Diccionario electrónico concordado de términos gramaticales y retóricos latinos (DECOTGREL): historia, métodos y objetivos

[ES] El interés de los estudiosos modernos por el léxico especializado en latín empezó ya en las primeras décadas del siglo xx. Sin embargo, el tratamiento sistemático de los términos científico-técnicos tanto desde el punto de vista teórico como práctico tardó más de medio siglo en alcanzar un cierto grado de desarrollo porque no disponían de instrumentos adecuados para progresar adecuadamente. La llegada de las modernas tecnologías electrónicas para el tratamiento masivo de la información, así como el desarrollo teórico de una ciencia cognitiva de la comunicación han proporcionado a los investigadores los medios para elaborar potentes instrumentos lexicográficos que son capaces de dar satisfacción en buena medida a las necesidades que tenía el gran desarrollo alcanzado por la investigación a lo largo de las últimas décadas en todos los campos de la ciencia. El decotgrel, en tanto que diccionario concordado, es un buen ejemplo de las posibilidades y retos que tiene ante sí la lexicografía y la terminología del siglo XXI.

Desarrollo organizacional de una cooperativa de trabajo asociado y la implicación de sus estudiantes y docentes

La presente tesis doctoral tiene como objetivo describir las características diferenciadoras del desarrollo organizacional de una cooperativa de trabajo asociado de profesores (654 estudiantes y 36 profesores) respecto a otros 14 centros educativos del País Vasco y Cataluña observando además el nivel de implicación de sus profesores y estudiantes (626 estudiantes y 306 profesores). Se entiende el desarrollo organizacional como una dimensión general en el nivel de centro, formado por siete componentes básicos (historia institucional, cultura institucional, liderazgo transformacional, cultura colaborativa, misión, estructuras participativas y aprendizaje organizativo). La implicación escolar tendría tres dimensiones: la emocional (identificación), la conductual (participación) y la cognitiva (motivación). Las cooperativas de trabajo asociado son aquellas en las que la titularidad del centro corresponde a su profesorado. Se utilizó el cuestionario CDO creado por Goikoetxea (2005) para medir de desarrollo organizacional y para medir la implicación de estudiantes y profesores con el centro escolar se creó el CICE basado en el cuestionario LOLSO de Mulford, Sillins y Leithwood (2004) y también se aplicó el cuestionario PSSM de Goodenow (1993) elaborándose además una adaptación ex profeso para el profesorado. Los resultados sugieren un mayor desarrollo organizacional en la cooperativa sobre todo respecto a la concertada, son particularmente destacables las diferencias observadas en las dimensiones cultura institucional, historia institucional, aprendizaje organizativo y liderazgo. La implicación de los estudiantes de la cooperativa es más elevada disminuyendo según avanza el curso escolar, siendo mayor la diferencia respecto a la pública sobre todo en la identificación y en la implicación cognitiva.

Memoria politica sobre a capitania de Santa Catharina, escripta no Rio de Janeiro em o anno de 1816

Tabella das produções dos tres Reinos da Natureza, que ha na capitania de Santa Catharina, escriptas por ordem alphabetica : reino vegetal, reino animal. Mappa das producções, consumo, e exportação da Capitania de Santa Catharina, no anno de 1810. Calculo aproximado das despezas da companhia, durante a primeira epocha, em conformidade do disposto nos artigos 2, 3., 4., 6., do appendice.

Die lage der Fischbestände in Nordostatlantik, Nord- und Ostsee. Einschätzungen des Internationalen Rates für Meeresforschung im Frühjahr 2000

The spring session of ACFM gave advice for a number of stocks in the North Atlantic, North Sea and Baltic. The present assessment of the situation is given here for stocks of higher importance for the German fishery. These are: Blue Whiting: the stock is still relatively high, this, however, will not last very long, due to too intense fishing. Cod in Kattegat: stock is outside safe biological limits. No immediate recovery in sight. Cod in 22–24 (Baltic): stock is inside save biological limits. F, however, is above the recommendation of the IBSFC. Greenland Halibut: state of the stock not quite clear. The present fishing intensity seems to be sustainable. Herring (Atlanto- scandian, Norwegian spring spawner): stock is within safe biological limits, weak recruitment of the recent years will lead to a reduction of biomass. Herring: for Baltic spring spawner in 22–24 and IIIa still no increasing tendency detectable. North Sea Herring: further increasing tendency, with 900 000 t over B lim, good recruitment. Herring in VIa: stable. Redfish: generally decreasing tendency observed, a reduction of the fishery is recommended. Signs of recovery, however, visible for some units

