakness, a semiotic approach to generation of clinical pathway is introduced. The CP generated from SAM together with norms will enrich the knowledge representation of the domain through ontology modeling, which allows the recognition of human responsibilities and obligations and more importantly, the ultimate power of decision making in exceptional circumstances.

Öppna arenor och slutna rum : några kommunikationskonsulter i Dalarna ser på opinionsbildning

Syftet med denna uppsats är att ta reda på hur lokala kommunikationskonsulter i Falun/Borlänge-regionen ser på opinionsbildning via professionella konsulter. De centrala begrepp som avhandlas är PR, opinionsbildning och lobbying.Den teoretiska ram som omger undersökningen består av de teoribyggen som skapats av Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig och Larsåke Larsson. Habermas ställer sig tveksam till den demokratiska nyttan av professionell opinionsbildning, Grunig är mer positiv och Larsson ser både för- och nackdelar med PR-verksamheten. Larssons undersökning av opinionskonsulter från 2005 refereras också.Undersökningen bygger på intervjuer med ett antal kommunikationskonsulter verksamma i Falun och Borlänge. Den lokala marknaden för opinionsbildande uppdrag diskuteras, men också huruvida politiska uppdrag förser byråerna med politisk färg. Huruvida medarbetarnas engagemang är viktigt och hur hög statusen på opinionsbildande uppdrag är ventileras, samt vilka arbetsmetoder som används. Intervjuerna behandlar också förekomsten av lobbying på lokal nivå. Till slut redogör de intervjuade för sin syn på hur opinionsbildning, PR och lobbying via konsulter påverkar demokratin.Under slutsatser diskuteras resultatet i relation till den teoretiska ramen. Att PR- och reklambranscherna alltmer växer samman och att opinionsbildning är ett vanligt inslag i många projekt är ett faktum som också skymtat fram i den teoretiska ramen. Men reklam- och PR-metoder integreras också i politiken, på gott och ont. Följaktligen växer den gråzon som finns mellan de olika typerna av kommunikation och mellan opinionsbildande och icke-opinionsbildande uppdrag. Det försvårar gränsdragning och tydlighet, men skapar nya kreativa möjligheter.Att den ökade användningen av kommunikationskonsulter kanske kan bidra till en orättvis fördel för resursstarka organisationer diskuteras. Ny teknik, t.ex. Internet, kan dock eventuellt vara den motvikt som gör det möjligt även för resurssvaga grupper att höras i det offentliga samtalet. Kommunikation som maktfaktor tas även upp utifrån termer som lobbying och medias dagordningsfunktion.Några aspekter av den outnyttjade potential som PR har ventileras också. PR som metod är en outnyttjad resurs på det lokala planet, något som kan bero både på okunskap hos de lokala kunderna och ett traditionellt arbetssätt hos byråerna. Utifrån intervjusvaren framkommer att både byråerna, deras kunder och media på landsorten skulle gynnas av ett större samarbete.Resultaten av intervjuerna stöder mycket i den teoretiska ramen, medan somligt förkastas. Som sammanfattning kan sägas att opinionsbildning via konsulter kan användas för både gott och ont. Vilket som blir resultatet handlar som oftast om etik, ansvar, öppenhet och professionalitet.ABSTRACTThe primary target for this report is to find out how communication consultants in the region of Falun and Borlänge views the practice of establishing public opinions by using professional public relations consultants. The concepts in focus are PR, the moulding of public opinion and lobbying.The theoretical framework surrounding this report is the writings by Jürgen Habermas, James E. Grunig and Larsåke Larsson. Habermas has doubts as to the democratic use of professional consultants working with public opinions, Grunig has a somewhat more positive approach and Larsson sees both advantages and disadvantages in a democratic sense with the PR industry. Larssons research concerning consultants working with the moulding of public opinions from 2005 is also reviewed. The research is carried out by interviewing some communication consultants working in the Falun /Borlänge- area. The local market for commissions concerning public opinions is discussed, but also if and how political commissions are forcing a political stamp upon the firms engaging in such commissions. The importance of personal commitment in the consultants and the level of prominence commissions concerning public opinion has in the business is discussed, but also which methods is used and preferred. The interviews also deal with the practice of lobbying in the local arena. Finally the participants state their views on how the moulding of public opinion, PR and lobbying effects the democracy. Conclusively, the result is put in relation to the theories earlier mentioned. The public relations market is merging with the advertising business, that is a fact, and establishing public opinion is a common element in a lot of projects. But methods used for advertising and PR are also integrated in the political sphere, for good and bad. That has made the distinction between different kinds of communication harder, thereby enhancing the difficulties of establishing boundaries and achieving clarity. Yet at the same time it facilitates new creative opportunities.The growing use of communication consultants may contribute to unfair advantages for organisations with large economic resources. New technical development though, such as the Internet for example, may prove to simplify communication for groups with lesser economic power. Communication as an aspect of power is being discussed in terms of lobbying and the agenda setting power of media.Some aspects of the unused potential that lies within PR are also in focus in this report. PR as a method is an unused resource in the local market, which can be due to the local clients lack of knowledge but also to the traditional work carried out by the communication firms. The findings of the interviews show that both communication firms, their clients and the local media would benefit from greater cooperation.The theoretical base in this work is mostly supported by the interviews, though a few of the findings does not agree. The moulding of public opinions by professional consultants can be used for both good and bad. What the result will be is, not surprisingly, a question of ethics, responsibility, openness and professionalism.

