(Table II, page 668-669) Distribution of elements between minerals soluble in 1M Hydroxylamine hydrochloride (Reducible); in 1m HCL (Acid-soluble) and in the insoluble residue of manganese nodules

Attempts to classify pelagic sediments have been based either on appearance and composition, or on the ultimate origin of the components. In particular it appears feasible to distinguish minerals which crystallized in sea-water from those which formed in magmas, in hydrothermal solution, or by weathering under acidic conditions. It is the case of iron and manganese oxide mineral aggregates which constitute one of the major types of rock encountered on the ocean floor; according to Menard (unpublished) about 10% of the pelagic area of the Pacific is covered by such nodules. The nodules consist of intimately intergrown crystallites of different minerals among those identified, besides detrital minerals and organic matter, are opal, goethite, rutile, anatase, barite, nontronite, and at least three manganese oxide minerals of major importance. Arrhenius and Korkisch (1959) have attempted to separate from each other the different minerals constituting the nodules, in order to establish the details of their structure and the localization of the heavy metal ions. The results demonstrate (Table II) that copper and nickel are concentrated in the manganese oxide phases concentrated in the reducible fraction. Cobalt, part of the nickel and most of the chromium are distributed between these and the acid-soluble group of the non-manganese minerals, dominated by goethite and disordered FeOOH.

(Table 2, page 1182) Partial composition of manganese encrustations from Gulf of Aden

Manganese encrustations from two adjacent sampling sites in the Gulf of Aden display markedly different compositional characteristics. The enrichment of manganese, and consequent depletion of iron and a series of trace elements, in the manganiferous crusts from Sta. 6243 is attributed to the diagenetic remobilisation of manganese within the sediment column and the resultant enrichment of this element in the encrustations from this station. Molybdenum, and possibly nickel, appear to show similar migration characteristics. Submarine vulcanism does not appear to play any significant role in controlling nodule composition within the area.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from R.R.S. "Discovery" Cruise 2 stations

This report gives a comprehensive general description of the scientific activities of Cruise 2 of R. R. S. 'Discovery'. These were largely geological and geophysical and were part of the British contribution to the International Indian Ocean Expedition. In addition to the thirteen geophysicists and geologists on board, there were five scientists involved in ocean chemistry, temperature measurements and ornithology making continuous observations - their accounts are also included. The report of a geological expediton ashore in the Seychelles is given in section 6.

Annotated record and chemical analyses of a polygenetic manganese nodule (slab) from the Scott Plateau, Indian Ocean (core VA-16-13KD)

A large manganese nodule (manganese slab) was dredged from 2100 m on the Scott Plateau by R.V. Valdivia in 1977. It is an irregular ellipsoid, with a maximum dimension of 28 cm, parallel to the sea floor. Chemical analyses show that Mn and Fe proportions are comparable, and total Ni + Cu + Co content averages 0.7%. The nodule has a complex growth history which started with radial upward growth leading to coalescing into a continuous crust. The crust was coated with horizontal layers. After fracturing and infilling of cracks with calcareous sediment, further layers encased the nodule.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from the H.M.S. Penguin expedition to the Coral Sea

The analyses of the samples from the Balfour Shoal show that these deposits contain a very large quantity of carbonate of lime, ranging from 88.7 per cent, on the summit to 71.9 per cent, in the deeper water at the base of the cone. The decrease in the quantity of carbonate of lime with increase of depth is not quite regular; still, a general fall in the percentage of lime is clearly indicated from shallower to deeper water. As might be expected in such a circumscribed area, there is a great uniformity both in the chemical composition and relative abundance of the organic and inorganic constituents of the deposits. In all cases the carbonate of lime is almost wholly made up of the dead shells which have fallen from the surface waters - belonging to Plankton organisms such as Pteropods, Heteropods, pelagic Foraminifera and coccoliths. The calcareous shells were in very many cases discoloured brown or black by depositions of the peroxide of manganese. On the north-east steep side of the Balfour Shoal there were indications that depositions of manganese peroxide were more abundant than elsewhere. In 1645 fathoms, there was an angular fragment of a mottled yellowish jasper coated with manganese peroxide, and in 1570 fathoms there were three characteristic spherical black manganese nodules from one-half to three-fourths of an inch in diameter, quite similar to those procured by the Challenger in many areas of the Pacific and Atlantic. In one of these nodules the nucleus was a sub-angular fragment of a light-coloured augite-granophyre.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from DSDP Site 162, Leg 16 (Cores 16-162-1, 16-162-2, 16-162-8, 16-162-9 and 16-162-15)

DSDP 162 is located due north of DSDP 161 on the lower west flank of the East Pacific Rise about 3900 km west of the crest. It is in the Clarion-Clipperton block, about 80 km south of the Clarion Fracture Zone. The site lies at the extreme northern edge of the zone of thick sediments that parallels the equator in the Pacific and marks the region of high biological productivity.

