Prevalence of normal weight obesity in Switzerland: effect of various definitions

BACKGROUND: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as an excessive body fat associated with a normal body mass index (BMI < 25 kg/m(2)), but its prevalence in the general population is unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY: To assess the prevalence of NWO in Switzerland according to different cut points used to define excess body fat. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including 3,213 women and 2,912 men aged 35-75 years. Body fat was assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis and prevalence of NWO was assessed using four previously published definitions for excess body fat. RESULTS: Percent body fat increased with age: in men, the values (mean +/- SD) were 20.2 +/- 5.4, 23.0 +/- 5.4, 26.3 +/- 5.2 and 28.2 +/- 4.6 for age groups 35-44, 45-54, 55-64 and 65-75 years, respectively; the corresponding values for women were 29.9 +/- 7.8, 33.1 +/- 7.4, 36.7 +/- 7.5 and 39.6 +/- 6.9. In men, prevalence of NWO was <1% irrespective of the definition used. Conversely, in women, a 1- to 20-fold difference (from 1.4 to 27.8%) in NWO prevalence was found. The prevalence of NWO increased with age when age-independent cut points were used in women, but not in men. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of NWO is low in the general population and higher in women than in men. The prevalence is highly dependent on the criteria used to define excess body fat, namely in women. The use of gender- and age-specific cut points to define excess body fat is better than fixed or gender-specific only cut points.

Evolution du contrôle des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire chez les patients coronariens de 65 ans

Cette étude rétrospective a eu pour but de comparer la prise en charge des patients coronariens de 65 ans et plus, au sortir d'un séjour à la Clinique de réhabilitation cardiaque de Genolier, et ce conformément aux recommandations publiées successivement par les sociétés européennes et américaines de cardiologie entre 1994 et 1999. La comparaison entre les deux périodes d'observation (1994-1995 et 1999-2000) chez les 342 patients étudiés, a montré une amélioration de la prise en charge des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. L'augmentation de la prescription de statines en est l'exemple le plus démonstratif. Cependant, les données recueillies indiquent qu'il existe une sous-utilisation des médicaments cardioprotecteurs chez ces patients à haut risque et qui bénéficieraient, par conséquent, le plus d'une prise en charge optimale des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire. L'élaboration d'un protocole commun de prise en charge de la maladie coronarienne à disposition du réseau des centres spécialisés devrait permettre d'améliorer la qualité des soins par une comparaison de leur pratique respective.

Hemodynamic effects of sodium bicarbonate in critically ill neonates.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cardiovascular effects of sodium bicarbonate in neonates with metabolic acidosis. DESIGN: Prospective, open, non-randomized, before-after intervention study with hemodynamic measurements performed before and 1, 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after bicarbonate administration. SETTING: Neonatal intensive care unit, tertiary care center. PATIENTS: Sequential sample of 16 paralysed and mechanically ventilated newborn infants with a metabolic acidosis (pH < 7.25 in premature and < 7.30 in term infants, base deficit > -8). INTERVENTION: An 8.4% sodium bicarbonate solution diluted 1:1 with water (final osmolality of 1000 mOsm/l) was administered in two equal portions at a rate of 0.5 mmol/min. The dose in mmol was calculated using the formula "base deficit x body weight (kg) x 1/3 x 1/2". MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Sodium bicarbonate induced a significant but transient rise in pulsed Doppler cardiac output (CO) (+27.7%), aortic blood flow velocity (+15.3%), systolic blood pressure (BP) (+9.3%), (+14.6%), transcutaneous carbon dioxide pressure (PtcCO2) (+11.8%), and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (PtcO2) (+8%). In spite of the PaCO2 elevation, pH significantly improved (from a mean of 7.24 to 7.30), and the base deficit decreased (-39.3%). Calculated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (-10.7%) and diastolic BP (-11.7%) decreased significantly, while PaO2 and heart rate (HR) did not change. Central venous pressure (CVP) (+6.5%) increased only slightly. By 30 min after bicarbonate administration all hemodynamic parameters, with the exception of the diastolic BP, had returned to baseline. CONCLUSION: Sodium bicarbonate in neonates with metabolic acidosis induces an increase in contractility and a reduction in afterload.

Cloning and functional expression of the human islet GLP-1 receptor. Demonstration that exendin-4 is an agonist and exendin-(9-39) an antagonist of the receptor.

