Detecting defects in the UK new-build housing sector: a learning perspective

Rapid growth in the production of new homes in the UK is putting build quality under pressure as evidenced by an increase in the number of defects. Housing associations (HAs) contribute approximately 20% of the UK’s new housing supply. HAs are currently experiencing central government funding cuts and rental revenue reductions. As part of HAs’ quest to ramp up supply despite tight budget conditions, they are reviewing how they learn from defects. Learning from defects is argued as a means of reducing the persistent defect problem within the UK housebuilding industry, yet how HAs learn from defects is under-researched. The aim of this research is to better understand how HAs, in practice, learn from past defects to reduce the prevalence of defects in future new homes. The theoretical lens for this research is organizational learning. The results drawn from 12 HA case studies indicate that effective organizational learning has the potential to reduce defects within the housing sector. The results further identify that HAs are restricting their learning to focus primarily on reducing defects through product and system adaptations. Focusing on product and system adaptations alone suppresses HAs’ abilities to reduce defects in the future.

Exploring the role the brand plays in the choice of charity by UK volunteers

Charities need to understand why volunteers choose one brand rather than another in order to attract more volunteers to their organisation. There has been considerable academic interest in understanding why people volunteer generally. However, this research explores the more specific question of why a volunteer chooses one charity brand rather than another. It builds on previous conceptualisations of volunteering as a consumption decision. Seen through the lens of the individual volunteer, it considers the under-researched area of the decision-making process. The research adopts an interpretivist epistemology and subjectivist ontology. Qualitative data was collected through depth interviews and analysed using both Means-End Chain (MEC) and Framework Analysis methodology. The primary contribution of the research is to theory: understanding the role of brand in the volunteer decision-making process. It identifies two roles for brand. The first is as a specific reason for choice, an ‘attribute’ of the decision. Through MEC, volunteering for a well-known brand connects directly through to a sense of self, both self-respect but also social recognition by others. All four components of the symbolic consumption construct are found in the data: volunteers choose a well-known brand to say something about themselves. The brand brings credibility and reassurance, it reduces the risk and enables the volunteer to meet their need to make a difference and achieve a sense of accomplishment. The second closely related role for brand is within the process of making the volunteering decision. Volunteers built up knowledge about the charity brands from a variety of brand touchpoints, over time. At the point of decision-making that brand knowledge and engagement becomes relevant, enabling some to make an automatic choice despite the significant level of commitment being made. The research identifies four types of decision-making behaviour. The research also makes secondary contributions to MEC methodology and to the non-profit context. It concludes within practical implications for management practice and a rich agenda for future research.

DENSITY PROFILE, VELOCITY ANISOTROPY, AND LINE-OF-SIGHT EXTERNAL CONVERGENCE OF SLACS GRAVITATIONAL LENSES

Data from 58 strong-lensing events surveyed by the Sloan Lens ACS Survey are used to estimate the projected galaxy mass inside their Einstein radii by two independent methods: stellar dynamics and strong gravitational lensing. We perform a joint analysis of these two estimates inside models with up to three degrees of freedom with respect to the lens density profile, stellar velocity anisotropy, and line-of-sight (LOS) external convergence, which incorporates the effect of the large-scale structure on strong lensing. A Bayesian analysis is employed to estimate the model parameters, evaluate their significance, and compare models. We find that the data favor Jaffe`s light profile over Hernquist`s, but that any particular choice between these two does not change the qualitative conclusions with respect to the features of the system that we investigate. The density profile is compatible with an isothermal, being sightly steeper and having an uncertainty in the logarithmic slope of the order of 5% in models that take into account a prior ignorance on anisotropy and external convergence. We identify a considerable degeneracy between the density profile slope and the anisotropy parameter, which largely increases the uncertainties in the estimates of these parameters, but we encounter no evidence in favor of an anisotropic velocity distribution on average for the whole sample. An LOS external convergence following a prior probability distribution given by cosmology has a small effect on the estimation of the lens density profile, but can increase the dispersion of its value by nearly 40%.

