Physical parameters affecting sonoluminescence: A self-consistent hydrodynamic study

We studied the dependence of thermodynamic variables in a sonoluminescing ~SL! bubble on various physical factors, which include viscosity, thermal conductivity, surface tension, the equation of state of the gas inside the bubble, as well as the compressibility of the surrounding liquid. The numerical solutions show that the existence of shock waves in the SL parameter regime is very sensitive to these factors. Furthermore, we show that even without shock waves, the reflection of continuous compressional waves at the bubble center can produce the high temperature and picosecond time scale light pulse of the SL bubble, which implies that SL may not necessarily be due to shock waves.

How important are shock waves to single-bubble sonoluminescence?

By solving numerically the full set of hydrodynamic equations governing the pulsation of a bubble,we show that shock waves are often absent in a stable sonoluminescing bubble. Nevertheless, for a wide range of physical parameters, a continuous compressional wave emerges and heats up the bubble, and the resulting black-body radiations have pulse heights and widths that agree with experimental data. Shock waves, being much less robust, are not essential for stable single-bubble sonoluminescence.

Microstructure Study Of Laser Welding Cast Nickel-Based Superalloy K418

Experiments of laser welding cast nickel-based superalloy K418 were conducted. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness. The corresponding mechanisms were discussed in detail. Results show that the laser welded seam have non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of Cr-Ni-Fe-C austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and some fine and dispersed Ni-3(Al,Ti) gamma' phase as well as little amount of MC needle carbides and particles enriched in Nb, Ti and Mo distributed in the interdendritic regions, cracks originated from the liquation of the low melting points eutectics in the HAZ grain boundary are observed, the average microhardness of the welded seam and HAZ is higher than that of the base metal due to alloy elements' redistribution of the strengthening phase gamma'. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Novel Mechanical Behavior Of Zno Nanorods

A novel stress-strain relation with two stages of linear elastic deformation is observed in [0 0 0 1]-oriented ZnO nanorods under uniaxial tensile loading. This phenomenon results from a phase transformation from wurtzite (WZ, P6(3)mc space group) to a body-centered tetragonal structure with four-atom rings (denoted as BCT-4) belonging to the P4(2)/mnm space group. The analysis here focuses on the effects of nanorod size and temperature on the phase transformation and the associated mechanical behavior. It is found that as size is increased from 19.5 to 45.5 angstrom, the critical stress for nucleation of the transformation decreases by 25% from 21.90 to 16.50 GPa and the elastic moduli of the WZ- and BCT-4-structured nanorods decrease by 24% (from 299.49 to 227.51 GPa) and 38% (from 269.29 to 166.86 GPa), respectively. A significant temperature effect is also observed, with the critical stress for transformation initiation decreasing 87.8% from 17.89 to 2.19 GPa as temperature increases from 300 to 1500 K. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Transmission Electron Microscopy Characterization of Laser Welding Cast Ni-Based Superalloy K418 Turbo Disk And Alloy Steel 42Crmo Shaft

Microstructure characterization is important for controlling the quality of laser welding. In the present work, a detailed microstructure characterization by transmission electron microscopy was carried out on the laser welding cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft and an unambiguous identification of phases in the weldment was accomplished. It was found that there are gamma-FeCrNiC austenite solid solution dendrites as the matrix, (Nb, Ti) C type MC carbides, fine and dispersed Ni-3 Al gamma' phase as well as Laves particles in the interdendritic region of the seam zone. A brief discussion was given for their existence based on both kinetic and thermodynamic principles. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Research on laser welding of cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft

Exploratory experiments of laser welding cast Ni-based superalloy K418 turbo disk and alloy steel 42CrMo shaft were conducted. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. The corresponding mechanisms were discussed in detail. Results showed that the laser-welded seam had non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and some fine and dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as little amount of MC short stick or particle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. The average microhardness of the welded seam was relatively uniform and lower than that of the base metal due to partial dissolution and suppression of the strengthening phase gamma' to some extent. About 88.5% tensile strength of the base metal was achieved in the welded joint because of a non-full penetration welding and the fracture mechanism was a mixture of ductility and brittleness. The existence of some Laves particles in the welded seam also facilitated the initiation and propagation of the microcracks and microvoids and hence, the detrimental effects of the tensile strength of the welded joint. The present results stimulate further investigation on this field. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dissimilar autogenous full penetration welding of superalloy K418 and 42CrMo steel by a high power CWNd : YAG laser

