Report of Recommendations to the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, June 30, 2005

State Audit Reports

Determination of bacterial quantity by sonication in vacum-assisted closure (VAC) foams used for treatment of chronic wounds

Background: Negative pressure wound treatment is increasingly used through a Vacuum-Assisted Closure (VAC) device in complex wound situations. For this purpose, sterile polyurethane (PU) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) foam dressings are fitted to the wound size and covered with an adhesive drape to create an airtight seal. Little information exists about the type and quantity of microorganisms within the foams. Therefore, we investigated VAC foams after removal from the wound using a validated method (sonication) to detect the bacterial bioburden in the foam consisting as microbial biofilms.Methods: We prospectively included VAC foams (PU and PVA, KCI, Rümlamg, Switzerland) without antibacterial additions (e.g. silver), which were removed from wounds in patients with chronic ulcers from January 2007 through December 2008. Excluded were patients with acute wound infection, necrotizing fasciitis, underlying osteomyelitis or implant. Removed foams from regular changes of dressing were aseptically placed in a container with 100 ml sterile Ringer's solution. Within 4 hours after removal, foams were sonicated for 5 min at 40 kHz (as described in NEJM 2007;357:654). The resulting sonication fluid was cultured at 37°C on aerobic blood agar plates for 5 days. Microbes were quantified as No. of colony-forming units (CFU)/ml sonication fluid and identified to the species level.Results: A total of 68 foams (38 PU and 30 PVA) from 55 patients were included in the study (median age 71 years; range 33-88 years, 57% were man). Foams were removed from the following anatomic sites: sacrum (n=29), ischium (n=18), heel (n=13), calves (n=6) and ankle (n=2). The median duration of being in place was 3 days (range, 1-8 days). In all 68 foams, bacteria were found in large quantities (median 105 CFU/ml, range 102-7 CFU/ml sonication fluid. No differences were found between PU and PVA foams. One type of organisms was found in 11 (16%), two in 17 (24%) and 3 or more in 40 (60%) foams. Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumanii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were isolated in 70%, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (20%), koagulase-negative staphylococci, streptococci (8%), and enterococci (2%).Conclusion: With sonication, a high density of bacteria present in VAC foams was demonstrated after a median of 3 days. Future studies are needed to investigate whether antimicrobial-impregnated foams can reduce the bacterial load in foams and potentially improve wound healing.

Volume of Traffic on the Primary Road System, 2002

The Office of Transportation Data, in cooperation with the Federal Highway Administration, prepares this biennial traffic report. This report is used by federal, state, and local governmental agencies in determining highway needs, construction priorities, route location and environmental impact studies, and the application of appropriate design standards. The general public uses this information in determining the amount of traffic that passes a given area as they make their development plans and propose land use changes. The above reflects only a few of the many technical uses for this data.

Integrative Review: Concepts And Methods Used In Nursing


Integrative review (IR) has an international reputation in nursing research and evidence-based practice. This IR aimed at identifying and analyzing the concepts and methods recommended to undertaking IR in nursing. Nine information resources,including electronic databases and grey literature were searched. Seventeen studies were included. The results indicate that: primary studies were mostly from USA; it is possible to have several research questions or hypotheses and include primary studies in the review from different theoretical and methodological approaches; it is a type of review that can go beyond the analysis and synthesis of findings from primary studies allowing exploiting other research dimensions, and that presents potentialities for the development of new theories and new problems for research. Conclusion: IR is understood as a very complex type of review and it is expected to be developed using standardized and systematic methods to ensure the required rigor of scientific research and therefore the legitimacy of the established evidence.


The Recent International and Regulatory Decisions about Geographical Indications, 2007

As worldwide consumer demand for high-quality products and for information about these products increases, labels and geographical indications (GIs) can serve to signal quality traits to consumers. However, GI systems among countries are not homogeneous and can be used as trade barriers against competition. Philosophical differences between the European Union and the United States about how GIs should be registered and protected led to the formation of a WTO dispute settlement panel. In this paper we discuss the issues behind the dispute, the World Trade Organization (WTO) panel decision, and the EU response to the panel decision leading to the new Regulation 510/2006. Given the potential for GI labels to supply consumer information, context is provided for the discussion using recent literature on product labeling. Implications are drawn regarding the importance of the panel decision and the EU response relative to GI issues yet to be negotiated under the Doha Round.