A complementary DNA for a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor was isolated from a human pancreatic islet cDNA library. The isolated clone encoded a protein with 90% identity to the rat receptor. In stably transfected fibroblasts, the receptor bound [125I]GLP-1 with high affinity (Kd = 0.5 nM) and was coupled to adenylate cyclase as detected by a GLP-1-dependent increase in cAMP production (EC50 = 93 pM). Two peptides from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum, exendin-4 and exendin-(9-39), displayed similar ligand binding affinities to the human GLP-1 receptor. Whereas exendin-4 acted as an agonist of the receptor, inducing cAMP formation, exendin-(9-39) was an antagonist of the receptor, inhibiting GLP-1-induced cAMP production. Because GLP-1 has been proposed as a potential agent for treatment of NIDDM, our present data will contribute to the characterization of the receptor binding site and the development of new agonists of this receptor.

Iowa Department of Transportation Major Items - Preliminary Quantity Report, July 15, 2014; With Addendums

Weekly letting report.

Footnotes, June 2014, Vol. 39, no.4-6

Monthly newsletter of State Library

Subclinical hypothyroidism and functional mobility in older adults.

BACKGROUND: Health risks associated with subclinical hypothyroidism in older adults are unclear. Our objective was to compare the functional mobility of people aged 70 to 79 years by thyroid function categorized by thyrotropin (TSH) level as euthyroid (>or=0.4 to <4.5 mIU/L), mild subclinical hypothyroid (>or=4.5 to <7.0 mIU/L), or moderate subclinical hypothyroid (>or=7.0 to <or=20.0 mIU/L with a normal free thyroxine level) cross-sectionally and over 2 years. METHODS: A total of 2290 community-dwelling residents participating in the year 2 clinic visit (July 1998-June 1999) of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study, who had measured TSH level, had the capacity to walk 20 m unaided, and were not taking thyroid medication or had TSH levels consistent with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Main outcome measures included self-reported and performance-based measures of mobility (usual and rapid gait speed and endurance walking ability) assessed at study baseline (year 2) and 2 years later. RESULTS: In age- and sex-adjusted analyses, the mild subclinical hypothyroid group (vs the euthyroid group) demonstrated better mobility (faster mean usual and rapid gait speed [1.20 vs 1.15 m/s and 1.65 vs 1.56 m/s, respectively; P < .001] and had a higher percentage of those with good cardiorespiratory fitness and reported walking ease [39.2% vs 28.0% and 44.7% vs 36.5%, respectively; P < .001]). After 2 years, persons with mild subclinical hypothyroidism experienced a similar decline as the euthyroid group but maintained their mobility advantage. Persons with moderate subclinical hypothyroidism had similar mobility and mobility decline as the euthyroid group. CONCLUSION: Generally, well-functioning 70- to 79-year-old individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism do not demonstrate increased risk of mobility problems, and those with mild elevations in TSH level show a slight functional advantage.

Footnotes, January, February, March 2014, Vol. 39, no. 1-3

Monthly newsletter of State Library

Una Propuesta de renovación metodológica en el marco del Espacio Europeo de Enseñanza Superior: los pequeños grupos de investigación cooperativos

La
 Declaración 
de 
Bolonia 
sentó
 las 
bases 
para
 la 
construcción
 de
 un
 Espacio
 Europeo
 de
 Enseñanza
 Superior
 (EEES)
 entre
 cuyos
 retos
 destaca
 la 
renovación 
metodológica. 
Este
 trabajo 
plantea 
la
 organización
 de
 una
 materia
 básica
 de
 psicología
 como
 es
 Procesos
 Psicológicos
 Básicos
 para
 estudiantes
 de
 Pedagogía
 y
 Psicopedagogía
 mediante
 la
 organización
 de
 pequeños
 grupos
 cooperativos
 de
 investigación.
 Con
 esta
 propuesta
 se
 trabajan
 diferentes 
ejes 
de 
gran
 importancia
 para 
la 
construcción
 del 
EEES
 como 
son 
la
 promoción 
de
 la 
función 
tutorial,
la 
formación 
basada
 en
 competencias,
 el
 aprendizaje
 autónomo,
 la
 consideración
 del
 tiempo 
y 
la 
carga
 de
 trabajo 
y 
la 
promoción 
del 
uso 
de
 las 
nuevas
 tecnologías. El 
artículo,
se 
centra 
fundamentalmente 
en 
describir 
y
 explicar
 el
 trabajo
 cooperativo
 en
 grupos
 de
 investigación,
 su
 organización,
 orientación,
 desarrollo,
 seguimiento
 y
 evaluación.
 Los
 resultados
 de 
la 
aplicación 
de 
esta
 propuesta
 resultaron 
muy
 formativos
 para
 los
 alumnos
 tanto
 a
 nivel
 puramente
 académico
 como
 de 
relaciones 
interpersonales

Footnotes, September 2014, Vol. 39, no.7-9

Monthly newsletter of State Library

Biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation.

