Projeto de intervenção para o combate à incidência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica na população atendida pela Equipe de Saúde da Família areias II do município Ribeirão das Neves

A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS) é considerada atualmente, um dos mais importantes fatores de risco para doença cardiovascular. É uma doença crônica insidiosa que evolui silenciosamente, constituindo um risco para o surgimento das doenças cerebrovasculares, cardíacas e renais. Dai a importância de um tratamento adequado com mudanças no estilo de vida das pessoas e manutenção rigorosa da terapêutica medicamentosa. Pela "Equipe de Saúde da Família Areias II" foi identificado como importante problema de saúde a existência de um grande número de pessoas portadoras de HAS descompensada. A identificação deste problema estimulou a realização do presente trabalho que tem como objetivo elaborar um plano de intervenção para diminuir a incidência de Hipertensão Arterial Descompensada na população adscrita. Foram propostas estratégias para estimular mudanças nos hábitos e estilos de vida dos pacientes e aumentar o conhecimento das mesmas sobre a doença e suas consequências. O plano de intervenção tem embasamento no método do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional, sendo que para o reconhecimento do território e definição do problema utilizou-se o método da Estimativa Rápida Participativa. Espera-se que a partir das ações, desenhadas com a intenção de enfrentar as causas principais do problema identificado, possam ser alcançados resultados, que elevarão a qualidade de vida dos hipertensos da área de abrangência.

Uso abusivo de benzodiazepínicos na área atendida pela equipe de Saúde da Família João Paulo II, em São Bento de Caldas, município de Santa Rita de Caldas, Minas Gerais: plano de intervenção

O objetivo deste estudo foi propor um plano de intervenção que atue diretamente na comunidade de São Bento de Caldas, município de Santa Rita de Caldas, Minas Gerais, para reduzir o uso abusivo de benzodiazepínicos . Esta comunidade é sob responsabilidade da equipe de Saúde da Família João Paulo II. Com a pesquisa e levantamento dos dados foi verificado que a comunidade de São Bento atualmente está com 20% a mais que a média nacional para o uso de benzodiazepínicos. É apresentada revisão bibliográfica, com base na análise de vários artigos científicos e dados obtidos de observações diárias nos atendimentos na Unidade Básica de Saúde. Utilizaram-se, como palavras-chave: estratégia saúde da família, saúde mental, antidepressivos e distúrbios relacionados ao uso de benzodiazepínicos. O plano de intervenção sobre o problema prioritário focou a atuação em três causas a ele relativas, denominadas nós críticos, na metodologia utilizada, o Planejamento Estratégico Situacional (PES): aumentar o nível de informação da população sobre medicamentos e práticas não medicamentosas para boa qualidade de saúde mental; melhorar o processo de trabalho da equipe de saúde e da atenção às pessoas com problemas na área de saúde mental e melhorar o nível de conhecimento da equipe de Saúde da Família sobre uso de medicamentos, riscos, efeitos colaterais e alternativas relacionadas a estilo de vida. Através do Plano de ação, foi utilizado o método de estimativa rápida, no qual a equipe colheu dados, por informações contidas nos prontuários e busca ativa na área; sobre o uso de tais medicações, sua dosagem, quem prescreveu, qual o motivo do início da prescrição, quanto tempo o paciente faz uso da medicação e há quanto tempo ele não tem acompanhamento sobre a patologia que desencadeou o uso. Estes dados foram comparados com estudos e dados do Ministério da Saúde sobre o tema e observou-se que os benzodiazepínicos são responsáveis por cerca de 50% de toda a prescrição de psicotrópicos. Na comunidade essa média sobe para 70% e das oito micro áreas, duas contam com incríveis 80% de média. Atualmente, um em cada 10 pacientes recebe prescrições de benzodiazepínicos e no município esse número sobe para um e meio (levando-se em conta a grande base da pirâmide etária). Cerca de 70% dos prontuários está incorretamente sendo preenchido quanto à dispensa dessa medicação. Conclusão: faz-se necessário uma intervenção na aplicação antiquada usada atualmente na prescrição e acompanhamento do paciente para uma abordagem mais assertiva e atualizada visando uma melhor resposta ao tratamento, com as ações formativas, tanto da equipe de saúde quanto do paciente

