Prevalência da doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica definida pela biópsia hepática: o verdadeiro espectro em diabéticos tipo II

A doença hepática gordurosa não alcoólica (DHGNA) tornou-se a hepatopatia crônica mais comum no mundo, afetando principalmente alguns grupos de pacientes, como os diabéticos tipo II. A biópsia hepática permanece como método padrão ouro para o seu diagnóstico. A prevalência da DHGNA e seus subtipos, em especial a esteatohepatite (EH), pode estar subestimada por métodos não invasivos de diagnóstico ou superestimada pela realização da biópsia em pacientes selecionados por alterações na ultrassonografia (US) ou nas aminotransferases. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: determinar a prevalência da DHGNA (esteatose, EH e cirrose) em uma amostra de pacientes diabéticos tipo II, com base na biópsia hepática; quantificar a esteatose, inflamação e fibrose quando presentes; identificar fatores preditivos de DHGNA, EH e fibrose significativa (≥ estágio 2) e avaliar o valor das aminotransferases e da US de abdome para o diagnóstico de EH e fibrose significativa. Todos os diabéticos tipo II, entre 18 e 70 anos, consecutivamente atendidos no ambulatório de Diabetes do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto, eram candidatos a participar do estudo. Foram excluídos pacientes com sorologias positivas para hepatite B ou C, outras doenças hepáticas crônicas, uso de drogas hepatotóxicas ou esteatogênicas, etilismo (≥20g/dia), obesidade grau III, comorbidades graves, gravidez ou por recusa em participar do estudo. Dos 396 pacientes triados com critérios de inclusão, 85 foram incluídos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos à avaliação clínica, exames laboratoriais, US de abdome e biópsia hepática. As lâminas foram analisadas por dois patologistas independentes e a DHGNA foi graduada pelo NASH Clinical Research Network Scoring System. A concordância entre os patologistas foi medida pelo coeficiente Kappa (k) e foi realizada análise multivariada por regressão logística para avaliação dos fatores associados de forma independente à DHGNA, EH e fibrose significativa. A prevalência de DHGNA na amostra foi de 92%, sendo 50% esteatose simples, 40% EH e 2% cirrose. A concordância (k) entre os patologistas foi 0,78. A esteatose foi leve na maior parte dos pacientes com esteatose simples e predominantemente acentuada nos pacientes com EH (p<0,001). A fibrose foi verificada em 76% dos pacientes com EH, sendo significativa em 41% deles. A presença de síndrome metabólica foi associada de forma independente à DHGNA, o índice de massa corporal e a circunferência abdominal aumentada à EH e a dosagem de alanina aminotransferase (ALT) à EH e à fibrose significativa. Apenas um de 21 pacientes (5%) com US e ALT normais apresentou EH. A prevalência da EH aumentou progressivamente com o aumento do grau de esteatose na US e com o aumento da ALT. Conclusão: A prevalência da DHGNA estimada pela biópsia hepática sem vieses de seleção foi muito elevada. Apesar de alto, o percentual de EH e fibrose significativa foi inferior ao dos estudos com biópsias em diabéticos selecionados por alterações na US e aminotransferases. EH foi associada a esteatose acentuada na histologia. A obesidade foi um cofator importante no diagnóstico de EH. O melhor desempenho da ALT e da US foi o de excluir as formas graves de DHGNA quando normais.

O texto narrativo nos dois primeiros anos do Ensino Fundamental II: possibilidades de reconto de O Rei Sapo

Esta dissertação reflete sobre as concepções de ensino, língua e gramática que podem nortear o trabalho do professor de Língua Portuguesa, bem como sobre as contribuições que os PCN trouxeram para ensino da língua materna, uma vez que ressaltaram a necessidade de se trabalhar o texto em sala de aula. Propõe-se um trabalho de análise de textos produzidos por alunos, que não considere somente as questões gramaticais, mas, principalmente, os aspectos linguístico-discursivos de que o aluno/autor já dispõe para compor seu texto. O maior objetivo desta pesquisa é desmistificar o preconceito presente na ideia de que o aluno de escola pública, por, na maioria das vezes, não dominar a norma padrão da língua, é incapaz de produzir textos coerentes e criativos. Além disso, mostrar que a qualificação de um texto como bom ou ruim está ligada aos critérios de análise que são utilizados. Para tal pesquisa, foi escolhido o gênero conto, e seu subgênero, o reconto. O motivo de tal escolha se deu pelo fato de os alunos mostrarem simpatia por esse gênero e já estarem familiarizados com ele