Phenology of Tayloria dubyi (Splachnaceae) in the peadands of the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve

The sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion harbors a high diversity of bryophytes, greater than the species richness of vascular plants. Despite this fact, phenological studies on bryophytes are lacking for this ecoregion and Chile. Based on the study of the sporophytic phase of Tayloria dubyi, an endemic moss from the sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion, we propose a methodology for phonological studies on austral bryophytes. We defined five phenophases, easily distinguishable with a hand-lens, which were monthly recorded during 2007 and 2008 in populations of T dubyi at the Omora Ethnobotanical Park and Mejillones Bay on Navarino Island (55 degrees S) in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve. The sporophytic (or reproductive) phase of T. dubyi presented a clear seasonality. After growing in November, in three months (December-February) of the austral reproductive season the sporophytes mature and release their spores; by March they are already senescent. T. dubyi belongs to the Splachnaceae family for which entomochory (dispersal of spores by insects, specifically Diptera) has been detected in the Northern Hemisphere. The period of spores release in T. dubyi coincides with the months of highest activity of Diptera which are potential dispersers of spores; hence, entomochory could also take place in sub-Antarctic Magellanic ecoregion. In sum, our work: (i) defines a methodology for phenological studies in austral bryophytes, (ii) it records a marked seasonality ion the sporophyte phase of T dubyi, and (iii) it proposes to evaluate in future research the occurrence of entomochory in Splachnaceae species growing in the sub-Antarctic peatlands and forest ecosystems in the Southern Hemisphere.

Twenty Years of Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Purpose: We described the rate of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) in a referral eye center in Sao Paulo, Brazil, through a retrospective review of clinical and laboratorial records of patients over 2 decades. Methods: From 1987 to 2006, a total of 581 requests for amoebic laboratory workup in cases of infections keratitis were investigated. Statistical analyses were applied to analyze a tendency of AK cases. Results: Acanthamoeba species were cultured from corneal scrapings of 185 patients, 5 of them with bilateral infection. Eighty-three percent of those patients were related with contact lens wear. Conclusions: The results suggested that patients with AK have persisted and increased over time at our ophthalmology center. Contact lenses showed to be a potential risk factor. Amoebic corneal infection can be considered as a new but well-established disease ill Brazilian ophthalmology and visual sciences.

Growth, encystment and survival of Acanthamoeba castellanii grazing on different bacteria

Free-living amoebae of the genus Acanthamoeba are widely distributed in soil and water collections, where trophozoites (vegetative, multiplicative stages) feed mainly by phagocytosis and thus control bacterial populations in the environment. Here, we examined the growth, encystment and survival of Acanthamoeba castellanii receiving different bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus megaterium, Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus) in nonnutrient saline. All bacteria assayed induced a dose-dependent proliferative response, in most cases maximized with a bacterial dose of 1 x 10(9) mL(-1); except for M. luteus, trophozoites grew better with viable than with heat-killed bacteria. In addition, Acanthamoeba growth was improved by adding bacteria on alternate days. Single-dose experiments indicated a temporal association between the growth of trophozoite and bacterial consumption, and higher consumption of M. luteus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa, bacterial species that allowed the highest trophozoite yields. Long-term Acanthamoeba-bacteria incubation revealed that encystment was significantly delayed by almost all the bacteria assayed (including S. aureus, which elicited a poor growth response) and that the presence of bacteria markedly increased cyst yield; final cyst recovery clearly depended on both the dose and the type of the bacterium given, being much higher with E. coli, M. luteus and P. aeruginosa.

Corneal graft survival after therapeutic keratoplasty for Acanthamoeba keratitis

Purpose: To describe corneal graft survival and visual outcome after therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) that is unresponsive to clinical treatment. Methods: Retrospective study. Thirty-two patients with AK who underwent therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty (tPK) from August 1996 to August 2005 were included. Data relating to clinical features, visual acuity, surgical technique, graft survival and complications were collected. Graft survival was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method and comparisons were performed using the Log-rank test. Results: Most patients (62.5%) were female. Mean age [+/- standard deviation (SD)] was 35 (+/- 13) years (range 15-68 years). All patients were contact lens wearers. Eighteen patients (56%) presented paralytic mydriasis and glaucoma during the treatment. Thirteen patients (40%) developed glaucoma after surgery; eight of them (61%) required a second PK because of graft failure. Of the 32 keratoplasty eyes, 56.2% presented graft failure at any follow-up point. Forty-five per cent of graft failures occurred before the 12 month follow-up, so 55% remained clear in the first year after surgery. Twelve patients underwent a second PK; seven of them failed and 45% were clear at 1 year. Two patients presented graft recurrence of amoebic infection. There was no significant difference in graft survival when eyes with or without mydriasis were compared (P = 0.40). Eyes with glaucoma presented a significantly shorter graft survival (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Penetrating keratoplasty is a treatment option for eyes that are unresponsive to clinical treatment infections. However, graft survival is poor; postoperative glaucoma is frequent and is associated with shorter graft survival.