Projeto de intervenção para redução de riscos cardiovasculares na população da Unidade Básica de Saúde Nova Contagem II, município de Contagem/Minas Gerais

No Brasil, nos últimos anos, as doenças cardiovasculares são a principal causa de mortalidade. Este estudo tem como objetivo elaborar um projeto de intervenção, utilizando ações educativas que promovam a diminuição/controle dos fatores de riscos cardiovasculares para a população atendida pela equipe 8 da unidade básica de saúde Nova Contagem II, município de Contagem/ Minas Gerais. Esta unidade atende uma população de 3613 pessoas com um total de 2821 pessoas maiores de 15 anos de idade. Detecta-se uma alta prevalência de tabagismo, sedentarismo, alcoolismo, hipertensão arterial, Diabetes Mellitus e estresse. Localiza-se perto da penitenciaria Nelson Hungria, e grande parte da população mora de forma transitória para fazer visitas aos seus familiares. Percebe-se um aumento para os riscos cardiovasculares devido, principalmente, ao desconhecimento da população sobre o problema. Para a elaboração do Plano de Intervenção, foram utilizados os passos para elaboração de um plano de ação descritos no Módulo de Planejamento e Avaliação das Ações de Saúde do Curso de Especialização em Atenção Básica em Saúde da Família (CAMPOS, 2010). Espera-se, com este estudo, diminuir estes riscos que provocam o agravamento de patologias já existentes. Pretende-se, também, diminuir a incidência de casos novos e também a mortalidade por estas causas.

Projeto de intervenção para diminuir a alta prevalência de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus na Unidade básica de saúde Américo Silva II

A hipertensão arterial e a diabetes mellitus são doenças crônicas que se tornaram prioridade em saúde pública no Brasil. O Ministério de Saúde apresentou um plano de intervenção de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, dividido- em quatro grupos com fatores de risco, relacionados a qualidades de vida do portador. Neste trabalho desenvolveu-se um projeto de intervenção, usando os método do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional e uma da revisão narrativa da literatura sobre o tema com o objetivo de elaborar um projeto de intervenção para diminuir a alta prevalência dos portadores de hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus pertencentes à área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Américo Silva II, localizada no município Lagoa da Prata/Minas Gerais. Informações epidemiológicas mostram a alta prevalência de usuários portadores de HAS e DM. Após a revisão bibliográfica realizada, foi proposto um plano de ação com as seguintes operações: saúde na rádio , tempo de saúde, dia do diabético e do hipertenso, culinária do hipertenso e diabético para amenizar esta problemática. Assim esperamos melhorar a educação em saúde e diminuir o número de atendimentos espontâneos por crises hipertensivas e usuários com diabetes descompensados nas consultas da unidade básica de saúde, além de diminuir outras complicações e o número de mortalidade e de hospitalizações por estas doenças no Sistema Único de Saúde.

Mucopolysaccharidosis Type Ii: Identification Of 30 Novel Mutations Among Latin American Patients.

In this study, 103 unrelated South-American patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) were investigated aiming at the identification of iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS) disease causing mutations and the possibility of some insights on the genotype-phenotype correlation The strategy used for genotyping involved the identification of the previously reported inversion/disruption of the IDS gene by PCR and screening for other mutations by PCR/SSCP. The exons with altered mobility on SSCP were sequenced, as well as all the exons of patients with no SSCP alteration. By using this strategy, we were able to find the pathogenic mutation in all patients. Alterations such as inversion/disruption and partial/total deletions of the IDS gene were found in 20/103 (19%) patients. Small insertions/deletions/indels (<22 bp) and point mutations were identified in 83/103 (88%) patients, including 30 novel mutations; except for a higher frequency of small duplications in relation to small deletions, the frequencies of major and minor alterations found in our sample are in accordance with those described in the literature.