Land Cover Map of Iowa, 1999

Land Cover of Iowa in 1999

Monoclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) used in a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay. First clinical results.

A solid-phase enzyme immunoassay using both mouse monoclonal and goat polyclonal antibodies against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was developed. The assay detects 0.6 to 1.2 ng of CEA per ml of serum and has 3 incubation steps which can be performed in 1 day. Polystyrene balls coated with polyclonal goat anti-CEA antibodies are first incubated with heat-extracted serum samples. Bound CEA is then detected by addition of mouse monoclonal antibodies, followed by goat IgG anti-mouse IgG1 coupled to alkaline phosphatase. Results with this enzyme immunoassay using monoclonal antibodies (M-EIA) have been compared with those obtained by the conventional inhibition radioimmunoassay (RIA) using goat antiserum. Three hundred and eighty serum samples from 167 patients with malignant or non-malignant diseases and from 134 normal individuals with or without heavy smoking habits were analyzed by the 2 assays. Excellent correlation between the results of the 2 assays was obtained, but the M-EIA, using monoclonal antibodies from a single hybridoma, did not discriminate better than the conventional RIA between CEA produced by different types of carcinoma and between CEA associated with malignant or non-malignant diseases. Follow-up studies of several patients by sequential CEA determinations with the 2 assays showed that the M-EIA was as accurate as the RIA for the detection of tumor recurrences.

CHARACTERIZATION OF CLAYS USED FOR MEDICINAL PURPOSES IN THE ARCHIPELAGO OF CAPE VERDE

Amostras de duas argilas comercializadas para fins medicinais (alívio de afecções do foro gastrointestinal, tratamento de abcessos, furúnculos e feridas, assim como para afecções da pele e aplicações cosméticas), e vendidas numa loja de produtos naturais no mercado público da cidade da Praia (capital do arquipélago de Cabo Verde) foram submetidas a vários estudos de carácter experimental: análise granulométrica, análise mineralógica, análise química, capacidade de troca catiónica e catiões de troca, e ainda plasticidade, tendo em vista encontrar justificação científica para o seu uso empírico nas aplicações referidas. Uma argila, em termos de minerais argilosos, é composta por ilite dioctaédrica, enquanto que outra argila é composta, em termos de minerais argilosos, por esmectite dioctaédrica, ilite dioctaédrica e caulinite. Estes e os outros dados analíticos abonam a favor das capacidades curativas das argilas estudadas. As argilas estudadas revelam características semelhantes às de outras argilas naturais reconhecidas como possuindo propriedades curativas de certas afecções e que são tradicionalmente usadas para desintoxicação interna (particularmente no sistema gastrointestinal), para o tratamento

Adoption Subsidies and Environmental Impacts of Alternative Energy Crops, March 2007

We provide estimates of the costs associated with inducing substantial conversion of land from production of traditional crops to switchgrass. Higher traditional crop prices due to increased demand for corn from the ethanol industry has increased the relative advantage that row crops have over switchgrass. Results indicate that farmers will convert to switchgrass production only with significant conversion subsidies. To examine potential environmental consequences of conversion, we investigate three stylized landscape usage scenarios, one with an entire conversion of a watershed to switchgrass production, a second with the entire watershed planted to continuous corn under a 50% removal rate of the biomass, and a third scenario that places switchgrass on the most erodible land in the watershed and places continuous corn on the least erodible. For each of these illustrative scenarios, the watershed-scale Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model (Arnold et al., 1998; Arnold and Forher, 2005) is used to evaluate the effect of these landscape uses on sediment and nutrient loadings in the Maquoketa Watershed in eastern Iowa.

Learn about the Land - A Geologic Guide to the RAGBRAI Challenge, July 2007

Thie bourchure that is produced by the Iowa Geological Society, talks about points of interest to people that are biking accross Iowa. Part of RAGBRAI.