Wave optics analysis by phase-shifting real-time holographic interferometry

The purpose of this work is to study the potentialities in the phase-shifting real-time holographic interferometry using photorefractive crystals as the recording medium for wave-optics analysis in optical elements and non-linear optical materials. This technique was used for obtaining quantitative measurements from the phase distributions of the wave front of lens and lens systems along the propagation direction with in situ visualization, monitoring and analysis in real time. (C) 2008 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Measurement of shrinkage of composite resin by laser speckle contrast analysis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shrinkage of a microhybrid dental composite resin photo-activated by one LED with different power densities by means of speckle technique. The dental composite resin Filtek (TM) Z-250 (3M/ESPE) at color A(2) was used for the samples preparation. Uncured composite was packed in a metallic mold and irradiated during 20 s from 100 to 1000 mW cm(-2). For the photo-activation of the samples, it was used a LED prototype (Light Emission Diode) with wavelength centered at 470 nm and adjustable power density until 1 W cm(-2). The speckle patterns obtained from the bottom composite surfaces were monitored using a CCD camera without lens. The speckle field is recorded in a digital picture and stored by CCD camera as the carrier of information on the displacement of the tested surface. The calculated values were obtained for each pair of adjacent patterns and the changes in speckle contrast as a function of time were obtained from six repeated measurements. The speckle contrasts obtained from the bottom surface with 100 mW cm(-1) were smaller than those than the other power densities. The higher power densities provided the higher shrinkage.

Nonlinear refractive index of RECOB (RE = Gd and La) crystals

The Z-scan technique is employed to obtain the nonlinear refractive index (n (2)) of the Ca(4)REO(BO(3))(3) (RECOB, where RE = Gd and La) single crystals using 30 fs laser pulses centered at 780 nm for the two orthogonal orientations determined by the optical axes (X and Z) relative to the direction of propagation of the laser beam (k//Y// crystallographic b-axis). The large values of n (2) indicate that both GdCOB and LaCOB are potential hosts for Yb:RECOB lasers operating in the Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM) regime.

Time-resolved study electronic and thermal contributions to the nonlinear refractive index of Nd3+: SBN laser crystals

The propagation of an optical beam through dielectric media induces changes in the refractive index, An, which causes self-focusing or self-defocusing. In the particular case of ion-doped solids, there are thermal and non-thermal lens effects, where the latter is due to the polarizability difference, Delta alpha, between the excited and ground states, the so-called population lens (PL) effect. PL is a pure electronic contribution to the nonlinearity, while the thermal lens (TL) effect is caused by the conversion of part of the absorbed energy into heat. In time-resolved measurements such as Z-scan and TL transient experiments, it is not easy to separate these two contributions to nonlinear refractive index because they usually have similar response times. In this work, we performed time-resolved measurements using both Z-scan and mode mismatched TL in order to discriminate thermal and electronic contributions to the laser-induced refractive index change of the Nd3+-doped Strontium Barium Niobate (SrxBa1-xNb2O6) laser crystal. Combining numerical simulations with experimental results we could successfully distinguish between the two contributions to An. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Study on the observation of Eu(2+) and Eu(3+) valence states in low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses

The optical, magnetic and structural properties of Eu doped low silica calcium aluminosilicate glasses were investigated. The optical absorption coefficient presented two bands at 39 246 and 29 416 cm(-1), which were assigned respectively to the 4f(7) ((8)S(7/2)) -> 4f(6) (4F(J)) 5d (T(2g)), and 4f(7) ((8)S(7/2)) -> 4f(6) (4F(J)) 5d (E(g)) transitions of Eu(2+). The fluorescence measured at 300 K on a sample doped with 0.5 wt% of Eu(2)O(3) exhibited a broad band centered at 17 350 cm(-1), which is attributed to the 4f(6)5d -> 4f(7) transition of Eu(2+), whereas the additional peaks are due to the (5)D(0) -> (7)F(J) (J = 1, 2, 4) transitions of Eu(3+). From magnetization and XANES data it was possible to evaluate the fractions of Eu(2+) and Eu(3+) for the sample doped with 0.5 and 5.0 wt% of Eu(2)O(3), the values of which were approximately 30 and 70%, respectively.