Effects Of Therapeutic Approach On The Neonatal Evolution Of Very Low Birth Weight Infants With Patent Ductus Arteriosus.

To analyze the effects of treatment approach on the outcomes of newborns (birth weight [BW] < 1,000 g) with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), from the Brazilian Neonatal Research Network (BNRN) on: death, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH III/IV), retinopathy of prematurity requiring surgical (ROPsur), necrotizing enterocolitis requiring surgery (NECsur), and death/BPD. This was a multicentric, cohort study, retrospective data collection, including newborns (BW < 1000 g) with gestational age (GA) < 33 weeks and echocardiographic diagnosis of PDA, from 16 neonatal units of the BNRN from January 1, 2010 to Dec 31, 2011. Newborns who died or were transferred until the third day of life, and those with presence of congenital malformation or infection were excluded. Groups: G1 - conservative approach (without treatment), G2 - pharmacologic (indomethacin or ibuprofen), G3 - surgical ligation (independent of previous treatment). Factors analyzed: antenatal corticosteroid, cesarean section, BW, GA, 5 min. Apgar score < 4, male gender, Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension (SNAPPE II), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), late sepsis (LS), mechanical ventilation (MV), surfactant (< 2 h of life), and time of MV. death, O2 dependence at 36 weeks (BPD36wks), IVH III/IV, ROPsur, NECsur, and death/BPD36wks. Student's t-test, chi-squared test, or Fisher's exact test; Odds ratio (95% CI); logistic binary regression and backward stepwise multiple regression. Software: MedCalc (Medical Calculator) software, version 12.1.4.0. p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. 1,097 newborns were selected and 494 newborns were included: G1 - 187 (37.8%), G2 - 205 (41.5%), and G3 - 102 (20.6%). The highest mortality was observed in G1 (51.3%) and the lowest in G3 (14.7%). The highest frequencies of BPD36wks (70.6%) and ROPsur were observed in G3 (23.5%). The lowest occurrence of death/BPD36wks occurred in G2 (58.0%). Pharmacological (OR 0.29; 95% CI: 0.14-0.62) and conservative (OR 0.34; 95% CI: 0.14-0.79) treatments were protective for the outcome death/BPD36wks. The conservative approach of PDA was associated to high mortality, the surgical approach to the occurrence of BPD36wks and ROPsur, and the pharmacological treatment was protective for the outcome death/BPD36wks.

Endocytosis Of Tight Junctions Caveolin Nitrosylation Dependent Is Improved By Cocoa Via Opioid Receptor On Rpe Cells In Diabetic Conditions.

Retinal pigment epithelium cells, along with tight junction (TJ) proteins, constitute the outer blood retinal barrier (BRB). Contradictory findings suggest a role for the outer BRB in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The aim of this study was to investigate whether the mechanisms involved in these alterations are sensitive to nitrosative stress, and if cocoa or epicatechin (EC) protects from this damage under diabetic (DM) milieu conditions. Cells of a human RPE line (ARPE-19) were exposed to high-glucose (HG) conditions for 24 hours in the presence or absence of cocoa powder containing 0.5% or 60.5% polyphenol (low-polyphenol cocoa [LPC] and high-polyphenol cocoa [HPC], respectively). Exposure to HG decreased claudin-1 and occludin TJ expressions and increased extracellular matrix accumulation (ECM), whereas levels of TNF-α and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were upregulated, accompanied by increased nitric oxide levels. This nitrosative stress resulted in S-nitrosylation of caveolin-1 (CAV-1), which in turn increased CAV-1 traffic and its interactions with claudin-1 and occludin. This cascade was inhibited by treatment with HPC or EC through δ-opioid receptor (DOR) binding and stimulation, thereby decreasing TNF-α-induced iNOS upregulation and CAV-1 endocytosis. The TJ functions were restored, leading to prevention of paracellular permeability, restoration of resistance of the ARPE-19 monolayer, and decreased ECM accumulation. The detrimental effects on TJs in ARPE-19 cells exposed to DM milieu occur through a CAV-1 S-nitrosylation-dependent endocytosis mechanism. High-polyphenol cocoa or EC exerts protective effects through DOR stimulation.