En beskrivning av informationsmiljö därdatumstyrda förhållanden råder : En fallstudie av en myndighet och dess informationsmiljö med rättsakter

In this study a case study was conducted at the Transport Agency. The government agency is seeking better alternatives to its current ways of keeping track of important dates stated in legal documents. The agency wants to explore the possibility for an IT-solution for keeping track on those dates. In the case study change analysis was conducted on the vehicle type approval process. Qualitative interviews were conducted with a section manager, vehicle type and component approvers, and with a system administrator and a system manager at the Transport Agency in Borlänge. The study describes an information environment in an organization in which date-controlled conditions apply and challenges with such an environment.The study also provides a proposal for designing an IT-solution for such an environment. The result that emerged showed that the information environment in terms of the legal documents and the institutions’ (EU and UNECE) websites where they are distributed is challenging for keeping track on dates. The challenges of the websites are that they are limited and complicated in terms of information search. The challenges with the legal documents are that date-controlled conditions apply. In other words, the dates themselves determine which dates and what applies and not. The legal documents are also many, retroactive, refer to each other and contain regulations for different kinds of areas, which makes difficult to find the relevant dates. The design proposal that emerged was made based on the existing IT environment at the Transport Agency. It was proposed that important key concepts are identified, categorized and realized in a database with searchability on the most important common concepts as denominators, and that it the information conforms with E-message. The developed database was based on date, date type, vehicle category, legal document, minor version and other info. A web interface was created in ASP.NET and C # for access to the database, with the message that a webbbased IT-solution should be considered.

Using locally available components and local knowledge to build sustainable stand-alone power systems

The aim of this paper is to point out benefits as well as disadvantages associated with the use of locally available, not necessarily standardized, components in stand-alone electrical power systems at rural locations. Advantages and challenges arising when the direct involvement in design, construction and maintenance of the power system is reserved to people based in the area of implementation are discussed. The presented research is centered around one particular PV-diesel hybrid system in Tanzania; a case study in which technical and social aspects related to the particular power system are studied.

Learning in and through drama : The necessity to use multiple theoretical perspectives in order to understand how learning takes place in drama

The complexity of learning implies that learning seldom is about just one thing. It can be said that learning processes are interdisciplinary. Within educational contexts, learning is not limited to constructed school subjects. In drama education, learning is simultaneously about drama as aesthetic expression and content because drama always is about something. The mainly focus can be on form, content or social aspects. The different aspects are always present, but may be more or less foreground or the background depending on the purpose of education. How do development concerning understanding of form, content, and social interaction, interact in a learning process in drama? My research is based on the view that learning at the same time takes place as an individual, internal process and a socially situated, inter-subjective process. Can learning in drama imply learning that can be transferred between different situations, a transformative learning and if so, how? Transformative learning includes cognitive, affective and corporal and social action aspects and means that the individual's frames of reference are transformed, evolved, to become more insightful and flexible which implies a change of personality. It leads to an integrated knowledge that can be applied in different contexts.   In the paper that will be presented at the conference, theories about how we learn in drama will be discussed in relation to my empirical research concerning drama and learning.