(Table 1, page 119) 10Be and 9Be concentrations in manganese nodules of the Pacific Ocean

The usefulness of cosmogenic beryllium-10 (half life = 2.5 Ma) for studying the rates of accumulation of ferromanganese nodules is reported based on its measured depth distribution in the top 20 mm of these deposits. Accumulation rates have been obtained in the range of 1 to 4 mm/Ma, which are in good agreement with rates determined using the 230Th method on the same nodules. The use of 10Be offers promise in extending the dating to the outer few cm of the nodules. This contrasts with conventional methods using 230Th and 231Pa isotopes which, due to their comparatively short half lives, are limited to a few mm at the surface of the nodules. Detailed studies of 10Be in the manganese deposits coupled with other trace element analyses should prove valuable in understanding the processes of formation of these deposits and the chronology of events recorded by them.

Seawater carbonate chemistry and egg production, hatching and metabolic rates of a Mediterranean copepod species (Acartia clausi) in a laboratory experiment

This study includes the first information on the combined effect of low pH and raised temperature on egg production rate (EP), hatching success (HS), excretion and respiration of the Mediterranean copepod Acartia clausi. Adult individuals of A. clausi and fresh surface seawater were collected at a coastal station in Saronikos Gulf during April 2012. Four different conditions were applied: two different pH levels (present: 8.09 and future: 7.83) at two temperature values (present: 16°C and present+4 °C= 20°C). EP and HS success decreased significantly over the duration of exposure at future pH at both temperature conditions. However, the analysis of the combined effect of pH, T, chlorophyll a and the duration of the experiments on EP and HS revealed that ocean acidification had no discernible effect, whereas warming; food and the duration of exposure were more significant for the reproductive output of A. clausi. Temperature appeared to have a positive effect on respiration and excretion. Acidification had no clear effect on respiration, but a negative effect on the A. clausi excretion was observed. Acidification and warming resulted in the increase of the excretion rate and the increase was higher than that observed by warming only. Our findings showed that a direct effect of ocean acidification on copepod's vital rates was not obvious, except maybe in the case of excretion. Therefore, the combination of acidification with the ambient oligotrophic conditions and the warming could result in species being less able to allocate resources for coping with multiple stressors.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from T3 Ice Island in the Arctic Ocean

The cores described were taken by the personnel of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) on the T3 Antarctic Ice Island in the Arctic Ocean from 1953 until 1969. The recovered cores are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

Annotated record of the detailed examination of Mn deposits from Drift Station Alpha in the Arctic Ocean

The cores described were taken by the personnel of the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory (LDEO) on the Drift Station Alpha in the Arctic Ocean from August 1957 until June 1958. A total of 16 cores were recovered and are available at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory for sampling and study.

Chemical composition of a manganese nodule from the Blake Plateau, Atlantic Ocean

The area surveyed during project AMC-11-67 was the portion of the Blake Plateau between latitude 30°00'N and 33°00'N and between the 100 to 1000 fathom curves. The survey was conducted from 3 October until 18 October 1967. Survey operations included dredgings, camera and multi-sensor lowerings. A collection of manganese and phosphate concretions as well as coral and sediment samples were examined by the ESSA(NOAA) Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratories. Chemical analyses were conducted at the NASA Manned Spacecraft Center, Houston by Richard A. Laidley for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis and H. Costello for Atomic Absorption Analysis. Later the whole collection of samples was transferred to the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History were it is available for study (see, http://mineralsciences.si.edu/collections.htm).

(Tables, page 17-18), Chemical composition of ferromanganese concretions in lake Storsjøen

This paper discusses the occurrence of manganese-rich concretions (Seeerz or see-erz, in german) in Storsjöen (46 km**2, 130 m above sea level) in southern Norway, (in the basement area, 70 km. Northeast of Oslo, then named Kristiania) and thereby contains a general discussion about the relationship between manganese and iron in the concretions as well as on the different precipitation of Mn-poor iron-manganese oxide concretions in the bottom of lakes from that manganese oxide rich concretions which are relatively Fe-poor.

(Page 290) Composition of a manganese deposit sample from the Todoroki Mine, Japan

The Todoroki Mine is situated about 25 kilometers to the south-east of Ginzan railway station in Siribesi Province, Hokkaido. The author analysed an interesting specimen of black manganese-ore which had a fractured surface which looked like that of a broken piece of wood. This new manganese mineral was studied in its form, physical properties and chemical composition. The author later named this mineral form as "todorokite".