Noretnätet - ett pedagogiskt utvecklingsprojekt

Vid Norets barn- och utbildningsområde i Mora kommun bedrivits ett projektet kallat Noretnätet. Rektorsområdebestår av en större centralt belägen skola och tre s k byskolor, tillsammans innefattande åk 1-9, med en integrerad 6-årsverksamhet. I början av år 1998 lämnades en ansökan in om bidrag för ettkompetens- och skolutvecklingsprojekt till Utbildningsdepartementet. Ansökan beviljades och projektetNoretnätet kom att starta från och med höstterminen 1998. Målen för projektet formulerades som att:• Öka kunskapen om läroprocesser hos elever, föräldrar och personal• Öka medvetenheten kring den egna praktiken och ett språk för pedagogiskt arbete i arbetslag• Utveckla en organisation för arbete med elevernas inlärning• En större samstämmighet i undervisningsmönster mellan våra olika åldersgrupperI samband med att projektet startade bildades s k tvärgrupper. En samtalsledarutbildning startades och pågick parallellt med tvärgruppernas arbete. Arbetslagen har därefter inom projektets ram framför alltatt arbeta vidare med frågeställningar som de själva formulerat i form av s k ”småprojekt”.Syftet med utvärdering är:a) Att försöka värdera i vilken utsträckning arbetet bedrivits i linje med de mål som formulerades för projektet och om och i vilken utsträckning dessa har uppnåttsb) Att identifiera och diskutera faktorer som kan uppfattas väsentliga för att kunna genomföra ett framgångsriktskolutvecklingsprojektc) Att resultatet av utvärderingen skall kunna utgöra en lägesbeskrivning från vilken det för de inblandade aktörernaskall vara möjligt att formulera riktlinjer för ett fortsatt utvecklingsarbeteUtvärderingen bygger dels på tre tidigare genomförda delutvärderingar, och dels på data som insamlatsför att kunna komplettera dessa. För att komplettera denna information insamlades ytterligare data slutetav vårterminen 2001. Utvärderingen bygger således på ett tämligen omfattande empiriskt material som omfattar hela projektperioden. Tolkningsbasen är vad man skulle kunna kalla en konstruktivistisk idé om att de data som finns tillgängliga tillsammans skall kunna ”vävas” samman till en mer eller mindresammanhållen bild, en av flera möjliga, av det aktuella projektets samlade verksamhet.Det förefaller som att ett tämligen omfattande arbete har lagts ner på att skapa en ökad medvetenhet och kunskap om lärprocesser. Den sammanvägda bedömningen är att verksamheten i projektet på den punkten, i förhållande till de förutsättningar som funnits, bedrivits på ett sådant sätt att en ökad medvetenhet hos personalen om de lärprocesser som sker i skolan möjliggjorts. Detta bör även på ett konkret sätt ha kommit eleverna till del och förhoppningsvis innebär det att även deras medvetenhet omlärandet kommer att öka. Även om det från en del håll uttrycks tveksamheter att medvetenheten runt den egna praktiken och ett pedagogiskt språk verkligen påverkats på ett positivt sätt. En del av svårigheten tycks just vara att kunna upptäcka vad som sker, vilket t ex till en del kan förklaras av att det rör sig om förhållandevis långsamma processer. Däremot verkar resultatet vad gäller att involvera föräldrarna inte ha utvecklats särskilt långt. Bedömningen är ändå att projektet bedrivits på ett sådant sätt attdet har haft en riktning väl i linje med målet att öka medvetenheten om den egna praktiken och att utvecklaett pedagogiskt språk. Vad gäller målet att skapa en organisation för arbetet med elevernas lärandehar detta varit inriktat på att klara de behov som Noretnätet gett upphov till och som det framstår inte som ett försök att i första hand skapa en mera permanent organisatorisk förändring. Slutsatsen bliratt Noretnätet ändå indirekt kommit att visa på vägar för att finna en organisatorisk form som gör det möjligt att bygga in ett kontinuerligt skolutvecklingsarbete och sett från en sådan utgångspunkt kanverksamheten sägas ligga i linje med det mål som sattes upp. De slutsatser man kan dra om att projektet har gett en större samstämmighet i undervisningsmönster mellan olika åldersstadier är att de är en frågeställning som varit föremål för tämligen omfattande diskussioner. Projektets verksamhet förefallerdärför även på den här punkten i huvudsak ha legat i linje med det i sammanhanget aktuella målet.Sammantaget uppfattas verksamheten i Noretnätet för samtliga fyra mål haft den ”riktning” som målenangav. Med tanke på målens konstruktion är det inte möjligt att ha någon uppfattning i vilken grad målen uppnåtts.Vad gäller Noretnätet förefaller detta i hög grad ha varit ett Top-down initierat projekt, men samtidigt med en relativt stark strävan till att när detta