高等植物光系统II大量捕光色素蛋白复合体的稳定性研究

光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应，它主要发生在叶绿体的类囊体膜上。光能是整个光合作用反应的驱动力，因此光能的捕获和传递过程将会直接影响整个生物体的光合作用表现。在高等植物中，光系统II（PSII）的大量捕光色素蛋白复合体（LHCIIb）作为最主要的、含量最多的光能捕获和传递器官，在光合作用过程中发挥着极其重要的作用。经过数十年的研究，认为LHCIIb主要的功能有以下四个方面：捕获和传递光能、光保护和过剩能量耗散、调节光能在两个光系统中分配和维持类囊体膜的结构。同时对其空间结构也在2.72Å的水平上进行了解析，发现每个单体含有14个叶绿素分子（Chl），其中8个叶绿素 a（Chl a）和6个叶绿素 b（Chl b），2个黄体素（Lut），一个新黄质（Neo）和一个紫黄质（Vio），3个跨膜α-螺旋和2个双亲α-螺旋。尽管目前对其空间结构和基本功能有了初步的了解，但以往研究均是对LHCIIb的三个色素蛋白复合体（Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3）的混合研究，而关于Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的氨基酸组成、色素组成、各种光谱性质和稳定性研究还处于起步阶段。对Lhcb1、Lhcb2和Lhcb3各自的特性研究可以使我们更加深刻地理解LHCIIb的结构和功能。 本论文首先利用RT-PCR技术从豌豆（Pisum sativum L.）中提取了编码大量捕光色素蛋白复合体的三个脱辅基蛋白基因，分析了它们编码蛋白的氨基酸序列，并系统地研究了三个蛋白与其他物种中的三个蛋白之间的亲缘关系;然后在体外进行了成功的表达和与色素重组，进而对重组LHCIIb的色素组成及光谱特征进行了系统地对比和研究。实验结果表明，Lhcb1和Lhcb3的保守性高于Lhcb2，且Lhcb3最高，Lhcb1和Lhcb2的蛋白序列相似程度高于Lhcb3;Lhcb1同质三聚体的Neo含量和α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体，Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体的α-螺旋含量高于Lhcb1单体;与Lhcb1单体和Lhcb2单体相比，Lhcb1同质三聚体和Lhcb3单体的荧光发射光谱明显红移，与核心复合物的光谱特征更加接近，这一区别可能更加有利于能量向核心传递;吸收光谱中表明，Lhcb1和Lhcb2存在两个Chl a吸收峰，根据分析超快吸收得到的模型（Amerongen & Grondelle，2001），这两个吸收峰可能代表Chl a的两个吸收中心。 在对LHCIIb各种基本特性研究的基础之上，本论文使用三氟乙酸（TFA）、离液剂尿素、离子性去污剂SDS、非离子型去污剂Triton X-100对Lhcb1单体进行了处理，使用不同温度对Lhcb1单体和同质三聚体、Lhcb2单体和Lhcb3单体进行处理。研究了它们在不同条件下的稳定性，主要结果如下： 1) 低浓度的尿素不能使Lhcb1变性，但可以影响色素之间的能量传递效率和相互作用。尽管SDS可以使Lhcb1解体，但解体后的蛋白仍旧保留了部分α-螺旋结构。TFA和非离子型去污剂Triton X-100可以使Lhcb1完全解体，并且可以完全破坏蛋白α-螺旋结构，TFA主要是通过影响色素结构和增加蛋白内部的分子间排斥力来破坏Lhcb1，而Triton X-100主要是通过破坏疏水作用力来破坏Lhcb1。高温可以使LHCIIb解体，但不能使蛋白二级结构完全消失。 2) 尿素、温度和Triton X-100均不引起色素本身的破坏，SDS和三氟乙酸使氢置换叶绿素卟啉环所螯合的镁离子，产生去镁叶绿素，造成色素本身结构的严重破坏。 3) 随着温度的升高，色素蛋白复合体的结构和功能会遭到破坏。在Lhcb1和Lhcb2中首先被破坏的是长波长吸收的Chl a。 4) .就功能而言，Lhcb1同质三聚体最为稳定，其次为：Lhcb1单体 > Lhcb3单体 > Lhcb2单体;.就结构而言，Lhcb1单体和Lhcb1同质三聚体相似，稍微较Lhcb2和Lhcb3稳定。 5) 不同处理方式均发现色素蛋白复合体的变性过程依次为：以Chl a为主的相互作用消失，其后依次为以Chl b为主的相互作用消失，以类胡萝卜素为主的相互作用，最后消失的是蛋白的二级结构。在结构受到破坏的同时，能量传递最先受到影响。 6) 解体过程并不是折叠过程的逆过程。

Recent origin of a hominoid-specific splice form of neuropsin, a gene involved in learning and memory

Neuropsin is a secreted-type serine protease involved in learning and memory. The type II splice form of neuropsin is abundantly expressed in the human brain but not in the mouse brain. We sequenced the type II-spliced region of neuropsin gene in humans and representative nonhuman primate species. Our comparative sequence analysis showed that only the hominoid species (humans and apes) have the intact open reading frame of the type II splice form, indicating that the type II neuropsin originated recently in the primate lineage about 18 MYA. Expression analysis using RT-PCR detected abundant expression of the type II form in the frontal lobe of the adult human brain, but no expression was detected in the brains of lesser apes and Old World monkeys, indicating that the type II form of neuropsin only became functional in recent time, and it might contribute to the progressive change of cognitive abilities during primate evolution.