Experiments of autogenous laser full penetration welding between dissimilar cast Ni-based superalloy K418 and alloy steel 42CrMo flat plates with 3.5 mm thickness were conducted using a 3 kW continuous wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser. The influences of laser welding velocity, flow rate of side-blow shielding gas, defocusing distance were investigated. Microstructure of the welded seam was characterized by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). Mechanical properties of the welded seam were evaluated by microhardness and tensile strength testing. Results show that high quality full penetration laser-welded joint can be obtained by optimizing the welding velocity, flow rate of shielding gas and defocusing distance. The laser-welded seam have non-equilibrium solidified microstructures consisting of gamma-FeCr0.29Ni0.16C0.06 austenite solid solution dendrites as the dominant and very small amount of super-fine dispersed Ni3Al gamma' phase and Laves particles as well as MC needle-like carbides distributed in the interdendritic regions. Although the microhardness of the laser-welded seam was lower than that of the base metal, the strength of the joint was equal to that of the base metal and the fracture mechanism showed fine ductility. (c) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Control quimico de nemátodos fitoparásitos en semilleros de café (Coffea arábica L.)

La presente investigación fue realizada en la Estación Experimental del café Masatepe, Nicaragua, durante los meses de Marzo a Junio de 1975. El estudio se realizó con el objeto de seleccionar algunos productos nematicidas para controlar los nemátodos fitoparasíticos que producen nódulos en las raíces de plántulas establecidas en semilleros de café (C. arabica L.). Para evaluar los daños ocacionados por estos nemátodos, se estudio el número y días a grapas, fosforito y mariposa, largo total de la planta, largo del tallo, largo de la raíz, grosor del tallo superior é inferior, peso fresco y peso seco de la planta, área foliar; asimismo se hizo una escala visual del índice del porcentaje de plantas con nódulos en las raíces. Efectuándose un análisis de varianza en forma de bloque al azar con su prueba de Dunnet al cinco por ciento de error, no se encontró ninguna diferencia significativa de las plántulas tratadas con respecto a las del testigo para todos los parámetros en estudio, debido al crecimiento lento de las plántulas de café (C. arabica L.) en los semilleros. Pero si se encontró diferencias marcadas con el porcentaje de plántuilas con nódulos para los diferentes tratamientos. Los productos que trabajaron mejor en el control de los nódulos en las raíces de la plántula del café fueron: Dowfume MC-2, Dowfume MC-2 + Vydate, Nemagón y Curater respectivamente en su forma de aplicación y dosis recomendadas por los fabricantes.

Tratamiento Homeopático en Equino con Dermatofitosis

El presente trabajo, basado en un estudio de caso de carácter demostrativo, se llevó a cabo en la comunidad de Sabadell, Barcelona, región de Catalunya en España. Consistió en la aplicación de un tratamiento homeopático para Dermatofitosis en un equino macho castrado, de la raza Shire con 10 años de edad y un peso de 1000 kg, cuyos síntomas iniciales fueron: decaimiento, mucosas poco rosáceas, temperatura de 38.5, pelaje reseco, escoriaciones con exudaciones en las extremidades inferiores de forma circular, falta de apetito y estrés general a causa de los picores, se concluyó como causa de nivel micótico. A través de un examen de laboratorio de cultivo micológico se determinó la presencia de Thichophyton equinum, utilizando los resultados de laboratorio y los síntomas observados en el animal, se ingresaron los datos en el programa de medicina alternativa (Mc. Repertory Kent Program) que arrojo como medicamento de base sulfur coadyuvado por cremas de árnica y sepia. La importancia de este tratamiento radico en el estímulo del organismo del equino con dosis pequeñas de origen animal, vegetal y mineral, que no presentan ningún tipo de efecto colateral en el paciente, convirtiéndose en la alternativa de medicamentos tradicionales ya que existen fuertes restricciones sobre su uso en los caballos. Desde el punto de vista clínico y financiero el tratamiento resultó viable, por cuanto el paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente sin presencia de recidivas ni efectos colaterales, además de resultar en una baja inversión por aplicación del tratamiento.