initierats kan ges en tydlig Bottom-up rikting. Skolledningensroll berörs sparsamt i de utsagor som projektdeltagarna gör och kritik framkommer endast i någotenstaka fall. Möjligen kan det ändå tolkas som att skolans ledning varit relativt framgångsrika med attinitiera projektet och även med att lägga över ansvaret på dess genomförande till projektdeltagarna.Frågan om tid, eller snarare bristen på tid, är i skolutvecklingssammanhang en ständigt återkommandefrågeställning. Att förändra och utveckla organisationer och deras verksamhet kräver också tid både för att initieras, implementeras och inte minst för att institutionaliseras. Vad som framstår som lite uniktmed projektet Noretnätet är att skolledningen verkar att på allvar försöka organisera verksamheten så att det frigörs tid för att kunna arbeta med projektet. Genom att Noretnätet fick utrymme att fortsättasin verksamhet ytterligare ett läsår har detta möjliggjort att en del effekter visat sig på ett sätt som annars sannolikt inte hade varit möjligt. De s k samtalsledarna har haft en viktig roll, men kan också antasha varit olika framgångsrika med att utöva sin roll, men att det ändå finns skäl att tro att de på ett personligt plan har varit utvecklande att ikläda sig denna roll. Om ingen tar denna roll riskerar ett skolutvecklingsprojektav det här slaget att bli ett skrivbordskonstruktion. De s k ”småprojekten” framstårsom en av de stora poängerna med projektet Noretnätet. Genom att så tydligt koppla dessa mindreutvecklingsprojekt till de ordinarie arbetslagen har detta samtidigt möjliggjort en vardagsnära skolutvecklingsprocess.”Småprojekten” startas som en utveckling och fördjupning av projektet genom önskemålfrån personalen. Sammanfattningsvis framstår de s k ”småprojekten” som ett viktigt uppslag tillhur skolutvecklingsarbete i en mera generell mening kan bedrivas på ett framgångsrikt sätt.Det projekt som en gång för tre år sedan började med, som en del ansåg, tämligen abstrakta idéer har så småningom tagit form och har i hög grad omvandlats till en konkret och i vardagen påtaglig verksamhet.En intressant frågeställning är naturligtvis i vilken utsträckning som vad som skett som kan tillskrivasNoretnätet och vad som ändå skulle ha inträffat. Det är naturligtvis omöjligt att besvara en sådanfråga, men att det ändå kan vara värt att något reflektera över tänkbara svar. Det förefaller lika orimligt att påstå att inget kan tillskriva projektets verksamhet, som att all utveckling beror på detta. Den tidsom ställts till förfogande, vilket det samtidigt förefaller finnas stor enighet om att detta varit betydelsefullt, de samtal som därmed initieras, de verksamheter som startats i de s k ”småprojekten” talar ändåstarkt för att projektet har spelat en viktig roll för det utvecklingsarbete som skett. Noretnätet har därmed skapat en utmärkt bas för att kunna gå vidare mot en fortsatt positiv utveckling av verksamheteninom Norets barn- och utbildningsområde.

Integrating a sense of coherence into the neonatal environment

Background: Family centred care (FCC) is currently a valued philosophy within neonatal care; an approach that places the parents at the heart of all decision-making and engagement in the care of their infant. However, to date, there is a lack of clarity regarding the definition of FCC and limited evidence of FCCs effectiveness in relation to parental, infant or staff outcomes. Discussion: In this paper we present a new perspective to neonatal care based on Aaron Antonovksy's Sense of Coherence (SOC) theory of well-being and positive health. Whilst the SOC was originally conceptualised as a psychological-based construct, the SOCs three underpinning concepts of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness provide a theoretical lens through which to consider and reflect upon meaningful care provision in this particular care environment. By drawing on available FCC research, we consider how the SOC concepts considered from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed. The debate offered in this paper is not presented to reduce the importance or significance of FCC within neonatal care, but, rather, how consideration of the SOC offers the basis through which meaningful and effective FCC may be delivered. Practice based implications contextualised within the SOC constructs are also detailed. Summary: Consideration of the SOC constructs from both a parental and professional perspective need to be addressed in FCC provision. Service delivery and care practices need to be comprehensible, meaningful and manageable in order to achieve and promote positive well-being and health for all concerned.