El arte como terapia en salud mental

Los planes de atención de enfermería actuales recogen nuevas intervenciones, alternativas a los cuidados convencionales y algunas de ellas poco estudiadas, como lo es el uso de distintas formas de arte como terapia complementaria a un tratamiento médico. Uno de los campos donde más fuerza tiene es en el de la salud mental, ya que permite actuar tanto de forma terapéutica como preventiva. La arteterapia engloba intervenciones con cualquier forma de arte como la pintura, la fotografía, la música o el teatro. Su terreno de actuación, además de la parte puramente asistencial, incluye el ámbito social y educativo que en muchas ocasiones son olvidados en los cuidados enfermeros. Una revisión de este tipo es necesaria para guiar las intervenciones enfermeras englobadas en la mejora de la comunicación no verbal en pacientes con los que la psicoterapia tradicional a través del diálogo no es eficaz y como herramienta de estimulación cognitiva y prevención de síntomas depresivos o ansiosos que conllevan muchas patologías médicas. El objetivo de esta revisión es mostrar una visión general de la situación actual de este tipo de terapia, repasando su evolución histórica y valorar su eficacia a partir de la evidencia científica encontrada. Para ello se realizó un análisis de las publicaciones que tratan este tema, incluyendo artículos de investigación que analizan el efecto de distintos tipos de terapias con arte sobre diversos trastornos, teniendo siempre en cuenta el tipo de artículo analizado así como la calidad científica de las publicaciones.

Pattern formation during Caenorhabditis Elegans vulval development

Pattern formation during animal development involves at least three processes: establishment of the competence of precursor cells to respond to intercellular signals, formation of a pattern of different cell fates adopted by precursor cells, and execution of the cell fate by generating a pattern of distinct descendants from precursor cells. I have analyzed the fundamental mechanisms of pattern formation by studying the development of Caenorhabditis elegans vulva.

In C. elegans, six multipotential vulval precursor cells (VPCs) are competent to respond to an inductive signal LIN-3 (EGF) mediated by LET- 23 (RTK) and a lateral signal via LIN-12 (Notch) to form a fixed pattern of 3°-3°-2°-1°-2°-3°. Results from expressing LIN-3 as a function of time in animals lacking endogenous LIN-3 indicate that both VPCs and VPC daughters are competent to respond to LIN-3. Although the daughters of VPCs specified to be 2° or 3° can be redirected to adopt the 1°fate, the decision to adopt the 1° fate is irreversible. Coupling of VPC competence to cell cycle progression reveals that VPC competence may be periodic during each cell cycle and involve LIN-39 (HOM-C). These mechanisms are essential to ensure a bias towards the 1° fate, while preventing an excessive response.

After adopting the 1° fate, the VPC executes its fate by dividing three rounds to form a fixed pattern of four inner vulF and four outer vulE descendants. These two types of descendants can be distinguished by a molecular marker zmp-1::GFP. A short-range signal from the anchor cell (AC), along with signaling between the inner and outer 1° VPC descendants and intrinsic polarity of 1° VPC daughters, patterns the 1° lineage. The Ras and the Wnt signaling pathways may be involved in these mechanisms.

The temporal expression pattern of egl-17::GFP, another marker ofthe 1° fate, correlates with three different steps of 1° fate execution: the commitment to the 1° fate, as well as later steps before and after establishment of the uterine-vulval connection. Six transcription factors, including LIN-1(ETS), LIN-39 (HOM-C), LIN-11(LIM), LIN-29 (zinc finger), COG-1 (homeobox) and EGL-38 (PAX2/5/8), are involved in different steps during 1° fate execution.