BACKGROUND: A possible strategy for increasing smoking cessation rates could be to provide smokers who have contact with healthcare systems with feedback on the biomedical or potential future effects of smoking, e.g. measurement of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO), lung function, or genetic susceptibility to lung cancer. We reviewed systematically data on smoking cessation rates from controlled trials that used biomedical risk assessment and feedback. OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy of biomedical risk assessment provided in addition to various levels of counselling, as a contributing aid to smoking cessation. SEARCH STRATEGY: We systematically searched he Cochrane Collaboration Tobacco Addiction Group Specialized Register, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (1966 to 2004), and EMBASE (1980 to 2004). We combined methodological terms with terms related to smoking cessation counselling and biomedical measurements. SELECTION CRITERIA: Inclusion criteria were: a randomized controlled trial design; subjects participating in smoking cessation interventions; interventions based on a biomedical test to increase motivation to quit; control groups receiving all other components of intervention; an outcome of smoking cessation rate at least six months after the start of the intervention. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two assessors independently conducted data extraction on each paper, with disagreements resolved by consensus. MAIN RESULTS: From 4049 retrieved references, we selected 170 for full text assessment. We retained eight trials for data extraction and analysis. One of the eight used CO alone and CO + Genetic Susceptibility as two different intervention groups, giving rise to three possible comparisons. Three of the trials isolated the effect of exhaled CO on smoking cessation rates resulting in the following odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI): 0.73 (0.38 to 1.39), 0.93 (0.62 to 1.41), and 1.18 (0.84 to 1.64). Combining CO measurement with genetic susceptibility gave an OR of 0.58 (0.29 to 1.19). Exhaled CO measurement and spirometry were used together in three trials, resulting in the following ORs (95% CI): 0.6 (0.25 to 1.46), 2.45 (0.73 to 8.25), and 3.50 (0.88 to 13.92). Spirometry results alone were used in one other trial with an OR of 1.21 (0.60 to 2.42).Two trials used other motivational feedback measures, with an OR of 0.80 (0.39 to 1.65) for genetic susceptibility to lung cancer alone, and 3.15 (1.06 to 9.31) for ultrasonography of carotid and femoral arteries performed in light smokers (average 10 to 12 cigarettes a day). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Due to the scarcity of evidence of sufficient quality, we can make no definitive statements about the effectiveness of biomedical risk assessment as an aid for smoking cessation. Current evidence of lower quality does not however support the hypothesis that biomedical risk assessment increases smoking cessation in comparison with standard treatment. Only two studies were similar enough in term of recruitment, setting, and intervention to allow pooling of data and meta-analysis.

Formación en valores profesionales: ¿una necesidad en el marco de la Formación Continuada de los Profesionales Continuada de los Profesionales de Enfermería?

El Cuidado ha evolucionado a lo largo de la historia y cambiado su significado paralelamente a los cambios sociales que han influido en cada una de sus etapas. Así mismo, ha sido motivo de estudio por parte de antropólogos, filósofos, sociólogos y teóricas de la enfermería, algunos de los cuales han destacado principalmente la parte humana que caracteriza al cuidado. Esta parte humana del cuidado adquiere en la actualidad una gran relevancia, motivada por el aumento del consumo de la alta tecnología y por la crisis en la que se encuentra inmersa la población, las cuales han originado un cambio de valores en la sociedad actual. Teniendo en cuenta que el aprendizaje de los valores se inicia en la niñez, pero que su práctica debe tener lugar a lo largo de toda la vida, la enfermería, como disciplina cuya práctica tiene como base los valores humanos, no debe olvidar formarlos, practicarlos y mejorarlos a lo largo de la vida profesional. Si se centra la mirada del cuidado en la teoría de Jean Watson, ésta confirma en sus dimensiones del cuidado, la importancia tanto de procurar a los pacientes un cuidado humanizado fundamentado en valores, como la importancia de formarse continuamente a lo largo de los años de desempeño de la profesión. Este estudio tiene por objetivos explorar la percepción de la práctica del cuidado, por parte de profesionales y pacientes y valorar la conveniencia de incluir formación específica en valores profesionales en los planes de formación continuada de las instituciones de salud para ofrecer un cuidado humano de calidad. Diseño: estudio Cualitativo Multicéntrico de corte Etnográfico. Muestreo: no probabilístico, intencional y de conveniencia, hasta la saturación teórica de datos. Recogida de datos: a través de observación participante y entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de los datos se realizará a través de la descripción, análisis e interpretación de los datos obtenidos, a través del método de Análisis de contenido. PALABRAS CLAVE: Cuidado, Valores Profesionales, Formación Continuada

Oeuvres complètes de J. Michelet. T. 39

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