New evidence for the origin and behaviour of deep ocean 'crusts'

In situ tests in deep waterWest African clays show crust-like shear strengths within the top few metres of sediment. Typical strength profiles show su rising from mud-line to 10 kPa to 15 kPa before dropping back to normally consolidated strengths of 3 kPa to 4 kPa by 1.5m to 2m depth. A Cam-shear device is used to better understand the mechanical behaviour of undisturbed crust samples under pipelines. Extremely variable peak and residual shear strengths are observed for a range of pipeline consolidation stresses and test shear rates, with residual strengths approximating zero. ESEM of undisturbed samples and wet-sieved samples from various core depths show the presence of numerous randomly-located groups of invertebrate faecal pellets. It is therefore proposed that the cause of strength variability during shear testing and, indeed, of the crust's origin, is the presence of random groups of faecal pellets within the sediment. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

Seismically-induced displacements of a suction caisson in soft clay

The seismic design for offshore foundations is based predominantly on experience onshore. This paper describes the results of dynamic centrifuge tests performed to validate the performance of a suction caisson installed in normally consolidated clay. The main objective is to evaluate the likely plastic displacement under different shaking levels. Permanent displacement results indicate that the displacements experienced are well within the allowable movement for the foundation considered, even though a strength based design approach would consider this to be a failure. Larger earthquakes are seen to produce comparatively smaller displacements. It is concluded that the when designing for seismic loading, if some displacement is permissible then a performance-based approach allowing some displacement proves significantly less conservative than a purely strength-based design. It is also concluded that dynamic response analyses should consider the strength of soil, as this can act as a fuse against large amplitude shear waves. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, London.

The effect of remodelling and contractility of the actin cytoskeleton on the shear resistance of single cells: a computational and experimental investigation.

The biomechanisms that govern the response of chondrocytes to mechanical stimuli are poorly understood. In this study, a series of in vitro tests are performed, in which single chondrocytes are subjected to shear deformation by a horizontally moving probe. Dramatically different probe force-indentation curves are obtained for untreated cells and for cells in which the actin cytoskeleton has been disrupted. Untreated cells exhibit a rapid increase in force upon probe contact followed by yielding behaviour. Cells in which the contractile actin cytoskeleton was removed exhibit a linear force-indentation response. In order to investigate the mechanisms underlying this behaviour, a three-dimensional active modelling framework incorporating stress fibre (SF) remodelling and contractility is used to simulate the in vitro tests. Simulations reveal that the characteristic force-indentation curve observed for untreated chondrocytes occurs as a result of two factors: (i) yielding of SFs due to stretching of the cytoplasm near the probe and (ii) dissociation of SFs due to reduced cytoplasm tension at the front of the cell. In contrast, a passive hyperelastic model predicts a linear force-indentation curve similar to that observed for cells in which the actin cytoskeleton has been disrupted. This combined modelling-experimental study offers a novel insight into the role of the active contractility and remodelling of the actin cytoskeleton in the response of chondrocytes to mechanical loading.

Determination of PAH, PCB, and OCP in water from the Three Gorges Reservoir accumulated by semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD)

Bioavailable water concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and organochlorine pesticides (OCP) were measured in the water column from Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) collected in May 2008 using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The sampling sites spanned the whole reservoir from the upstream Chongqing to the great dam covering more than 600 km long distance with water flow velocities ranging from <0.05 to 1.5 m s(-1). This is the first experience of SPMD application in the biggest reservoir in the world. The results of water sampling rates based on performance reference compounds (PRC) were tested to be significantly correlated with water flow velocities in the big river. Results of back-calculated aqueous concentrations based on PRC showed obvious regional variations of PAH, PCB and OCP levels in the reservoir. Total PAH ranged from 13.8 to 97.2 ng L-1, with the higher concentrations occurring in the region of upstream and near the dam. Phenanthrene, fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene were the predominant PAH compounds in TGR water. Total PCB ranged from 0.08 to 0.51 ng L-1, with the highest one occurring in the region near the dam. PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180, 118 were the most abundant PCB congeners in the water. The total OCP ranged from 2.33 to 3.60 ng L-1 and the levels showed homogenous distribution in the whole reservoir. HCH, DDT and HCB, PeCB were the major compounds of OCP fingerprints. Based on water quality criteria, the TGR water could be designated as being polluted by HCB and PAH. Data on PAH, PCB and OCP concentrations found in this survey can be used as reference levels for future POP monitoring programmes in TGR. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