Analysis Of The Contribution Of Immunologically-detectable Her2, Steroid Receptors And Of The Triple-negative" Tumor Status To Disease-free And Overall Survival Of Women With Epithelial Ovarian Cancer."

We assessed associations between steroid receptors including: estrogen-alpha, estrogen-beta, androgen receptor, progesterone receptor, the HER2 status and triple-negative epithelial ovarian cancer (ERα-/PR-/HER2-; TNEOC) status and survival in women with epithelial ovarian cancer. The study included 152 women with primary epithelial ovarian cancer. The status of steroid receptor and HER2 was determined by immunohistochemistry. Disease-free and overall survival were calculated and compared with steroid receptor and HER2 status as well as clinicopathological features using the Cox Proportional Hazards model. A mean follow-up period of 43.6 months (interquartile range=41.4 months) was achieved where 44% of patients had serous tumor, followed by mucinous (23%), endometrioid (9%), mixed (9%), undifferentiated (8.5%) and clear cell tumors (5.3%). ER-alpha staining was associated with grade II-III tumors. Progesterone receptor staining was positively associated with a Body Mass Index≥25. Androgen receptor positivity was higher in serous tumors. In stand-alone analysis of receptor contribution to survival, estrogen-alpha positivity was associated with greater disease-free survival. However, there was no significant association between steroid receptor expression, HER2 status, or TNEOC status, and overall survival. Although estrogen-alpha, androgen receptor, progesterone receptor and the HER2 status were associated with key clinical features of the women and pathological characteristics of the tumors, these associations were not implicated in survival. Interestingly, women with TNEOC seem to fare the same way as their counterparts with non-TNEOC.

Reduced Plasma Angiotensin Ii Levels Are Reversed By Hydroxyurea Treatment In Mice With Sickle Cell Disease.

Sickle cell disease (SCD) pathogenesis leads to recurrent vaso-occlusive and hemolytic processes, causing numerous clinical complications including renal damage. As vasoconstrictive mechanisms may be enhanced in SCD, due to endothelial dysfunction and vasoactive protein production, we aimed to determine whether the expression of proteins of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may be altered in an animal model of SCD. Plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) was measured in C57BL/6 (WT) mice and mice with SCD by ELISA, while quantitative PCR was used to compare the expressions of the genes encoding the angiotensin-II-receptors 1 and 2 (AT1R and AT2R) and the angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE1 and ACE2) in the kidneys, hearts, livers and brains of mice. The effects of hydroxyurea (HU; 50-75mg/kg/day, 4weeks) treatment on these parameters were also determined. Plasma Ang II was significantly diminished in SCD mice, compared with WT mice, in association with decreased AT1R and ACE1 expressions in SCD mice kidneys. Treatment of SCD mice with HU reduced leukocyte and platelet counts and increased plasma Ang II to levels similar to those of WT mice. HU also increased AT1R and ACE2 gene expression in the kidney and heart. Results indicate an imbalanced RAS in an SCD mouse model; HU therapy may be able to restore some RAS parameters in these mice. Further investigations regarding Ang II production and the RAS in human SCD may be warranted, as such changes may reflect or contribute to renal damage and alterations in blood pressure.

Phtx-ii A Basic Myotoxic Phospholipase A2 From Porthidium Hyoprora Snake Venom, Pharmacological Characterization And Amino Acid Sequence By Mass Spectrometry.