Hezkuntza emozionala: errealitate teorikotik praktikara jauziz

Ondorengo lerroetan eskolan ikasleen garapena sustatzeko orduan kontuan hartu diren alderdiak aztertuko dira. Alde batetik urteetan zehar inteligentzia kognitiboa garatzea garrantzitsuena denaren ikuspuntuaren azalpenak agertzen dira, baita hau neurtzeko sortu ziren lehenengo probak aipatu ere. Bestetik, ikaslearen garapen integrala sustatzeko bidean, inteligentzia anitzen agerpenarekin alderdi emozionala garatzeari eman zitzaion garrantzia azaltzen da. Ondoren, ikaslearen garapen emozionala sustatzeko bidean hezkuntza emozionalaren inguruko ideiek ikasleen garapen integralari egiten dioten ekarpena azalduko da. Azkenik, teorikoki jorratutako ideiak praktikara eramango dira eskolako errealitaterako sekuentzia didaktikoa sortuz, testuinguru konkretu bateko ikasleengan garapen integrala bermatuko duen alderdi emozionalaren lanketa dramatizazioaren bitartez emanez.

How resources control aggression in Drosophila

How animals use sensory information to weigh the risks vs. benefits of behavioral decisions remains poorly understood. Inter-male aggression is triggered when animals perceive both the presence of an appetitive resource, such as food or females, and of competing conspecific males. How such signals are detected and integrated to control the decision to fight is not clear. Here we use the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, to investigate the manner in which food and females promotes aggression.

In the first chapter, we explore how food controls aggression. As in many other species, food promotes aggression in flies, but it is not clear whether food increases aggression per se, or whether aggression is a secondary consequence of increased social interactions caused by aggregation of flies on food. Furthermore, nothing is known about how animals evaluate the quality and quantity of food in the context of competition. We show that food promotes aggression independently of any effect to increase the frequency of contact between males. Food increases aggression but not courtship between males, suggesting that the effect of food on aggression is specific. Next, we show that flies tune the level of aggression according to absolute amount of food rather than other parameters, such as area or concentration of food. Sucrose, a sugar molecule present in many fruits, is sufficient to promote aggression, and detection of sugar via gustatory receptor neurons is necessary for food-promoted aggression. Furthermore, we show that while food is necessary for aggression, too much food decreases aggression. Finally, we show that flies exhibit strategies consistent with a territorial strategy. These data suggest that flies use sweet-sensing gustatory information to guide their decision to fight over a limited quantity of a food resource.

Following up on the findings of the first chapter, we asked how the presence of a conspecific female resource promotes male-male aggression. In the absence of food, group-housed male flies, who normally do not fight even in the presence of food, fight in the presence of females. Unlike food, the presence of females strongly influences proximity between flies. Nevertheless, as group-housed flies do not fight even when they are in small chambers, it is unlikely that the presence of female indirectly increases aggression by first increasing proximity. Unlike food, the presence of females also leads to large increases in locomotion and in male-female courtship behaviors, suggesting that females may influence aggression as well as general arousal. Female cuticular hydrocarbons are required for this effect, as females that do not produce CH pheromones are unable to promote male-male aggression. In particular, 7,11-HD––a female-specific cuticular hydrocarbon pheromone critical for male-female courtship––is sufficient to mediate this effect when it is perfumed onto pheromone-deficient females or males. Recent studies showed that ppk23⁺ GRNs label two population of GRNs, one of which detects male cuticular hydrocarbons and another labeled by ppk23 and ppk25, which detects female cuticular hydrocarbons. I show that in particular, both of these GRNs control aggression, presumably via detection of female or male pheromones. To further investigate the ways in which these two classes of GRNs control aggression, I developed new genetic tools to independently test the male- and female-sensing GRNs. I show that ppk25-LexA and ppk25-GAL80 faithfully recapitulate the expression pattern of ppk25-GAL4 and label a subset of ppk23⁺ GRNs. These tools can be used in future studies to dissect the respective functions of male-sensing and female-sensing GRNs in male social behaviors.

Finally, in the last chapter, I discuss quantitative approaches to describe how varying quantities of food and females could control the level of aggression. Flies show an inverse-U shaped aggressive response to varying quantities of food and a flat aggressive response to varying quantities of females. I show how two simple game theoretic models, “prisoner’s dilemma” and “coordination game” could be used to describe the level of aggression we observe. These results suggest that flies may use strategic decision-making, using simple comparisons of costs and benefits.

In conclusion, male-male aggression in Drosophila is controlled by simple gustatory cues from food and females, which are detected by gustatory receptor neurons. Different quantities of resource cues lead to different levels of aggression, and flies show putative territorial behavior, suggesting that fly aggression is a highly strategic adaptive behavior. How these resource cues are integrated with male pheromone cues and give rise to this complex behavior is an interesting subject, which should keep researchers busy in the coming years.