CO2-gasification of a lignite coal in the presence of an iron-based oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion

Chemical-looping combustion (CLC) has the inherent property of separating the product CO2 from flue gases. Instead of air, it uses an oxygen carrier, usually in the form of a metal oxide, to provide oxygen for combustion. All techniques so far proposed for chemical looping with solid fuels involve initially the gasification of the solid fuel in order for the gaseous products to react with the oxygen carrier. Here, the rates of gasification of coal were compared when gasification was undertaken in a fluidised bed of either (i) an active Fe-based oxygen carrier used for chemical looping or (ii) inert sand. This enabled an examination of the ability of chemical looping materials to enhance the rate of gasification of solid fuels. Batch gasification and chemical-looping combustion experiments with a German lignite and its char are reported, using an electrically-heated fluidised bed reactor at temperatures from 1073 to 1223 K. The fluidising gas was CO2 in nitrogen. The kinetics of the gasification were found to be significantly faster in the presence of the oxygen carrier, especially at temperatures above 1123 K. A numerical model was developed to account for external and internal mass transfer and for the effect of the looping agent. The model also included the effects of the evolution of the pore structure at different conversions. The presence of Fe2O3 led to an increase in the rate of gasification because of the rapid oxidation of CO by the oxygen carrier to CO2. This resulted in the removal of CO and maintained a higher mole fraction of CO2 in the mixture of gas around the particle of char, i.e. within the mass transfer boundary layer surrounding the particle. This effect was most prominent at about 20% conversion when (i) the surface area for reaction was at its maximum and (ii) because of the accompanying increase in porosity and pore size, intraparticle resistance to gas mass transfer within the particle of char had fallen, compared with that in the initial particle. Excellent agreement was observed between the rates predicted by the numerical model and those observed experimentally. ©2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Study of optical properties in GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs single quantum wells

GaAsSb/GaAs single quantum wells (SQWs) grown by molecular beam epitaxy are studied by selectively-excited photoluminescence (SEPL) measurement. For the first time, we have simultaneously observed the PL, from both type I and type II transitions in GaAsSb/GaAs heterostructure in the SEPL. The two transitions exhibit different PL, behaviours under different excitation energy. As expected, the peak energy of type I emission remains constant in the whole excitation energy range we used, while type U transition shows a significant blue shift with increasing excitation energy. The observed blue shift is well explained in terms of electron-hole charge separation model at the interface. Time-resolved(TR) PL exhibits more type 11 characteristic of GaAsSb/GaAs QW. Moreover, the results of the excitation-power-dependent PL and TRPL provide more direct information on the type-II nature of the band alignment in GaAsSb/GaAs quantum-well structures. By combining the experimental results with some simple calculations, we have obtained the strained and unstrained valence band offsets of Q(v) = 1.145 and Q(v)(0) = 0. 76 in our samples, respectively.

Selectively excited photoluminescence of GaAs1-xSbx/GaAs single quantum wells

GaAsSb/GaAs single quantum wells grown by molecular-beam epitaxy are studied by selectively excited photoluminescence measurements. We have simultaneously observed the photoluminescence (PL) from both type-I and type-II transitions in the samples. The two transitions exhibit different PL behavior under different excitation energies. As expected, the peak energy of the type-I emission remains constant in the entire excitation energy range we used, while the type-II transition shows a significant blueshift with increasing excitation energy. The observed blueshift can be well explained by an electron-hole charge separation model at interface. This result, along with the excitation-power-dependent PL and the measured longer carrier decay time, provides more direct information on the type-II nature of the band alignment in GaAsSb/GaAs quantum well structures. (C) 2002 American Institute of Physics.

Design and Fabrication of Low-microwave loss Coplannar Waveguide and precise V groove on Silicon Substrate for Optoelectronic Packaging - art. no. 601938

Optoelectronic packaging has become a most important factor that influences the final performance and cost of the module. In this paper, low microwave loss coplanar waveguide(CPW) on high resistivity silicon(HRS) and precise V groove in silicon substrate were successfully fabricated. The microwave attenuation of the CPW made on HRS with the simple process is lower than 2 dB/cm in the frequency range of 0 similar to 26GHz, and V groove has the accuracy in micro level and smooth surface. These two techniques built a good foundation for high frequency packaging and passive coupling of the optoelectronic devices. Based on these two techniques, a simple high resistivity silicon substrate that integrated V groove and CPW for flip-chip packaging of lasers was completed. It set a good example for more complicate optoelectronic packaging.