A monomeric basic PLA2 (PhTX-II) of 14149.08 Da molecular weight was purified to homogeneity from Porthidium hyoprora venom. Amino acid sequence by in tandem mass spectrometry revealed that PhTX-II belongs to Asp49 PLA2 enzyme class and displays conserved domains as the catalytic network, Ca2+-binding loop and the hydrophobic channel of access to the catalytic site, reflected in the high catalytic activity displayed by the enzyme. Moreover, PhTX-II PLA2 showed an allosteric behavior and its enzymatic activity was dependent on Ca2+. Examination of PhTX-II PLA2 by CD spectroscopy indicated a high content of alpha-helical structures, similar to the known structure of secreted phospholipase IIA group suggesting a similar folding. PhTX-II PLA2 causes neuromuscular blockade in avian neuromuscular preparations with a significant direct action on skeletal muscle function, as well as, induced local edema and myotoxicity, in mice. The treatment of PhTX-II by BPB resulted in complete loss of their catalytic activity that was accompanied by loss of their edematogenic effect. On the other hand, enzymatic activity of PhTX-II contributes to this neuromuscular blockade and local myotoxicity is dependent not only on enzymatic activity. These results show that PhTX-II is a myotoxic Asp49 PLA2 that contributes with toxic actions caused by P. hyoprora venom.

Photoelastic Analysis Of Fixed Partial Prosthesis Crown Height And Implant Length On Distribution Of Stress In Two Dental Implant Systems.

The aim of this study was to evaluate by photoelastic analysis stress distribution on short and long implants of two dental implant systems with 2-unit implant-supported fixed partial prostheses of 8 mm and 13 mm heights. Sixteen photoelastic models were divided into 4 groups: I: long implant (5 × 11 mm) (Neodent), II: long implant (5 × 11 mm) (Bicon), III: short implant (5 × 6 mm) (Neodent), and IV: short implants (5 × 6 mm) (Bicon). The models were positioned in a circular polariscope associated with a cell load and static axial (0.5 Kgf) and nonaxial load (15°, 0.5 Kgf) were applied to each group for both prosthetic crown heights. Three-way ANOVA was used to compare the factors implant length, crown height, and implant system (α = 0.05). The results showed that implant length was a statistically significant factor for both axial and nonaxial loading. The 13 mm prosthetic crown did not result in statistically significant differences in stress distribution between the implant systems and implant lengths studied, regardless of load type (P > 0.05). It can be concluded that short implants showed higher stress levels than long implants. Implant system and length was not relevant factors when prosthetic crown height were increased.

Epicardial And Pericardial Fat In Type 2 Diabetes: Favourable Effects Of Biliopancreatic Diversion.

Ectopic fat is often identified in obese subjects who are susceptible to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The ectopic fat favours the decrease in insulin sensitivity (IS) and adiponectin levels. We aimed to evaluate the effect of biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) on the accumulation of ectopic fat, adiponectin levels and IS in obese with T2DM. A nonrandomised controlled study was performed on sixty-eight women: 19 lean-control (23.0 ± 2.2 kg/m(2)) and 18 obese-control (35.0 ± 4.8 kg/m(2)) with normal glucose tolerance and 31 obese with T2DM (36.3 ± 3.7 kg/m(2)). Of the 31 diabetic women, 20 underwent BPD and were reassessed 1 month and 12 months after surgery. The subcutaneous adipose tissue, visceral adipose tissue, epicardial adipose tissue and pericardial adipose tissue were evaluated by ultrasonography. The IS was assessed by a hyperglycaemic clamp, applying the minimal model of glucose. One month after surgery, there was a reduction in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues, whereas epicardial and pericardial adipose tissues exhibited significant reduction at the 12-month assessment (p < 0.01). Adiponectin levels and IS were normalised 1 month after surgery, resembling lean-control values and elevated above the obese-control values (p < 0.01). After 12 months, the improvement in IS and adiponectin was maintained, and 17 of the 20 operated patients exhibited fasting glucose and glycated haemoglobin within the normal range. After BPD, positive physiological adaptations occurred in grade I and II obese patients with T2DM. These adaptations relate to the restoration of IS and decreased adiposopathy and explain the acute (1 month) and chronic (12 months) improvements in the glycaemic control.