Aplicação de SIG no Processamento do Inventário Florestal Nacional – Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde desde do século passado tem envidado esforço na florestação, sobretudo depois de 1975 para atenuar os efeitos da seca e da desertificação criando deste modo grandes áreas arborizadas. Entretanto, à medida que os recursos florestais foram sendo criados, a problemática da sua avaliação e da sua gestão sustentável, passaram a merecer maior atenção das autoridades nacionais. A lei florestal, promulgada em 1998 define como uma das atribuições e acções do Estado, através dos serviços florestais, a elaboração dos planos de gestão das zonas florestais. Este plano de gestão implica a análise e a apreciação de dados concretos e actualizados sobre a situação real das zonas florestais, sendo possível apenas através do inventário florestal nacional (IFN). Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia de processamento do IFN em que se utilizam as potencialidades dos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). Foram utilizados para este trabalho os programas: ArcGis 9.1, para produção cartográfica, geoprocessamento e análise espacial e o Field-Map 8.1 para a classificação de ortofotos num esquema de classificação hierárquica, em cinco níveis, adaptado a Cabo Verde (classes de uso do solo adoptado ao esquema de classificação do território europeu – CORINE Land Cover e da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura e Alimentação (FAO). Os dados utilizados foram compilados no âmbito do projecto do inventário florestal. Os resultados obtidos, para a Ilha de Santiago, constituem uma base cartográfica para o IFN com diversos temas cartográficos, nomeadamente, mapas das zonas florestadas, mapas de ocupação do solo e mapas de amostras inventariáveis cuja metodologia de elaboração poderá ser facilmente replicada para as restantes ilhas do arquipélago.

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship for the year ended June 30, 2006

Audit report on the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship for the year ended June 30, 2006

Adverse effects of intraperitoneal onlay mesh used for incisional hernia repair

Context: In the past 50 years, the use of prosthetic mesh in surgery has dramatically¦changed the management of primary, as well as incisional hernias. Currently, there¦are a large number of different mesh brands and no consensus on the best material,¦nor the best mesh implantation technique to use. The purpose of this study is to¦illustrate the adverse effects of intraperitoneal onlay mesh used for incisional¦hernia repair encountered in patients treated at CHUV for complications after¦incisional hernia repair.¦Materials & Methods: This work is an observational retrospective study. A PubMed¦search and a systematic review of literature were performed. Thereafter, the medical¦records of 22 patients who presented with pain, abdominal discomfort, ileus, fistula,¦abscess, seroma, mesh infection or recurrent incisional hernia after a laparoscopic or¦open repair with intra-abdominal mesh were reviewed.¦Results: Twenty-two persons were reoperated for complications after incisional¦hernia repair with a prosthetic mesh. Ten were male and twelve female, with a¦median age of 58,6 years (range 24-82). Mesh placement was performed by a¦laparoscopic approach in nine patients and by open approach in thirteen others.¦Eight different mesh brands were found (Ultrapro®, Mersilene®, Parietex Composite®,¦Proceed®, DynaMesh®, Gore® DualMesh®, Permacol®, Titanium Metals UK Ltd®).¦Mean time from implantation and reoperation for complication was 34.2 months¦(range 1-147). In our sample of 22 patients, 21 (96%) presented mesh adhesion and¦15 (68%) presented hernia recurrence. Others complications like mesh shrinkage,¦mesh migration, nerve entrapment, seroma, fistula and abscess were also evaluated.¦Conclusion: The majority of articles deal with complications induced by¦intraperitoneal prosthetic mesh, but the effectiveness of mesh has been studied¦mostly on experimental models. Actually and as shown in the present study,¦intraperitoneal mesh placement was associated with severe complications witch may¦potentially be life threatening. In our opinion, intraperitoneal mesh placement should¦only be reserved in exceptional situations, when the modified Rives-Stoppa could not¦be achieved and when tissues covering the mesh are insufficient.

Characterization of 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci for two land snail species, Trochulus villosus and T. sericeus (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Hygromiidae).

Thirteen new microsatellite loci were isolated and tested on two land snail species, Trochulus villosus and T. sericeus (Pulmonata: Hygromiidae), resulting in a set of eight polymorphic markers for each species. The expected heterozygosity was high for all loci and species (between 0.616 and 0.944). Such levels of variability will allow detailed insights into the population genetic structure of some Trochulus species.