[impact Of The Activation Of Intention To Perform Physical Activity In Type Ii Diabetics: A Randomized Clinical Trial].

Type II diabetes mellitus is a highly prevalent disease among the adult Brazilian population, and one that can be controlled by interventions such as physical activity, among others. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the impact of a traditional motivational strategy, associated with the activation of intention theory, on adherence to physical activity in patients with type II, diabetes mellitus who are part of the Unified Health System (SUS). Participants were divided into a control group (CG) and an intervention group (IG). In both groups, the traditional motivational strategy was applied, but the activation of intention strategy was only applied to the IG Group. After a two-month follow-up, statistically significant differences were verified between the groups, related to the practice of walking (p = 0.0050), number of days per week (p = 0.0076), minutes per day (p = 0.0050) and minutes walking per week (p = 0.0015). At the end of the intervention, statistically significant differences in abdominal circumference (p = 0.0048) between the groups were observed. The conclusion drawn is that the activation of intention strategy had greater impact on adherence to physical activity and reduction in abdominal circumference in type II diabetics, than traditional motivational strategy.

Photodynamic Antimicrobial Effects Of Bis-indole Alkaloid Indigo From Indigofera Truxillensis Kunth (leguminosae).

Multidrug-resistant microbial infections represent an exponentially growing problem affecting communities worldwide. Photodynamic therapy is a promising treatment based on the combination of light, oxygen, and a photosensitizer that leads to reactive oxygen species production, such as superoxide (type I mechanism) and singlet oxygen (type II mechanism) that cause massive oxidative damage and consequently the host cell death. Indigofera genus has gained considerable interest due its mutagenic, cytotoxic, and genotoxic activity. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the effect of crude extracts, alkaloidal fraction, and isolated substance derived from Indigofera truxillensis in photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy on the viability of bacteria and yeast and evaluation of mechanisms involved. Our results showed that all samples resulted in microbial photoactivation in subinhibitory concentration, with indigo alkaloid presenting a predominant photodynamic action through type I mechanism. The use of CaCl2 and MgCl2 as cell permeabilizing additives also increased gram-negative bacteria susceptibility to indigo.

Screening Of Miners And Millers At Decreasing Levels Of Asbestos Exposure: Comparison Of Chest Radiography And Thin-section Computed Tomography.

Chest radiography (CXR) is inferior to Thin-section computed tomography in the detection of asbestos related interstitial and pleural abnormalities. It remains unclear, however, whether these limitations are large enough to impair CXR´s ability in detecting the expected reduction in the frequency of these asbestos-related abnormalities (ARA) as exposure decreases. Clinical evaluation, CXR, Thin-section CT and spirometry were obtained in 1418 miners and millers who were exposed to progressively lower airborne concentrations of asbestos. They were separated into four groups according to the type, period and measurements of exposure and/or procedures for controlling exposure: Group I (1940-1966/tremolite and chrysotile, without measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure); Group II (1967-1976/chrysotile only, without measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure); Group III (1977-1980/chrysotile only, initiated measurements of exposure and procedures for controlling exposure) and Group IV (after 1981/chrysotile only, implemented measurements of exposure and a comprehensive procedures for controlling exposure). In all groups, CXR suggested more frequently interstitial abnormalities and less frequently pleural plaques than observed on Thin-section CT (p<0.050). The odds for asbestosis in groups of decreasing exposure diminished to greater extent at Thin-section CT than on CXR. Lung function was reduced in subjects who had pleural plaques evident only on Thin-section CT (p<0.050). In a longitudinal evaluation of 301 subjects without interstitial and pleural abnormalities on CXR and Thin-section CT in a previous evaluation, only Thin-section CT indicated that these ARA reduced as exposure decreased. CXR compared to Thin-section CT was associated with false-positives for interstitial abnormalities and false-negatives for pleural plaques, regardless of the intensity of asbestos exposure. Also, CXR led to a substantial misinformation of the effects of the progressively lower asbestos concentrations in the occurrence of asbestos-related diseases in miners and millers.